Economics & Economic Systems, MON-ORG
Economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.
Economics & Economic Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
money
money, a commodity accepted by general consent as a medium of economic exchange. It is the medium in which prices......
money market
money market, a set of institutions, conventions, and practices, the aim of which is to facilitate the lending......
money order
money order, order on the issuer to pay a certain sum of money upon demand to the person named in the money order.......
Money supply
Money supply is the total amount of spendable funds available in a countryâs economy. This typically refers to......
Monnet, Jean
Jean Monnet was a French political economist and diplomat who initiated comprehensive economic planning in western......
monopolistic competition
monopolistic competition, market situation in which there may be many independent buyers and many independent sellers......
monopoly and competition
monopoly and competition, basic factors in the structure of economic markets. In economics, monopoly and competition......
monopsony
monopsony, in economic theory, market situation in which there is only one buyer. An example of pure monopsony......
Monti, Mario
Mario Monti is an Italian economist, academic, and bureaucrat who served as prime minister of Italy (2011â13).......
Montt, Pedro
Pedro Montt was a Chilean president (1906â10), whose conservative government furthered railroad and manufacturing......
Moon, Sun Myung
Sun Myung Moon was a South Korean religious leader who in 1954 founded the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification......
Mooney, Tom
Tom Mooney was a U.S. Socialist union organizer and activist convicted of murder in connection with a 1916 San......
Moral hazard
Moral hazard is the risk one party incurs when itâs dependent on the moral behavior of others. The risk increases......
Morellet, André
André Morellet was a French economist and miscellaneous writer, an associate of the Philosophes and a contributor......
Morelly
Morelly was a French philosopher whose writings influenced Communist doctrine. His works, which frequently delineate......
Moreno, Luisa
Luisa Moreno was a Guatemalan-born labour organizer and civil rights activist who, over the course of a 20-year......
Morgenstern, Oskar
Oskar Morgenstern was a German-born American economist. Morgenstern taught at the University of Vienna (1929â38)......
Morgenthau, Henry, Jr.
Henry Morgenthau, Jr. was the U.S. secretary of the treasury who, during his 12 years in office (1934â45) under......
Morris, William
William Morris was an English designer, craftsman, poet, and early socialist, whose designs for furniture, fabrics,......
Mortensen, Dale T.
Dale T. Mortensen was an American economist who was a corecipient, with Peter A. Diamond and Christopher A. Pissarides,......
Mortgage
Mortgage, in Anglo-American, or common, law, any of a number of related devices whereby a debtor (mortgagor) secures......
mortgage-backed security
mortgage-backed security (MBS), a financial instrument created by securitizing a pool of mortgage loans. Typically,......
most-favoured-nation treatment
most-favoured-nation treatment (MFN), guarantee of trading opportunity equal to that accorded to the most-favoured......
motor vehicle insurance
motor vehicle insurance, a contract by which the insurer assumes the risk of any loss the owner or operator of......
Moyo, Dambisa
Dambisa Moyo is a Zambisa economist and writer whose books, articles, and public lectures centre on the creation......
multinational corporation
multinational corporation (MNC), any corporation that is registered and operates in more than one country at a......
multiplier
multiplier, in economics, numerical coefficient showing the effect of a change in total national investment on......
Mun, Thomas
Thomas Mun was an English writer on economics who gave the first clear and vigorous statement of the theory of......
Mundell, Robert A.
Robert A. Mundell was a Canadian-born economist who in 1999 received the Nobel Prize for Economics for his work......
Murray, Philip
Philip Murray was an American labour leader who organized the United Steelworkers of America (USWA) from 1936 and......
mutual fund
mutual fund, company that invests the funds of its subscribers in diversified securities and in return issues units......
Muáž„ammad ÊżAlÄ«
Muáž„ammad ÊżAlÄ« was the pasha and viceroy of Egypt (1805â48), founder of the dynasty that ruled Egypt from the beginning......
Myerson, Roger B.
Roger B. Myerson is an American economist who shared, with Leonid Hurwicz and Eric S. Maskin, the 2007 Nobel Prize......
Myrdal, Gunnar
Gunnar Myrdal was a Swedish economist and sociologist regarded as a major theorist of international relations and......
Nagy, Imre
Imre Nagy was a Hungarian statesman, independent Communist, and premier of the 1956 revolutionary government whose......
naira
naira, monetary unit of Nigeria. The naira is divided into 100 kobo. The naira was introduced in 1973, when the......
Namboodiripad, E.M.S.
E.M.S. Namboodiripad was an Indian communist leader and theorist who served as chief minister of Kerala (now Keralam)......
Narayan, Jayaprakash
Jayaprakash Narayan was an Indian political leader, socialist thinker, and independence activist. Widely regarded......
Narodnik
Narodnik, member of a 19th-century socialist movement in Russia who believed that political propaganda among the......
Nash, John
John Nash was an American mathematician who was awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics for his landmark work,......
National Alliance
National Alliance, former nationalist anticommunist political party of Italy. Historically, some of its members......
national bank
national bank, in the United States, any commercial bank chartered and supervised by the federal government and......
National Coal Board
National Coal Board (NCB), former British public corporation, created on January 1, 1947, which operated previously......
National Communism
National Communism, policies based on the principle that in each country the means of attaining ultimate communist......
national income accounting
national income accounting, a set of principles and methods used to measure the income and production of a country.......
National Labor Union
National Labor Union (NLU), in U.S. history, a political-action movement that from 1866 to 1873 sought to improve......
National Liberation Front
National Liberation Front (NLF), Vietnamese political organization formed on December 20, 1960, to effect the overthrow......
National Union of Journalists
The National Union of Journalists (NUJ) is a trade union representing journalists in the United Kingdom and Ireland.......
Nationalist Party
Nationalist Party, political party that governed all or part of mainland China from 1928 to 1949 and subsequently......
Nationalization
Nationalization, alteration or assumption of control or ownership of private property by the state. It is historically......
natural resource management
natural resource management, ways in which societies manage the supply of or access to the natural resources upon......
Navarro, Peter
Peter Navarro is an American economist and a top trade adviser to U.S. Pres. Donald Trump. Navarro is one of Trumpâs......
Naxalite
Naxalite, general designation given to several Maoist-oriented and militant insurgent and separatist groups that......
Ne Win, U
U Ne Win was a Burmese general who was the leader of Burma (now Myanmar) from 1962 to 1988. Shu Maung studied at......
Nechayev, Sergey Gennadiyevich
Sergey Gennadiyevich Nechayev was a Russian revolutionary known for his organizational scheme for a professional......
Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees, Union of
Union of Needletrades, Industrial and Textile Employees (UNITE), North American trade union formed in 1995 by the......
negative externality
negative externality, in economics, the imposition of a cost on a party as an indirect effect of the actions of......
negotiable instrument
negotiable instrument, Transferable document (e.g., a bank note, check, or draft) containing an unconditional promise......
Nehru, Jawaharlal
Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of independent India (1947â64), who established parliamentary government......
neoliberal globalization
neoliberal globalization, an approach to economic globalization, or the integration of the worldâs economies, based......
neoliberalism
neoliberalism, ideology and policy model that emphasizes the value of free market competition. Although there is......
Neruda, Pablo
Pablo Neruda was a Chilean poet, diplomat, and politician who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1971.......
net asset value (NAV)
Net asset value (NAV) is the value of a fundâs assets minus its liabilities divided by the total number of shares......
networking
networking, the development, maintenance, or use of social or professional contacts for the purpose of exchanging......
New Deal
New Deal, domestic program of the administration of U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) between 1933 and 1939,......
New Economic Policy
New Economic Policy (NEP), the economic policy of the government of the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1928, representing......
New Left
New Left, a broad range of left-wing activist movements and intellectual currents that arose in western Europe......
New Peopleâs Army
New Peopleâs Army (NPA), military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Marxist-Leninist (CPP-ML), which......
New Zealand Labour Party
New Zealand Labour Party, political party established in 1916 in a merger of various socialist and trade-union......
newly industrialized country
newly industrialized country (NIC), country whose national economy has transitioned from being primarily based......
NewsGuild
NewsGuild, North American labor union representing journalists and other media professionals. While some early......
Niebuhr, Reinhold
Reinhold Niebuhr was an American Protestant theologian who had extensive influence on political thought and whose......
Nikkei
Nikkei, Japanâs most widely respected daily business-oriented newspaper. It deals principally with commerce, industry,......
Nippon HĆsĆ KyĆkai
Nippon HĆsĆ KyĆkai (NHK), public radio and television system of Japan. It operates two television and three radio......
Nirmala Sitharaman
Nirmala Sitharaman (born August 18, 1959, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India) is an Indian politician and economist who......
Nixon, Richard
Richard Nixon was the 37th president of the United States (1969â74), who, faced with almost certain impeachment......
Nordhaus, William
William Nordhaus was an American economist who, with Paul Romer, was awarded the 2018 Nobel Prize for Economics......
North, Douglass C.
Douglass C. North was an American economist, recipient, with Robert W. Fogel, of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Economic......
North, Sir Dudley
Sir Dudley North was an English merchant, civil servant, and economist who was an early advocate of what later......
Nosaka SanzĆ
Nosaka SanzĆ was a politician who was the leading figure in the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) throughout the late......
notional value
In financial instruments, the notional value (also called the notional amount and the principal amount) is the......
nuevo sol
nuevo sol, monetary unit of Peru. It is divided into 100 centimos. The sol was introduced as the currency of Peru......
octroi
octroi, tax levied by a local political unit, normally the commune or municipal authority, on certain categories......
offshoring
offshoring, the practice of outsourcing operations overseas, usually by companies from industrialized countries......
Ohlin, Bertil
Bertil Ohlin was a Swedish economist and political leader who is known as the founder of the modern theory of the......
oil crisis
oil crisis, a sudden rise in the price of oil that is often accompanied by decreased supply. Since oil provides......
Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala is a Nigerian-American economist who served as the seventh director general of the World Trade......
Okun, Arthur M.
Arthur M. Okun was an American economist who served as chairman of the U.S. Council of Economic Advisers (1968â69).......
oligopoly
oligopoly, market situation in which each of a few producers affects but does not control the market. Each producer......
Olivares, Gaspar de GuzmĂĄn y Pimental, conde-duque de, duque de SanlĂșcar de Barrameda
Gaspar de GuzmĂĄn y Pimental, count-duke de Olivares was the prime minister (1623â43) and court favourite (valido)......
Oneida Community
Oneida Community, utopian religious community that developed out of a Society of Inquiry established by John Humphrey......
open-market operation
open-market operation, any of the purchases and sales of government securities and sometimes commercial paper by......
opium trade
opium trade, in Chinese history, the traffic that developed in the 18th and 19th centuries in which Western countries,......
opportunism
opportunism, a foundational assumption of many economic theories that claims human beings are generally self-interested......
opportunity cost
In economics, opportunity cost refers to the potential benefit or gain that is given up when choosing one option......
optimum currency area
optimum currency area, a currency area in which the benefits of using a common currency outweigh the costs of individual......
Ordzhonikidze, Grigory Konstantinovich
Grigory Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze was a communist leader who played a major role in bringing Georgia under......
Oresme, Nicholas
Nicholas Oresme was a French Roman Catholic bishop, scholastic philosopher, economist, and mathematician whose......
Organization of American States
Organization of American States (OAS), organization formed to promote economic, military, and cultural cooperation......
organized labour
organized labour, association and activities of workers in a trade or industry for the purpose of obtaining or......
- Introduction
- Crisis 1890s, New Unions, Political Action
- Union Expansion, Voluntary System
- US, Canada, Unions
- Industrial Unionism, Workers' Rights, Collective Bargaining
- Western Europe, Unions, Workers
- Institutionalization, Unions, Bargaining
- Inflation, Neocorporatism, Restructuring
- Eastern Europe, Unions, Workers
- Poland, Strikes, Unions
- Developing World, Unions, Workers