Economics & Economic Systems, IND-KLE
Economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.
Economics & Economic Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
industrial union
industrial union, trade union that combines all workers, both skilled and unskilled, who are employed in a particular......
Industrial Workers of the World
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), labour organization founded in Chicago in 1905 by representatives of 43......
industry
industry, group of productive enterprises or organizations that produce or supply goods, services, or sources of......
infitÄáž„
infitÄáž„, program of economic liberalization in Egypt initiated by Pres. Anwar Sadat in the early 1970s. Sadatâs......
inflation
Inflation refers to the general increase in prices or the money supply, both of which can cause the purchasing......
Ingram, John Kells
John Kells Ingram was an Irish economic historian who also achieved fame as a scholar and poet. Ingram graduated......
inheritance tax
inheritance tax, levy on the property accruing to each beneficiary of the estate of a deceased person. It is usually......
initial public offering
In corporate finance, an initial public offering (IPO) is a primary market process through which a private company......
input-output analysis
input-output analysis, economic analysis developed by the 20th-century Russian-born U.S. economist Wassily W. Leontief,......
Insider trading: How to get burned on a hot tip
Think you can make a killing in the stock market because you received a hot tip about a public company? Think again.......
installment credit
installment credit, in business, credit that is granted on condition of its repayment at regular intervals, or......
institutional economics
institutional economics, school of economics that flourished in the United States during the 1920s and â30s. It......
insurance
insurance, a system under which the insurer, for a consideration usually agreed upon in advance, promises to reimburse......
- Introduction
- Excluded Risks, Coverage, Liability
- Perils, Risk, Coverage
- Cargo, Property, Liability
- Liability, Coverage, Risk
- Aviation, Risk, Coverage
- Risk, Premiums, Coverage
- Suretyship, Risk, Coverage
- Risk, Coverage, Liability
- Risk Management, Coverage, Reinsurance
- Renewability, Risk, Coverage
- Group Annuities, Retirement, Benefits
- Risk Management, Coverage, Benefits
- Rate Making, Risk Assessment, Premiums
- Reinsurance, Risk Management, Coverage
- Risk, Coverage, Liability
- Risk Management, Underwriting, Reinsurance
- Japan, Risk, Coverage
Inter-American Regional Organization of Workers
Inter-American Regional Organization of Workers, Latin-American labour union federation that was established in......
interest
interest, the price paid for the use of credit or money. It may be expressed either in money terms or as a rate......
interest rate
Interest is the price paid for the use of credit or money. The interest rate is the price paid, expressed as a......
intermediate technology
intermediate technology, simple and practical tools, basic machines, and engineering systems that economically......
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), the worldâs principal organization of national trade......
International Federation of Journalists
The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) is a global confederation of journalistsâ trade unions and associations.......
International Ladiesâ Garment Workersâ Union
International Ladiesâ Garment Workersâ Union (ILGWU), former industrial union in the United States and Canada that......
International Monetary Fund
International Monetary Fund (IMF), United Nations (UN) specialized agency, founded at the Bretton Woods Conference......
international payment and exchange
international payment and exchange, respectively, any payment made by one country to another and the market in......
- Introduction
- Cross-Border, Remittances, FX
- Exchange Rates, Disequilibrium, Adjustment
- Incomes Policy, Exchange Rates, Global Economy
- Exchange Rates, Currencies, Trading
- Gold Standard, Currency Exchange, Global Economy
- IMF, Parity, Exchange Rates
- Forward Exchange, Currency Risk, Cross-Border Transactions
- Disequilibrium, Capital Movements
- Hedging, Exchange Rates, Currency Risk
- SDR, IMF, Currency Exchange
- OECD, Global Trade, Currency Exchange
- Floating Rates, Exchange Rates, Currency
- European Monetary System, Exchange Rates, EMS.
international trade
international trade, economic transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are......
- Introduction
- Globalization, Tariffs, Protectionism
- Comparative Advantage, Trade Barriers, Globalization
- Comparative Advantage, Trade Barriers, Tariffs
- State Interference, Tariffs, Barriers
- Tariffs, Effects, Trade Agreements
- Arguments, Interference
- Tariffs, Agreements, Regulations
- National Treatment, Tariffs, Agreements
- Economic Integration, Tariffs, Quotas
- Benelux, Economic Union, Trade
- Common Agricultural Policy, Tariffs, Subsidies
- EFTA, Tariffs, Trade Agreements
- Andean Group, Andean Community, Nations
- Regional Arrangements, WTO Rules
- Developed, Developing, Countries
International, First
First International, federation of workersâ groups that, despite ideological divisions within its ranks, had a......
International, Fourth
Fourth International, a multinational body composed of Trotskyist organizations that was first formed in opposition......
International, Second
Second International, federation of socialist parties and trade unions that greatly influenced the ideology, policy,......
International, Third
Third International, association of national communist parties founded in 1919. Though its stated purpose was the......
Internationale, Lâ
LâInternationale, former official socialist and communist song. It was the anthem of the First, Second, and Third......
Interstate commerce
Interstate commerce, in U.S. constitutional law, any commercial transactions or traffic that cross state boundaries......
intrinsic value
In finance, intrinsic value is a measure of the true worth, in dollar terms, of an asset or company based on an......
inventory
inventory, in business, any item of property held in stock by a firm, including finished goods ready for sale,......
investment
investment, process of exchanging income during one period of time for an asset that is expected to produce earnings......
investment bank
An investment bank is a financial institution that helps corporations, governments, and other organizations raise......
investment credit
investment credit, tax incentive that permits businesses to deduct a specified percentage of certain investment......
investment incentive
investment incentive, policy implemented by government to promote the establishment of new businesses or to encourage......
investment trust
investment trust, financial organization that pools the funds of its shareholders and invests them in a diversified......
invisible hand
invisible hand, metaphor, introduced by the 18th-century Scottish philosopher and economist Adam Smith, that characterizes......
invisible trade
invisible trade, in economics, the exchange of physically intangible items between countries. Invisible trade can......
Ishibashi Tanzan
Ishibashi Tanzan was a politician, economist, and journalist who was prime minister of Japan from December 1956......
Italian Confederation of Workersâ Unions
Italian Confederation of Workersâ Unions, Italyâs second largest trade union federation. The CISL was formed in......
Italian Democratic Socialist Party
Italian Democratic Socialist Party, anticommunist reform party advocating the nationalization of some industries.......
Italian Labour Union
Italian Labour Union, Italian trade union federation with more than a million and a half members. The UIL was formed......
Italian Popular Party
Italian Popular Party, former centrist Italian political party whose several factions were united by their Roman......
Italian Socialist Party
Italian Socialist Party, former Italian political party, one of the first Italian parties with a national scope......
Jackson, Andrew
Andrew Jackson was a military hero and the seventh president of the United States (1829â37). He was the first U.S.......
Jagan, Cheddi
Cheddi Jagan was a politician and union activist who in 1953 became the first popularly elected prime minister......
jagirdar system
jagirdar system, form of land tenancy developed in India during the time of Muslim rule (beginning in the early......
Japan, economy of
The Japanese economy is the fourth-largest in the world, as measured by gross domestic product (GDP). Japan has......
Japanese Communist Party
Japanese Communist Party (JCP), leftist Japanese political party founded in 1922. Initially, the party was outlawed,......
Japanese Red Army
Japanese Red Army, militant Japanese organization that was formed in 1969 in the merger of two far-left factions.......
Japanese Trade Union Confederation
Japanese Trade Union Confederation (RengĆ), largest national trade union in Japan. The federation was founded in......
Jaruzelski, Wojciech Witold
Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski was a Polish army general and political leader who served as premier (1981â85), chairman......
Jaspar, Henri
Henri Jaspar was a Belgian statesman and one of his countryâs chief negotiators in the peace conferences following......
JaurĂšs, Jean
Jean JaurĂšs was a French socialist leader, cofounder of the newspaper LâHumanitĂ©, and member of the French Chamber......
Jevons, William Stanley
William Stanley Jevons was an English logician and economist whose book The Theory of Political Economy (1871)......
Jiang Kanghu
Jiang Kanghu was a Chinese scholar, teacher, and reformer who was a leading proponent of socialism in China in......
Jiang Qing
Jiang Qing was the third wife of Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong and the most influential woman in the Peopleâs......
Jiang Zemin
Jiang Zemin was a Chinese official who was general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP; 1989â2002) and......
Jiangxi Soviet
Jiangxi Soviet, (1931â34), independent government established by the communist leader Mao Zedong and his comrade......
jizyah
jizyah, historically, a tax (the term is often incorrectly translated as a âhead taxâ or âpoll taxâ) paid by non-Muslim......
John Birch Society
John Birch Society, private organization founded in the United States on Dec. 9, 1958, by Robert H.W. Welch, Jr.......
Johnson, Harry Gordon
Harry Gordon Johnson was a Canadian-born economist who managed to synthesize divergent economic viewpoints. He......
Johnson, Lyndon B.
Lyndon B. Johnson was the 36th president of the United States (1963â69). A moderate Democrat and vigorous leader......
Johnson, Simon
Simon Johnson is an English-American economist and winner, with Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson, of the 2024......
joint venture
joint venture, partnership or alliance among two or more businesses or organizations based on shared expertise......
joint-stock company
joint-stock company, a forerunner of the modern corporation that was organized for undertakings requiring large......
Jones, Mother
Mother Jones was a labor organizer in the United States who became widely known as a fiery agitator for the union......
Jones, Richard
Richard Jones was a British economist and clergyman. Jones was educated at Cambridge University, graduating in......
Jouhaux, LĂ©on
LĂ©on Jouhaux was a French Socialist and trade-union leader who was one of the founders of the International Labour......
Juche
Juche, state ideology of North Korea and official ideology of the Workers Party of Korea. Typically translated......
Juglar, Clément
Clément Juglar was a French physician and economist who made detailed studies of cycles in business and trade.......
junk bond
junk bond, Bond paying a high yield but also presenting greater risk than comparable securities. Junk bonds can......
Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseyevich
Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich was a Soviet Communist Party leader and supporter of Joseph Stalin. As a young Jewish......
Kahneman, Daniel
Daniel Kahneman was an Israeli-born psychologist and a corecipient of the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2002 for......
Kalinin, Mikhail Ivanovich
Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin was a communist leader and statesman who was the formal head of the Soviet state from......
Kamenev, Lev
Lev Kamenev was an Old Bolshevik and prominent member of the Communist Party and Soviet government during the decade......
Kanter, Rosabeth Moss
Rosabeth Moss Kanter is an American social scientist and writer whose interests centre on the dynamics of corporate......
Kantorovich, Leonid Vitalyevich
Leonid Vitalyevich Kantorovich was a Soviet mathematician and economist who shared the 1975 Nobel Prize for Economics......
Kapital, Das
Das Kapital, one of the major works of the 19th-century economist and philosopher Karl Marx (1818â83), in which......
Kardelj, Edvard
Edvard Kardelj was a Yugoslav revolutionary and politician, a close colleague and chosen successor of Josip Broz......
Kautsky, Karl
Karl Kautsky was a Marxist theorist and a leader of the German Social Democratic Party. After the death of Friedrich......
Kawakami Hajime
Kawakami Hajime was a journalist, poet, and university professor who was one of Japanâs first Marxist theoreticians.......
Kehew, Mary Morton Kimball
Mary Morton Kimball Kehew was an American reformer who worked to improve the living and working conditions of mid-19th-century......
keiretsu
keiretsu, large clusters of companies that dominated the Japanese economy between the 1950s and the early 2000s,......
Kelley, Florence
Florence Kelley was an American social reformer who contributed to the development of state and federal labour......
Kevin Hassett
Kevin Allen Hassett is a leading conservative economist who has advised prominent Republican politicians and policymakers......
Keynes, John Maynard
John Maynard Keynes was an English economist, journalist, and financier best known for his economic theories (Keynesian......
Keynes, John Neville
John Neville Keynes was a British philosopher and economist who synthesized two poles of economic thought by incorporating......
Keynesian economics
Keynesian economics, body of ideas set forth by John Maynard Keynes in his General Theory of Employment, Interest......
kharÄj
kharÄj, a special IslÄmic fiscal imposition that was demanded from recent converts to IslÄm in the 7th and 8th......
Khmer Rouge
Khmer Rouge, radical communist movement that ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 after winning power through a guerrilla......
Khrushchev, Nikita
Nikita Khrushchev was the first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1953â64) and premier of the......
Kim Il-Sung
Kim Il-Sung was the communist leader of North Korea from 1948 until his death in 1994. He was the countryâs premier......
Kim Jong Il
Kim Jong Il was the ruler of North Korea from 1994 to 2011. He succeeded his father, Kim Il-Sung, who became the......
Kim Jong-Un
Kim Jong-Un is a North Korean political official who succeeded his father, Kim Jong Il, as leader of North Korea......
King, Mervyn
Mervyn King is a British economist who served as governor of the Bank of England (BOE; 2003â13). King, the son......
Kirkland, Lane
Lane Kirkland was an American labour union leader who was president of the American Federation of LaborâCongress......
Kirkpatrick, Jeane
Jeane Kirkpatrick was an American political scientist and diplomat, who was a foreign policy adviser under U.S.......
Klaus Schwab
For more than half a century, Klaus Schwab presided over the World Economic Forum, transforming it from a modest......
Klein, Lawrence R.
Lawrence R. Klein was an American economist whose work in developing macroeconometric models for national, regional,......