Economics & Economic Systems, DEM-ENG
Economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.
Economics & Economic Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
demand curve
demand curve, in economics, a graphic representation of the relationship between product price and the quantity......
democratic centralism
democratic centralism, decision-making practice and disciplinary policy adopted by the Communist Party of the Soviet......
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), one of several organizations associated with the Palestine......
Democratic Left
Democratic Left (DL), short-lived socialist party, organized in both Northern Ireland and the Irish republic, that......
democratic socialism
Democratic socialism is a political ideology that supports the establishment of a democratically run and decentralized......
Democratic Socialist Party
Democratic Socialist Party, former Japanese political party that was formed in 1960 by moderate socialists who......
Democratic Socialists of America
The Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) is a political organization of left-wing activists in the United States.......
Demonetization through the years: A history of making money worthless
Most paper money today is fiat currency, meaning it has value because users have faith in the government backing......
Deng Yingchao
Deng Yingchao was a Chinese politician, a revolutionary hard-liner who became a high-ranking official of the Chinese......
Denham, Sir James Steuart, 4th Baronet
Sir James Steuart Denham, 4th Baronet was a Scottish economist who was the leading expositor of mercantilist views.......
Dennett, Mary Coffin Ware
Mary Coffin Ware Dennett was an American reformer, best remembered for her activism in support of the ready and......
Dennis, Eugene
Eugene Dennis was an American Communist Party leader and labour organizer. He was general secretary of the Communist......
department store
department store, retail establishment that sells a wide variety of goods. These usually include ready-to-wear......
Dependency theory
Dependency theory is an approach to understanding economic underdevelopment that emphasizes the constraints imposed......
depletion allowance
depletion allowance, in corporate income tax, the deductions from gross income allowed investors in exhaustible......
deposit account
deposit account, Either of two basic bank deposit accounts. The demand deposit is payable on demand (see check).......
deposit insurance
deposit insurance, special type of insurance, under which depositors are guaranteed against loss in the event of......
depreciation
depreciation, in accounting, the allocation of the cost of an asset over its economic life. Depreciation covers......
depression
depression, in economics, a major downturn in the business cycle characterized by sharp and sustained declines......
derivatives
In finance, a derivative is a security whose value is derived from, or dependent upon, the value of another security.......
Deutsche Welle
Deutsche Welle is a German news and information broadcaster focused on the international market. It broadcasts......
devaluation
devaluation, reduction in the exchange value of a country’s monetary unit in terms of gold, silver, or foreign......
developing country
developing country, a country which, relative to other countries, has a lower average standard of living. There......
development bank
development bank, national or regional financial institution designed to provide medium- and long-term capital......
development theory
development theory, cluster of research and theories on economic and political development. The use of the term......
Dewson, Mary Williams
Mary Williams Dewson was an American economist and political organizer, closely associated with the political campaigns......
Diamond, Douglas
Douglas Diamond is an American economist and co-winner, with Ben Bernanke and Philip Dybvig, of the 2022 Nobel......
Diamond, Peter A.
Peter A. Diamond is an American economist who was a corecipient, with Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides,......
Did Lucille Times Boycott Buses Before Rosa Parks?
On December 1, 1955, 42-year-old Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to surrender her seat to a white......
Dies, Martin, Jr.
Martin Dies, Jr. was an American politician, the sponsor and first chairman (1938–45) of the House Committee on......
Digger
Digger, any of a group of agrarian communists who flourished in England in 1649–50 and were led by Gerrard Winstanley......
digital certificate
digital certificate, electronic file that typically contains identification information about the holder, including......
diminishing returns
The law of diminishing returns says that, if you keep increasing one factor in the production of goods (such as......
dinar
dinar, monetary unit used in several Middle Eastern countries, including Algeria, Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait,......
Dinis
Dinis was the sixth king of Portugal (1279–1325), who strengthened the kingdom by improving the economy and reducing......
dirigisme
dirigisme, an approach to economic development emphasizing the positive role of state intervention. The term dirigisme......
discount rate
discount rate, interest rate charged by a central bank for loans of reserve funds to commercial banks and other......
discount store
discount store, in merchandising, a retail store that sells products at prices lower than those asked by traditional......
disposable income
disposable income, that portion of an individual’s income over which the recipient has complete discretion. An......
Disraeli, Benjamin
Benjamin Disraeli was a British statesman and novelist who was twice prime minister (1868, 1874–80) and who provided......
distribution theory
distribution theory, in economics, the systematic attempt to account for the sharing of the national income among......
divestment
divestment, the disposal of assets in any of a variety of ways, usually for ethical, financial, or political reasons.......
dividend
dividend, an individual share of earnings distributed among stockholders of a corporation or company in proportion......
Dix, John Adams
John Adams Dix was a political leader and U.S. Army officer who, as secretary of the treasury of the United States......
Djilas, Milovan
Milovan Djilas was a prolific political writer and former Yugoslav communist official remembered for his disillusionment......
dollar
dollar, originally, a silver coin that circulated in many European countries; in modern times, the name of the......
dollar sign
dollar sign, $, symbol that represents the dollar, the name of the standard monetary unit used in the United States,......
Doordarshan
Doordarshan (DD), India’s public service television broadcaster, founded by the government in 1959. The word Doordarshan,......
double taxation
double taxation, in economics, situation in which the same financial assets or earnings are subject to taxation......
Douglas, Clifford
Clifford Douglas was a British economist and originator of the theory of Social Credit. He began a career in engineering......
drachma
drachma, silver coin of ancient Greece, dating from about the mid-6th century bc, and the former monetary unit......
Draghi, Mario
Mario Draghi is an Italian economist who served from 2011 to 2019 as president of the European Central Bank (ECB),......
dropshipping
dropshipping, an e-commerce business model in which the vendor does not hold the product inventory but serves as......
Drucker, Peter F.
Peter F. Drucker was an Austrian-born American management consultant, educator, and author, whose writings contributed......
du Pont, Pierre-Samuel
Pierre-Samuel du Pont was a French economist whose numerous writings were mainly devoted to spreading the tenets......
Dubinsky, David
David Dubinsky was an American labour leader who served as president of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers......
due diligence
due diligence, a standard of vigilance, attentiveness, and care often exercised in various professional and societal......
Duflo, Esther
Esther Duflo is a French-American economist who, with Abhijit Banerjee and Michael Kremer, was awarded the 2019......
Dupuit, Arsène-Jules-Étienne-Juvénal
Arsène-Jules-Étienne-Juvénal Dupuit was a French engineer and economist who was one of the first to analyze the......
Dutch disease and the resource curse: Paradoxes of plenty
In the late 1950s, petroleum geologists who were searching for oil ended up discovering a huge natural gas field......
Dybvig, Philip
Philip Dybvig is an American economist and co-winner, with Douglas Diamond and Ben Bernanke, of the 2022 Nobel......
Dzerzhinsky, Feliks Edmundovich
Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky was a Bolshevik leader and the head of the first Soviet secret police organization.......
Dühring, Eugen
Eugen Dühring was a philosopher, political economist, prolific writer, and a leading German adherent of positivism,......
Dōmei
Dōmei, Japan’s second largest labour union federation until it disbanded in 1987. Dōmei was formed in 1964 by a......
e-commerce
e-commerce, maintaining relationships and conducting business transactions that include selling information, services,......
EAM-ELAS
EAM-ELAS, communist-sponsored resistance organization (formed September 1941) and its military wing (formed December......
EBITDA
EBITDA is an acronym that stands for earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization. By removing......
econometrics
econometrics, the statistical and mathematical analysis of economic relationships, often serving as a basis for......
economic development
economic development, the process whereby simple, low-income national economies are transformed into modern industrial......
economic forecasting
economic forecasting, the prediction of any of the elements of economic activity. Such forecasts may be made in......
economic growth
economic growth, the process by which a nation’s wealth increases over time. Although the term is often used in......
economic history
economic history, branch of historiography concerned with the history and development of economic systems and,......
economic indicator
An economic indicator is a statistic that analysts use, along with other indicators, in an attempt to determine......
Economic Inequality
One remarkable consequence of the Great Recession of 2007–09, the worst global economic crisis since the Great......
economic integration
economic integration, process in which two or more states in a broadly defined geographic area reduce a range of......
economic openness
economic openness, in political economy, the degree to which nondomestic transactions (imports and exports) take......
economic planning
economic planning, the process by which key economic decisions are made or influenced by central governments. It......
economic rationality
economic rationality, conceptions of rationality used in economic theory. Although there is no single notion of......
economic stabilizer
economic stabilizer, any of the institutions and practices in an economy that serve to reduce fluctuations in the......
economic system
economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think......
economics
economics, social science that seeks to analyze and describe the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth.......
Economist, The
The Economist, weekly magazine of news and opinion published in London and generally regarded as one of the world’s......
economy of India
India’s economy has undergone profound shifts since the country gained independence in 1947, evolving from a largely......
economy of scale
economy of scale, in economics, the relationship between the size of a plant or industry and the lowest possible......
ecu
ecu, a notional unit of exchange, conceived in 1979, based on a “basket,” or weighted combination, of the currencies......
Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro
Francis Ysidro Edgeworth was an Irish economist and statistician who innovatively applied mathematics to the fields......
efficiency
efficiency, in economics and organizational analysis, a measure of the input a system requires to achieve a specified......
Eighth Route Army
Eighth Route Army, larger of the two major Chinese communist forces that fought the Japanese from 1937 to 1945.......
Einaudi, Luigi
Luigi Einaudi was an Italian economist and statesman, the first president (1948–55) of the Republic of Italy. After......
Eisenhower, Dwight D.
Dwight D. Eisenhower was the 34th president of the United States (1953–61), who had been supreme commander of the......
elasticity
elasticity, in economics, a measure of the responsiveness of one economic variable to another. A variable y (e.g.,......
electronic banking
Electronic banking is the use of computers, phones, and other technologies to facilitate banking transactions rather......
electronic product environmental assessment tool
electronic product environmental assessment tool (EPEAT), online evaluation and procurement tool that helps consumers......
Ely, Richard T.
Richard T. Ely was an American economist who was noted for his belief that government, aided by economists, could......
employee association
employee association, in U.S. private industry, an organization of employees that is concerned primarily with welfare......
employee training
employee training, vocational instruction for employed persons. During and after World War II, in-service training......
employment agency
employment agency, an organization to help workers find employment and employers find workers. Employment agencies......
Engel, Ernst
Ernst Engel was a German statistician remembered for the “Engel curve,” or Engel’s law, which states that the lower......
Engels, Friedrich
Friedrich Engels was a German socialist philosopher, the closest collaborator of Karl Marx in the foundation of......