Economics & Economic Systems, ENG-FRE
Economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.
Economics & Economic Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
England, Bank of
Bank of England, the central bank of the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are in the central financial district......
Engle, Robert F.
Robert F. Engle is an American economist, corecipient of the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2003 for his development......
enterprise unionism
enterprise unionism, the organization of a single trade union within one plant or multiplant enterprise rather......
entrepreneurship
entrepreneurship, the state of being an entrepreneur, or a person who organizes, manages, and assumes the risk......
Environment and sustainable development in India
Environment and sustainable development in India, approach to social, economic, and environmental planning in India......
environmental economics
environmental economics, subdiscipline of economics that applies the values and tools of mainstream macroeconomics......
Equation of exchange
The equation of exchange is an identity that expresses the same economic activity in two ways: It is written as......
Erhard, Ludwig
Ludwig Erhard was an economist and statesman who, as economics minister (1949–63), was the chief architect of West......
Eritrean People’s Liberation Front
Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), secessionist movement that successfully fought for the creation of an......
escalator clause
escalator clause, provision in union or business contracts for automatic adjustment of wages or prices in proportion......
Espín Guillois, Vilma
Vilma Espín Guillois was a Cuban revolutionary and women’s rights activist. As the wife of Raúl Castro, the younger......
Estate tax
An estate tax is a levy on the value of property changing hands at the death of the owner—such as cash, investments,......
ethical consumerism
ethical consumerism, form of political activism based on the premise that purchasers in markets consume not only......
euro
The euro is the monetary unit and currency of the European Union (EU). It was introduced as a noncash monetary......
euro sign
euro sign, €, symbol for the euro, the official currency of the European Union and several areas outside the EU,......
Eurocommunism
Eurocommunism, trend among European communist parties toward independence from Soviet Communist Party doctrine......
Eurodollar
Eurodollar, a United States dollar that has been deposited outside the United States, especially in Europe. Foreign......
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), organization established in 1991 to develop a private......
European Socialists, Party of
Party of European Socialists (PES), transnational political group representing the interests of allied socialist......
evolutionary economics
evolutionary economics, field of economics that focuses on changes over time in the processes of material provisioning......
excess-profits tax
excess-profits tax, a tax levied on profits in excess of a stipulated standard of “normal” income. There are two......
exchange control
exchange control, governmental restrictions on private transactions in foreign exchange (foreign money or claims......
exchange rate
exchange rate, the price of a country’s money in relation to another country’s money. An exchange rate is “fixed”......
exchange, bill of
bill of exchange, short-term negotiable financial instrument consisting of an order in writing addressed by one......
exit interview
exit interview, typically a survey given by an employer to a departing employee, though exit interviews can also......
expansion
expansion, in economics, an upward trend in the business cycle, characterized by an increase in production and......
expenditure tax
expenditure tax, tax levied on the total consumption expenditure of an individual. It may be a proportional or......
extended producer responsibility
extended producer responsibility, a practice and a policy approach in which producers take responsibility for management......
externality
When a transaction takes place between two entities—such as people, companies, or municipalities—it’s easy to assume......
extrinsic value
In options trading, extrinsic value—also called time value—is the current market value of uncertainty in the option......
Fabian Society
Fabian Society, socialist society founded in 1884 in London, having as its goal the establishment of a democratic......
Fabianism
Fabianism, socialist movement and theory that emerged from the activities of the Fabian Society, which was founded......
factoring
factoring, in finance, the selling of accounts receivable on a contract basis by the business holding them—in order......
fair
fair, temporary market where buyers and sellers gather to transact business. A fair is held at regular intervals,......
fair trade
fair trade, global movement to improve the lives of farmers and workers in developing countries by ensuring that......
fair-trade law
fair-trade law, in the United States, any law allowing manufacturers of branded or trademarked goods (or in some......
Fama, Eugene F.
Eugene F. Fama is an American economist who, with Lars P. Hansen and Robert J. Shiller, was awarded the 2013 Nobel......
Far Eastern Economic Review
Far Eastern Economic Review, former weekly newsmagazine covering general, political, and business and financial......
FARC
FARC, Marxist guerrilla organization in Colombia. Formed in 1964 as the military wing of the Colombian Communist......
fascio siciliano
fascio siciliano, any of the organizations of workers and peasants founded in Sicily in the early 1890s, reflecting......
Fayyad, Salam
Salam Fayyad is a Palestinian economist who served as a technocratic prime minister (2007–09, 2009–13) of the Palestinian......
Feather, Victor, Baron Feather of the City of Bradford
Victor Feather, Baron Feather of the City of Bradford , Baron Feather of the City of Bradford, was a British trade......
featherbedding
featherbedding, labour union practices that require the employer to pay for the performance of what he considers......
Feder, Gottfried
Gottfried Feder was a German political activist who was the principal economic theoretician of the initial phase......
federal funds rate
federal funds rate, interest rate used for overnight interbank lending in the United States. It is also the interest......
Federation of Labour Exchanges
Federation of Labour Exchanges, federation of French workers’ organizations (bourses) established in 1892. The......
Ferrovie dello Stato
Ferrovie dello Stato (FS), largest railway system of Italy. FS operates lines on the mainland and also on the islands......
Fetter, Frank Albert
Frank Albert Fetter was an American economist who was one of the pioneers of modern academic economics in the United......
feudalism
feudalism, historiographic construct designating the social, economic, and political conditions in western Europe......
fiat money
fiat money, in a broad sense, all kinds of money that are made legal tender by a government decree or fiat. The......
Field, Stephen J.
Stephen J. Field was an associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and chief architect of the constitutional approach......
Figueres Ferrer, José
José Figueres Ferrer was a moderate socialist Costa Rican statesman who served as president of a governing junta......
finance
finance, the process of raising funds or capital for any kind of expenditure. Consumers, business firms, and governments......
finance company
finance company, specialized financial institution that supplies credit for the purchase of consumer goods and......
financial crisis of 2007–08
financial crisis of 2007–08, severe contraction of liquidity in global financial markets that originated in the......
Financial literacy: Making sense of money, credit, and debt
The term financial literacy is often thought of as simply being good with money. But it’s more than ending the......
financial market
financial market, arena in which prices form to enable the exchange of financial assets to be executed. Given the......
financial statement
financial statement, any report of the financial condition or of the financial results of the operations of a business,......
Financial Times
Financial Times, newspaper edited in London that traditionally had strong influence on the financial policies of......
fire insurance
fire insurance, provision against losses caused by fire, lightning, and the removal of property from premises endangered......
First, Ruth
Ruth First was a South African activist, scholar, and journalist known for her relentless opposition to South Africa’s......
Firth, Sir Raymond
Sir Raymond Firth was a New Zealand social anthropologist best known for his research on the Maori and other peoples......
fiscal crisis
fiscal crisis, inability of the state to bridge a deficit between its expenditures and its tax revenues. Fiscal......
fiscal federalism
fiscal federalism, financial relations between units of governments in a federal government system. Fiscal federalism......
fiscal policy
Fiscal policy refers to the spending programs and tax policies that the government uses to guide the economy. Governments......
fiscal year
fiscal year (FY), in finance and government, an annual accounting period for which an institution’s financial statements......
Fisher, Alan
Alan Fisher was a British labour leader who, as general secretary of the National Union of Public Employees (NUPE),......
Fisher, Irving
Irving Fisher was an American economist best known for his work in the field of capital theory. He also contributed......
Five-Year Plans
Five-Year Plans, method of planning economic growth over limited periods, through the use of quotas, used first......
flat tax
flat tax, a tax system that applies a single tax rate to all levels of income. It has been proposed as a replacement......
Flea market
Flea market, event where vendors sell used and antique goods. Flea markets often take place outside or in large......
Flores, Cilia
Cilia Flores is a Venezuelan politician who served as the country’s first lady beginning in 2013 and is the wife......
flowchart
flowchart, graphical representation of a process, such as a manufacturing operation or computer operation, indicating......
Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley
Elizabeth Gurley Flynn was an American labour organizer, political radical, and communist. Flynn was the daughter......
Fogel, Robert William
Robert William Fogel was an American economist who, with Douglass C. North, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics......
food desert
food desert, an impoverished area where residents lack access to healthy foods. Food deserts may exist in rural......
Foot, Michael
Michael Foot was the leader of Britain’s Labour Party from November 1980 to October 1983 and an intellectual left-wing......
forced labour
forced labour, labour performed involuntarily and under duress, usually by relatively large groups of people. Forced......
Fordism
Fordism, a specific stage of economic development in the 20th century. Fordism is a term widely used to describe......
Foreclosure
Foreclosure, legal proceeding by which a mortgagor’s rights to a mortgaged property may be extinguished if the......
foreign aid
foreign aid, the international transfer of capital, goods, or services from a country or international organization......
foreign direct investment
foreign direct investment (FDI), investment in an enterprise that is resident in a country other than that of the......
foreign exchange market
foreign exchange market (forex, or FX, market), institution for the exchange of one country’s currency with that......
foreign workers
foreign workers, Those who work in a foreign country without initially intending to settle there and without the......
forint
forint, monetary unit of Hungary. The Hungarian National Bank (Magyar Nezmeti Bank), which has the sole authority......
Form 1099-DIV: Dividends and Distributions
If you received more than $10 in dividends or capital gain distributions during the tax year, your brokerage, mutual......
Form 1099-G: Certain Government Payments
If you received payments from a federal, state, or local government agency during the tax year, you may receive......
Form 1099-INT: Interest Income
If you earned more than $10 in interest during the tax year, your bank, credit union, brokerage, or other financial......
Form 1099-K: Payment Card and Third-Party Network Transactions
If you received payments for goods or services through credit cards, debit cards, payment apps, or online marketplaces......
Form 1099-MISC: Miscellaneous Information
If you received payments that aren’t reported on other Forms 1099, you may receive Form 1099-MISC. Businesses and......
Form 1099-NEC: Nonemployee Compensation
If you provide services to a business as an independent contractor rather than an employee, the money you earn......
Form 1099-R: Retirement Plan Distributions
If you received money from a pension plan, annuity, individual retirement account (IRA), 401(k), or other retirement......
Form 1099-S: Real Estate Transactions
If you sold real estate or exchanged property during the tax year, you may receive Form 1099-S, one of several......
Foster, Sir George Eulas
Sir George Eulas Foster was a Canadian statesman who became prominent as minister of trade and commerce in the......
Foster, William Z.
William Z. Foster was an American labour agitator and Communist Party leader who ran for the presidency in 1924,......
Fourierism
Fourierism, philosophy of social reform developed by the French social theorist Charles Fourier that advocated......
franc
franc, originally a French coin but now the monetary unit of a number of countries, notably Switzerland, most French......
Franko, Ivan
Ivan Franko was a Ukrainian author, scholar, journalist, and political activist who gained preeminence among Ukrainian......
Fraser, Peter
Peter Fraser was a statesman, labour leader, and prime minister (1940–49) whose leadership during World War II......
Frederick II
Frederick II was the king of Denmark and Norway (1559–88) who failed in his attempt to establish complete Danish......