Economics & Economic Systems, COM-DEL
Economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.
Economics & Economic Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Commonwealth v. Hunt
Commonwealth v. Hunt, (1842), American legal case in which the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that the common-law......
communism
communism, political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and a profit-based economy with......
Communist Manifesto, The
The Communist Manifesto, (âManifesto of the Communist Partyâ), pamphlet (1848) written by Karl Marx and Friedrich......
Communist Party of Cuba
Communist Party of Cuba, Cuban communist party organized by Fidel Castro and others in 1965 but historically dating......
Communist Party of India
Communist Party of India (CPI), political party in India whose headquarters are in New Delhi. Suravaram Sudhakar......
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)
Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), Nepalese Maoist political party that led a successful campaign to overthrow......
Communist Party of Spain
Communist Party of Spain (PCE), Spanish political party founded in 1921 by dissident members of the Spanish Socialist......
Communist Party of the Soviet Union
Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), the major political party of Russia and the Soviet Union from the Russian......
Communist Party of the United States of America
Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), left-wing political party in the United States that was,......
comparable worth
comparable worth, in economics, the principle that men and women should be compensated equally for work requiring......
comparative advantage
Comparative advantage is an economic theory created by British economist David Ricardo in the 19th century. It......
comprador
comprador, member of the Chinese merchant class who aided Western traders in China in the late 18th, 19th, and......
comptroller
comptroller, official whose primary responsibility is to furnish an organization with accounting records and reports.......
Conboy, Sara Agnes McLaughlin
Sara Agnes McLaughlin Conboy was a labour leader, one of the first women to achieve a position of influence in......
Conglomerate
Conglomerate, in business, a corporation formed by the acquisition by one firm of several others, each of which......
Congress of Industrial Organizations
Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO), federation of affiliated North American industrial unions that originated......
Connolly, James
James Connolly was a Marxist union leader and revolutionary who was a leading participant in the Easter Rising......
Conservative Party
Conservative Party, in the United Kingdom, a political party whose guiding principles include the promotion of......
Considérant, Victor-Prosper
Victor-Prosper Considérant was a French Socialist who, after the death of Charles Fourier in 1837, became the acknowledged......
consol
consol, British government security without a maturity date. The name is a contraction for Consolidated Annuities,......
conspicuous consumption
conspicuous consumption, term in economics that describes and explains the practice by consumers of using goods......
consumer advocacy
consumer advocacy, movement or policies aimed at regulating the products, services, methods, and standards of manufacturers,......
consumer affairs in India
consumer affairs in India, economic and legal policies concerned with protecting the rights and interests of consumers......
consumer confidence
consumer confidence, an economic indicator that measures the degree of optimism that consumers have regarding the......
consumer credit
consumer credit, short- and intermediate-term loans used to finance the purchase of commodities or services for......
consumer culture
consumer culture, Consumer culture can be defined as a form of material culture where values, meanings, and identities......
consumer good
consumer good, in economics, any tangible commodity produced and subsequently purchased to satisfy the current......
consumer price index
A consumer price index (CPI) is a measure of living costs based on changes in retail prices. Such indexes are generally......
consumer surplus
consumer surplus, in economics, the difference between the price a consumer pays for an item and the price he would......
consumerism
consumerism, in economics, the theory that consumer spending, or spending by individuals on consumer goods and......
consumption
consumption, in economics, the use of goods and services by households. Consumption is distinct from consumption......
consumption function
consumption function, in economics, the relationship between consumer spending and the various factors determining......
consumption tax
consumption tax, a tax paid directly or indirectly by the consumer, such as excise, sales, or use taxes, tariffs,......
content farm
Content farms are companies that create a large quantity of Internet content written specifically for the purpose......
content marketing
Content marketing is an approach to gaining and retaining customers by providing valuable and relevant information......
contingent valuation
contingent valuation, a survey-based method of determining the economic value of a nonmarket resource. It is used......
contract labour
contract labour, the labour of workers whose freedom is restricted by the terms of a contractual relation and by......
Cook, Arthur James
Arthur James Cook was a British labour leader, an impassioned orator who had a great following among British coal......
corporate code of conduct
corporate code of conduct (CCC), codified set of ethical standards to which a corporation aims to adhere. Commonly......
corporate finance
corporate finance, the acquisition and allocation of a corporationâs funds, or resources, with the objective of......
corporate governance
corporate governance, rules and practices by which companies are governed or run. Corporate governance is important......
corporate income tax
corporate income tax, a tax imposed by public authorities on the incomes of corporations. See income...
corporation (C corp)
A corporation is a legal form of business organization, chartered by a state, that exists as a separate entity......
cost
Cost is the monetary value of goods and services purchased by producers and consumers. For example, a consumer......
cost of living
cost of living, monetary cost of maintaining a particular standard of living, usually measured by calculating the......
cost-benefit analysis
cost-benefit analysis, in governmental planning and budgeting, the attempt to measure the social benefits of a......
Council of Economic Advisers
Council of Economic Advisers, advisory body within the executive branch of the United States government comprising......
countervailing duty
countervailing duty, tariff or tax levied to neutralize the unwanted or unintended effects of other duties. When......
coupon
In the bond market, the coupon, also known as the coupon payment, is the interest payment that a bond issuer promises......
coureur de bois
coureur de bois, French Canadian fur trader of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Most of the coureurs de......
Cournot, Antoine-Augustin
Antoine-Augustin Cournot was a French economist and mathematician. Cournot was the first economist who, with competent......
craft union
craft union, trade union combining workers who are engaged in a particular craft or skill but who may work for......
Crawford, William H(arris)
William H. Crawford was an American political leader of the early U.S. republic; he finished third in electoral......
creative destruction
Creative destruction is the process by which innovation reshapes an economy as new and superior combinations of......
Credit
Credit, transaction between two parties in which one (the creditor or lender) supplies money, goods, services,......
credit bureau
credit bureau, organization that provides information to merchants or other businesses relating to the creditworthiness......
Credit card
A credit card is a payment card that allows its holder to borrow money from a bank or other issuer to make purchases,......
credit default swap
credit default swap (CDS), a financial agreement that is used to transfer credit risk between two parties. A credit......
credit score
credit score, a numerical representation of an individualâs creditworthiness, often calculated by a credit bureau......
credit union
credit union, credit cooperative formed by an organized group of people with some common bond who, in effect, save......
credit, Letter of
Letter of credit, order from a bank to a bank or other party abroad authorizing payment of money (up to a specified......
Cremer, Sir Randal
Sir Randal Cremer was a British trade unionist and pacifist who won the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1903 for his advocacy......
Cripps, Sir Stafford
Sir Stafford Cripps was a British statesman chiefly remembered for his rigid austerity program as chancellor of......
critical path analysis
critical path analysis (CPA), technique for controlling and coordinating the various activities necessary in completing......
Cross, Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount
Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount Cross was a British statesman responsible for the first urban renewal authorization......
crowdfunding
crowdfunding, a kind of crowdsourcing and alternative financing by which people, via the Internet, can contribute......
crowdsourcing
crowdsourcing, a framework that brings together a large and decentralized group of people for gathering data, solving......
crown
crown, monetary unit of several European countries, including Sweden, Denmark, and Norwayâthe first countries to......
cryptocurrency
cryptocurrency, currency in digital form that is not overseen by a central authority. The first cryptocurrency......
Cultural Revolution
Cultural Revolution, upheaval launched by Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong during his last decade in......
Cunningham, Kate Richards OâHare
Kate Richards OâHare Cunningham was an American socialist and reformer whose vocal political activism led to a......
Cunningham, William
William Cunningham was a British economist and clergyman who was largely responsible for the establishment of economic......
currency
currency, in industrialized nations, portion of the national money supply, consisting of bank notes and government-issued......
curriculum vitae
curriculum vitae (CV), document that describes an individualâs qualifications and career history and typically......
customs union
customs union, a trade agreement by which a group of countries charges a common set of tariffs to the rest of the......
Cyber Monday
Cyber Monday, shopping holiday promoted by retailers as a day of savings and bargains for online customers. Cyber......
CĂĄrdenas, LĂĄzaro
LĂĄzaro CĂĄrdenas was the president of Mexico (1934â40), noted for his efforts to carry out the social and economic......
daimyo
daimyo, any of the largest and most powerful landholding magnates in Japan from about the 10th century until the......
Danbury Hattersâ Case
Danbury Hattersâ Case, U.S. Supreme Court case in which unions were held to be subject to the antitrust laws. In......
Danegeld
Danegeld, a tax levied in Anglo-Saxon England to buy off Danish invaders in the reign of Ethelred II (978â1016);......
dastak
dastak, in 18th-century Bengal, a permit exempting European traders, mostly of the British East India Company,......
DaszyĆski, Ignacy
Ignacy DaszyĆski was a Polish socialist leader and patriot who was prominent in the restoration of the Polish Republic......
David, Eduard Heinrich
Eduard Heinrich David was a leader of the revisionist wing of the German Social Democratic Party and a minister......
dazibao
dazibao, in the Peopleâs Republic of China (PRC), prominently displayed handwritten posters containing complaints......
De Leon, Daniel
Daniel De Leon was an American socialist, one of the founders of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). He......
dead-cat bounce
In financial markets, a dead-cat bounce describes a brief market recovery (ârallyâ) following a sharp declineâone......
Deakin, Arthur
Arthur Deakin was a leader of British trade unionism in the decade after World War II. A cobblerâs son, Deakin......
Deaton, Angus
Angus Deaton is a British American economist who received the 2015 Nobel Prize for Economics. His fundamental contributions......
debenture stock
debenture stock, loan contract issued by a company or public body specifying an obligation to return borrowed funds......
debit card
debit card, small card, similar to a credit card, offering means of paying for a purchase through transfer of funds......
Debreu, Gerard
Gerard Debreu was a French-born American economist, who won the 1983 Nobel Prize in Economics for his fundamental......
Debs, Eugene V.
Eugene V. Debs was a labor organizer and Socialist Party candidate for U.S. president five times between 1900 and......
debt
debt, something owed. Anyone having borrowed money or goods from another owes a debt and is under obligation to......
debt ceiling
debt ceiling, statutory or constitutionally mandated upper limit on the total outstanding public debt of a country,......
debt crisis
debt crisis, a situation in which a country is unable to pay back its government debt. A country can enter into......
Debt-to-GDP ratio
In August 2026, news that the U.S. national debt had surpassed $40 trillion made headlines around the world. It......
default
For a bond, mortgage, auto loan, or other lending agreement, the borrower (âissuer,â in the case of a bond or other......
defense economics
defense economics, field of national economic management concerned with the economic effects of military expenditure,......
deficit financing
deficit financing, practice in which a government spends more money than it receives as revenue, the difference......
DelbrĂŒck, Rudolph von
Rudolph von DelbrĂŒck was a statesman and chief executor of Chancellor Otto von Bismarckâs free-trade policy for......