Economics & Economic Systems, SNO-TEC
Economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.
Economics & Economic Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Snow, Edgar
Edgar Snow was an American journalist and author who produced the most important Western reporting on the Communist......
Snowden, Philip Snowden, Viscount
Philip Snowden, Viscount Snowden was a socialist politician and propagandist and chancellor of the Exchequer in......
so
so, in early Japan, a land tax levied by the central government per unit of allotted land. It was introduced during......
Social Democratic Party of Germany
Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), Germanyâs oldest political party and one of the countryâs two main parties......
Social Democratic Party of Switzerland
Social Democratic Party of Switzerland, Swiss political party of the centre-left that supports an extensive government......
Social entrepreneurship
The goal of most businesses is to make money, but social entrepreneurs have another goal as well: to address a......
social insurance
social insurance, public insurance program that provides protection against various economic risks (e.g., loss......
social welfare program
social welfare program, any of a variety of governmental programs designed to protect citizens from the economic......
Socialism
Socialism is an economic and social doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of......
Socialist International
Socialist International (SI), association of national socialist parties that advocates a democratic form of socialism.......
socially responsible investing
socially responsible investing (SRI), use of social, ethical, and/or environmental criteria to inform investment......
socioeconomic challenges in India
socioeconomic challenges in India, interconnected social and economic issues that limit the countryâs development......
Société Générale
Société Générale, major French commercial bank operating a general-banking and foreign-exchange business worldwide.......
Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français
Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer Français (SNCF), state-owned railroad system of France, formed in 1938. The......
soft skills
soft skills, nontechnical and non-industry-specific skills applicable to a wide range of tasks across many roles......
sole proprietorship
A sole proprietorship is the most common and simplest form of business ownership. You own and run the business......
Solidarity
Solidarity, Polish trade union that in the early 1980s became the first independent labour union in a country belonging......
Solon
Solon was an Athenian statesman, known as one of the Seven Wise Men of Greece (the others were Chilon of Sparta,......
Solow, Robert
Robert Solow was awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his important contributions to theories......
Sombart, Werner
Werner Sombart was a German historical economist who incorporated Marxist principles and Nazi theories in his writings......
Soong, T.V.
T.V. Soong was a financier and official of the Chinese Nationalist government between 1927 and 1949, once reputed......
Sorel, Georges
Georges Sorel was a French Socialist and revolutionary syndicalist who developed an original and provocative theory......
Southern Student Organizing Committee
Southern Student Organizing Committee (SSOC), organization of students from predominantly white colleges and universities......
Sovereign wealth funds: How nations invest for the future
A sovereign wealth fund (SWF) is a state-owned investment fund that governments use to invest surplus revenues......
Soviet Union
Soviet Union, former northern Eurasian empire (1917/22â1991) stretching from the Baltic and Black seas to the Pacific......
- Introduction
- Revolution, Communism, USSR
- Lenin, Bolsheviks, Revolution
- Brest-Litovsk, Treaty, WWI
- Communism, Revolution, USSR
- Lenin's Disillusionment
- Communism, Totalitarianism, Purges
- Collectivization, Industrialization, Five-Year Plans
- Industrialization, 1929â34
- Into the war: 1940â45
- Cold War, Communism, Collapse
- Cold War, Glasnost, Perestroika
- The Brezhnev era
- Interregnum, Andropov, Chernenko
- Command Economy, Five-Year Plans, Collectivization
- Coup, Gorbachev, 1991
sovkhoz
sovkhoz, state-operated agricultural estate in the U.S.S.R. organized according to industrial principles for specialized......
spam
spam, unsolicited electronic messages sent to large groups of people. Although e-mail is the most common means......
Spartacus League
Spartacus League, revolutionary socialist group active in Germany from autumn 1914 to the end of 1918. It was officially......
special economic zone
special economic zone (SEZ), any of several localities in which foreign and domestic trade and investment are conducted......
specie payment
specie payment, the redemption of U.S. paper money by banks or the Treasury in metallic (usually gold) coin. (Read......
Spence, A. Michael
A. Michael Spence is an American economist who, with George A. Akerlof and Joseph E. Stiglitz, won the Nobel Prize......
spice trade
spice trade, the cultivation, preparation, transport, and merchandising of spices and herbs, an enterprise of ancient......
sportswashing
sportswashing, the use of an athletic event by an individual or a government, a corporation, or another group to......
spot price
Spot price is the current price at which you can buy or sell an asset for immediate delivery and settlement. Also......
Stalin, Joseph
Joseph Stalin was the secretary-general of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1922â53) and premier of the......
standard of living
standard of living, in social science, the aspirations of an individual or group for goods and services. Alternatively,......
Stang, Frederik
Frederik Stang was a politician who was an early advocate of Norwayâs transition to a capitalist economy. He was......
start-up company
start-up company, a business at the initial stages of its life cycle. It is typically characterized by an innovative......
state capitalism
state capitalism, economic system in which the state takes an active role in economic production, controlling the......
statute labour
statute labour, unpaid work on public projects that is required by law. Under the Roman Empire, certain classes......
Stauning, Thorvald
Thorvald Stauning was a Danish Social Democratic statesman who as prime minister (1924â26, 1929â42) widened the......
Steinbach, Emil
Emil Steinbach was an Austrian economist, jurist, and statesman noted for his social reforms while serving in the......
Stephens, Uriah Smith
Uriah Smith Stephens was an American utopian reformer who was instrumental in founding the Knights of Labor, the......
sterling area
sterling area, formerly, a group of countries that kept most of their exchange reserves at the Bank of England......
Stevens, Alzina Parsons
Alzina Parsons Stevens was an American labour leader and journalist known for her contributions to union organization......
Stigler, George J.
George J. Stigler was an American economist whose incisive and unorthodox studies of marketplace behaviour and......
Stiglitz, Joseph E.
Joseph E. Stiglitz is an American economist who, with A. Michael Spence and George A. Akerlof, won the Nobel Prize......
stock
In finance, stock is the subscribed capital of a corporation or limited-liability company (LLC), usually divided......
stock exchange
stock exchange, organized market for the sale and purchase of securities such as shares, stocks, and bonds. In......
stock option
A stock option is a contract that enables the holder to buy or sell a security at a designated price (called the......
Stone, Sir Richard
Sir Richard Stone was a British economist who in 1984 received the Nobel Prize for Economics for developing an......
Strachey, John
John Strachey was a British Socialist writer and Labour politician known for his contributions to leftist thought......
strategic planning
strategic planning, disciplined effort to produce decisions and actions that shape and guide an organizationâs......
Strauss-Kahn, Dominique
Dominique Strauss-Kahn is a French economist and politician who served (2007â11) as the managing director of the......
strike
strike, collective refusal by employees to work under the conditions required by employers. Strikes arise for a......
Strong, Anna Louise
Anna Louise Strong was an American journalist and author who published numerous articles and books about developments......
Structuralism
Structuralism is a school of economic thought originating in Latin America in the 1950s that sought to understand......
student aid
student aid, form of assistance designed to help students pay for their education. In general, such awards are......
subprime lending
subprime lending, the practice of extending credit to borrowers with low incomes or poor, incomplete, or nonexistent......
subprime mortgage
subprime mortgage, a type of home loan extended to individuals with poor, incomplete, or nonexistent credit histories.......
Subsidiary
A subsidiary is a company owned or controlled by another business firm, known as a parent company or holding company.......
subsidy
subsidy, a direct or indirect payment, economic concession, or privilege granted by a government to private firms,......
subsistence theory
subsistence theory, in labour economics, a theory of the factors that determine the level of wages in a capitalist......
Succession plan
Whoâs going to run things after youâre goneâor if something happens to you? Thatâs the question a succession plan......
Suharto
Suharto was an army officer and political leader who was president of Indonesia from 1967 to 1998. His three decades......
Summers, Lawrence
Lawrence Summers was one of the main architects of U.S. economic policy in the last decade of the 20th century......
sunk cost
sunk cost, in economics and finance, a cost that has already been incurred and that cannot be recovered. In economic......
supermarket
supermarket, large retail store operated on a self-service basis, selling groceries, fresh produce, meat, bakery......
supply and demand
supply and demand, in economics, relationship between the quantity of a commodity that producers wish to sell at......
supply curve
supply curve, in economics, graphic representation of the relationship between product price and quantity of product......
supply-side economics
supply-side economics, theory that focuses on influencing the supply of labor and goods, using tax cuts and benefit......
surplus value
surplus value, Marxian economic concept that professed to explain the instability of the capitalist system. Adhering......
Surrender value
Surrender value is the amount of money youâre entitled to receive when you voluntarily terminate (or âsurrenderâ)......
sustainable development
sustainable development, approach to social, economic, and environmental planning that attempts to balance the......
Sverdlov, Yakov Mikhaylovich
Yakov Mikhaylovich Sverdlov was a Soviet Communist Party leader and government official. His organizational skills......
Svinhufvud, Pehr Evind
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud was the first chief of state of independent Finland, as prime minister and then as president.......
sweatshop
sweatshop, workplace in which workers are employed at low wages and under unhealthy or oppressive conditions. In......
Sweeney, John
John Sweeney was an American labour leader who served as president of the American Federation of LaborâCongress......
Symbols on a U.S. Dollar Bill
A U.S. $1 bill is one of the worldâs most recognizable currencies, but how closely have you looked at it? The bill......
Széchenyi, Istvån, Count
Istvån, Count Széchenyi was a reformer and writer whose practical enterprises represented an effort toward Hungarian......
SĂŒhbaatar, Damdiny
Damdiny SĂŒhbaatar was a cofounder and leader of the Mongolian Peopleâs Revolutionary Party, who was the major force......
SĆhyĆ
SĆhyĆ, trade-union federation that was the largest in Japan. SĆhyĆ was founded in 1950 as a democratic trade-union......
tael
tael, a Chinese unit of weight that, when applied to silver, was long used as a unit of currency. Most taels were......
Taff Vale case
Taff Vale case, (1900â01), in Great Britain, the successful trial of a suit brought by the Taff Vale Railway Company......
TaftâHartley Act
TaftâHartley Act, (1947), in U.S. history, lawâenacted over the veto of Pres. Harry S. Trumanâamending much of......
taille
taille, the most important direct tax of the pre-Revolutionary monarchy in France. Its unequal distribution, with......
Takahashi Hisako
Takahashi Hisako was a Japanese economist and government official who became the first female member of the Supreme......
tallage
tallage, in medieval Europe, a tax imposed by the lord of an estate upon his unfree tenants. In origin, both the......
Tan Malaka, Ibrahim Datuk
Ibrahim Datuk Tan Malaka (Headman) was an Indonesian Communist leader who competed with Sukarno for control of......
Taoka Kazuo
Taoka Kazuo was Japanâs major crime boss (oyabun), who, after World War II, rose to head a giant crime organization,......
target marketing
With globalization and the development of new information technologies, changes in society have led to dramatic......
tariff
A tariff is a tax levied upon goods as they cross national boundaries, usually by the government of the importing......
Taussig, Frank William
Frank William Taussig was an American economist whose contributions to trade theory have been of major importance......
Tawney, Richard Henry
Richard Henry Tawney was an English economic historian and one of the most influential social critics and reformers......
tax incidence
tax incidence, the distribution of a particular taxâs economic burden among the affected parties. It measures the......
tax law
tax law, body of rules under which a public authority has a claim on taxpayers, requiring them to transfer to the......
taxation
taxation, imposition of compulsory levies on individuals or entities by governments. Taxes are levied in almost......
Teamsters Union
Teamsters Union, the largest private-sector labour union in the United States, representing truck drivers and workers......
technical assistance
technical assistance, form of aid given to less-developed countries by international organizations such as the......
technical breakout
In financial markets, a technical breakout takes place when the price of an assetâa stock, commodity, or cryptocurrency,......