Economics & Economic Systems, TEN-UNI
Economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.
Economics & Economic Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Tennessee Valley Authority
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), U.S. government agency established in 1933 to control floods, improve navigation,......
tenure
tenure, length and conditions of office in civil, judicial, academic, and similar services. Security of tenure,......
terms of trade
terms of trade, relationship between the prices at which a country sells its exports and the prices paid for its......
Tetens, Johannes Nikolaus
Johannes Nikolaus Tetens was a German psychologist, mathematician, economist, educator, and empiricist philosopher......
Tewson, Sir Vincent
Sir Vincent Tewson was an English trade union leader and general secretary of the Trades Union Congress (TUC) from......
Thaler, Richard
Richard Thaler is an American economist who was awarded the 2017 Nobel Prize for Economics for his contributions......
Than Tun, Thakin
Thakin Than Tun was a Burmese politician, leader of the Communist Party of Burma from 1945 until his death. Than......
thane
thane, in English history before the Norman Conquest (1066), a free retainer or lord, corresponding in its various......
Thatcher, Margaret
Margaret Thatcher was a British Conservative Party politician and prime minister (1979â90), Europeâs first woman......
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, (1904â05), thesis by Max Weber that asserts a connection between......
The Rise of Andrew Jackson
The Rise of Andrew Jackson, This detailed original account of the life of Andrew Jackson written for EncyclopĂŠdia......
Third World
Third World, former political designation originally used (1952) to describe those states not part of the first......
Third World debt
Third World debt, debt accumulated by Third World (developing) countries. The term is typically used to refer specifically......
Thomas Malthusâs 250th Birthday
If youâve ever taken an economics or ecology class, youâll surely remember the name of Thomas Malthus, the English......
Thomas Sowell
Thomas Sowell is an American economist and social commentator and also one of the leading intellectual figures......
Thomas, Albert
Albert Thomas was a French statesman, political leader, and historian, who was the first director of the League......
Thomas, J.H.
J.H. Thomas was a British trade-union leader and politician, a shrewd and successful industrial negotiator who......
Thomas, Norman
Norman Thomas was an American socialist, social reformer, and frequent candidate for political office. Following......
Thornton, Henry
Henry Thornton was an English economist, banker, and philanthropist who made significant contributions to monetary......
Thrane, Marcus MĂžller
Marcus MĂžller Thrane was a teacher, journalist, and socialist leader who was the initiator of the Thrane movement......
Three Principles of the People
Three Principles of the People, the ideological basis of the political program of the Chinese Nationalist leader......
ThÀlmann, Ernst
Ernst ThĂ€lmann was a German Communist leader and twice presidential candidate during the Weimar Republic (1919â33),......
ThĂŒnen, Johann Heinrich von
Johann Heinrich von ThĂŒnen was a German agriculturalist best known for his work on the relationship between the......
ticker
ticker, high-speed means of reporting information on securities transactions. It provides the stock symbol, number......
Tillett, Benjamin
Benjamin Tillett was an English trade union leader who directed successful dock strikes in 1889 and 1911. Tillett......
Tinbergen, Jan
Jan Tinbergen was a Dutch economist noted for his development of econometric models. He was the cowinner (with......
Tingsten, Herbert Lars Gustaf
Herbert Lars Gustaf Tingsten was a Swedish political scientist and journalist known for his criticisms of socialism......
Tirole, Jean
Jean Tirole is a French economist who was awarded the 2014 Nobel Prize for Economics in recognition of his innovative......
Tito, Josip Broz
Josip Broz Tito was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. He was secretary-general (later president) of the Communist......
Tobin tax
Tobin tax, proposed tax on short-term currency transactions. A Tobin tax is designed to deter only speculative......
Tobin, James
James Tobin was an American economist whose contributions to the theoretical formulation of investment behaviour......
Today in HistoryâApril 17: The Introduction of the Ford Mustang
On this day in 1964, visitors to the largest exhibit at the New York Worldâs Fair didnât just get to glimpse Ford......
Today in HistoryâAugust 17: The Start of the Klondike Gold Rush
âLying Georgeâ Washington Carmack would later say there was so much gold between slabs of bedrock that it looked......
Today in HistoryâAugust 20: The First National Labor Union Forms
Throughout the 1800s, employees worked anywhere from 10 to 16 hours, six days a week, depending on the industry.......
Today in HistoryâAugust 28: When Pepsi Got Its Name
On this summer day in 1898, something very mundane took place in the town of New Bern, North Carolina. At the drugstore......
Today in HistoryâAugust 2: The Lincoln Penny Is Introduced
The year 1909 was a big one for Abraham Lincoln, with the U.S. eager to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the......
Today in HistoryâFebruary 3: When Rebellion Was the Mother of Invention
On this day in 1690 (or possibly 1691, depending on which historical records you trust), the Massachusetts Bay......
Today in HistoryâJanuary 18: The Latest Sacrifice in the War Effort: Sliced Bread
On this day in 1943, with hundreds of thousands of troops overseas fighting Nazi Germany and the Axis powers, Americans......
Today in HistoryâJanuary 1: When Europe changed its money overnight
On this day in 1999, 11 European Union (EU) countries changed their money. Citizens in Austria, Belgium, Finland,......
Today in HistoryâJanuary 22: The Moment Advertising Became Cinema
On this day in 1984, a new kind of television commercial quietly made history. Apple Computerâs now-legendary â1984â......
Today in HistoryâJanuary 24: How a Sparkling Riverbed Reshaped the American West
Thereâs gold in them tharâŠcreeks. If you got there early. On this day in 1848, construction superintendent James......
Today in HistoryâJuly 24: The Window Tax That Backfired
On this day in 1851, England finally let the sunshine in, abolishing the despised Window Tax that had been in place......
Today in HistoryâJuly 31: The Start of the Search for Jimmy Hoffa
On this day in 1975, a mystery began that remains unsolved: What happened to Jimmy Hoffa? He started as a union......
Today in HistoryâJune 3: The Dutch West India Company Receives a Charter
The Dutch East India Company might be best known today for introducing tea to Europeâand for the later Boston brouhaha......
Today in HistoryâMay 3: The Worldâs First Spam Email Is Sent
On this day in 1978, a marketing manager for a Massachusetts computer company unknowingly made history: He sent......
Today in HistoryâOctober 10: U.S. Vice President Spiro T. Agnew Resigns
On this day in 1973, U.S. Vice Pres. Spiro Agnew pleaded nolo contendere in federal court to a single count of......
Today in HistoryâSeptember 29: John D. Rockefeller Becomes the Worldâs First Billionaire
On this day in 1916, newspapers reported that John D. Rockefeller had become the worldâs first billionaire. But......
Today in HistoryâSeptember 4: The Largest Labor Uprising Ends
In the summer of 1921, thousands of armed coal miners set out across southern West Virginia. Their destination?......
Today in HistoryâSeptember 6: A Deadly Worldâs Fair
On September 6, 1901, a setting intended to showcase the thrill of a new century instead became the scene of a......
Togliatti, Palmiro
Palmiro Togliatti was a politician who led the Italian Communist Party for nearly 40 years and made it the largest......
toll
toll, sum levied on users of certain roads, highways, canals, bridges, tunnels, ferries, and other such conveniences,......
Tolpuddle Martyrs
Tolpuddle Martyrs, six English farm labourers who were sentenced (March 1834) to seven yearsâ transportation to......
Ton Duc Thang
Ton Duc Thang was a Communist leader who succeeded Ho Chi Minh as president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam......
tonnage and poundage
tonnage and poundage, customs duties granted since medieval times to the English crown by Parliament. Tonnage was......
Tooke, Thomas
Thomas Tooke was a British financier and economist who championed free trade. Tooke was in business throughout......
Torrens, Robert
Robert Torrens was a British economist, soldier, politician, and promoter of schemes for the colonization of Australia.......
total cost
total cost, in economics, the sum of all costs incurred by a firm in producing a certain level of output. It is......
Total Quality Management
Total Quality Management (TQM), Management practices designed to improve the performance of organizational processes......
Touré, Sékou
SĂ©kou TourĂ© was the first president of the Republic of Guinea (1958â84) and a leading African politician. Although......
Toynbee, Arnold
Arnold Toynbee was an English economist and social reformer noted for his public service activities on behalf of......
tozama daimyo
tozama daimyo, (Japanese: âoutside daimyoâ), nonhereditary feudal lord or daimyo in Japan during the Tokugawa period......
trade agreement
trade agreement, any contractual arrangement between states concerning their trade relationships. Trade agreements......
trade association
trade association, voluntary association of business firms organized on a geographic or industrial basis to promote......
trade credit
trade credit, deferment of payment for goods or services purchased by one company from another, granted by the......
trade show
trade show, temporary market organized to promote trade, where buyers and sellers gather to transact business and......
trade union
trade union, association of workers in a particular trade, industry, or company created for the purpose of securing......
Trade, Board of
Board of Trade, Organized market for the exchange of commodity contracts (see commodity exchange). The Toronto......
Trademark
Trademark, any visible sign or device used by a business enterprise to identify its goods and distinguish them......
Trades Union Congress
Trades Union Congress (TUC), national organization of British trade unions. Although it is the sole national trade......
trading stamp
trading stamp, printed stamps given as a premium by retailers to customers and redeemable for cash or merchandise......
transaction cost
transaction cost, economic losses that can result from arranging market relationships on a contractual basis. In......
transactions tax
transactions tax, multistage sales tax imposed on all business transactions, including the exchange of tangible......
transatlantic slave trade
transatlantic slave trade, segment of the global slave trade that transported between 10 million and 12 million......
transnational media corporations
Transnational media corporations (TNMCs) play a central role in shaping media systems around the world. While TNMCs......
Transport and General Workersâ Union
Transport and General Workersâ Union (TGWU), labour union that was the largest in Great Britain throughout much......
transportation economics
transportation economics, the study of the allocation of transportation resources in order to meet the needs of......
Treasury bill
A Treasury bill (âT-billâ) is a short-term Treasury debt security backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S.......
Treasury bond
A Treasury bond (T-bond) is a form of Treasury debt security backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.......
Treasury note
A Treasury note (âT-noteâ) is a debt security issued by the U.S. Treasury with a maturity of more than one year......
triangular trade
triangular trade, three-legged economic model and trade route that was predicated on the transatlantic trade of......
TrikoĂșpis, KharĂlaos
KharĂlaos TrikoĂșpis was a statesman who sought with limited success to foster broad-scale national development......
Trilateral Commission
Trilateral Commission, organization of private citizens founded in 1973 principally by American banker David Rockefeller......
Troelstra, Pieter Jelles
Pieter Jelles Troelstra was a Dutch socialist statesman and poet, who founded the Social Democratic Labour Party......
Trotsky, Leon
Leon Trotsky was a communist theorist and agitator, a leader in Russiaâs October Revolution in 1917, and later......
Trust company
Trust company, corporation legally authorized to serve as executor or administrator of decedentsâ estates, as guardian......
Tsvangirai, Morgan
Morgan Tsvangirai was a Zimbabwean opposition leader and trade union activist known for his dissent against the......
Tulip Mania: How a Plant Virus Fueled a Speculative Frenzy
Tulips were introduced to Europe from Turkey shortly after 1550. An early recipient of these delicate blooms was......
Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques, baron de lâAulne
Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot, baron de lâAulne was a French economist who was an administrator under Louis XV and......
two-factor theory
two-factor theory, theory of worker motivation, formulated by Frederick Herzberg, which holds that employee job......
two-tier gold system
two-tier gold system, arrangement set up to protect international monetary reserves from the pressure of higher......
U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI)
The U.S. Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the increase in the price level of a basket of goods and services......
U.S. Producer Price Index (PPI)
The U.S. Producer Price Index (PPI) is a measure of the average change in prices paid to domestic producers of......
U.S.-China artificial intelligence race
The global artificial intelligence (AI) landscape is increasingly defined by competition between the United States......
Ulanhu
Ulanhu was a Mongol nationalist and Chinese politician who was a highly visible promoter of Mongolian rights throughout......
underground economy
underground economy, transaction of goods or services not reported to the government and therefore beyond the reach......
unemployment
unemployment, the condition of one who is capable of working, actively seeking work, but unable to find any work.......
unemployment insurance
unemployment insurance, a form of social insurance (q.v.) designed to compensate certain categories of workers......
Unemployment rate
The unemployment rate is the percentage of unemployed individuals in an economy among individuals currently in......
Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
UPI, an abbreviation for Unified Payments Interface, is a digital system that allows instant money transfer and......
union shop
union shop, arrangement requiring workers to join a particular union and pay dues within a specified period of......