Economics & Economic Systems, HAN-IND
Economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.
Economics & Economic Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Hansen, Lars Peter
Lars Peter Hansen is an American economist who, with Eugene F. Fama and Robert J. Shiller, was awarded the 2013......
Hansson, Per Albin
Per Albin Hansson was a Social Democratic statesman who, as four-time premier of Sweden between 1932 and 1946,......
Hardie, J Keir
J. Keir Hardie was a British labour leader, first to represent the workingman in Parliament as an Independent (1892)......
Harrington, Michael
Michael Harrington was an American socialist activist and author, best known for his book The Other America (1962),......
Harris v. Quinn
Harris v. Quinn, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on June 30, 2014, held (5â4) that workers who are......
Harrod, Sir Roy
Sir Roy Harrod was a British economist who pioneered the economics of dynamic growth and the field of macroeconomics.......
Harsanyi, John C.
John C. Harsanyi was a Hungarian-American economist who shared the 1994 Nobel Prize for Economics with John F.......
Hart, Oliver
Oliver Hart is a British-born American economist who, with Bengt Holmström, was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize for......
Hasner, Leopold, Ritter Von Artha
Leopold Hasner, Ritter von Artha was an economist, jurist, and politician who served as a liberal Austrian minister......
Hawke, Robert
Robert Hawke was an Australian labour leader, Labor Party politician, and prime minister of Australia from 1983......
Hawthorne research
Hawthorne research, socioeconomic experiments conducted by Elton Mayo in 1927 among employees of the Hawthorne......
Hawtrey, Ralph
Ralph Hawtrey was a British economist who developed a concept that later became known as the multiplier. Hawtrey......
Hayek, F.A.
F.A. Hayek was an Austrian-born British economist noted for his criticisms of the Keynesian welfare state and of......
Haymarket Affair
Haymarket Affair, violent confrontation between police and labour protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886, that became......
Haywood, Bill
Bill Haywood was an American radical who led the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or âWobbliesâ) in the early......
Healey, Denis Winston, Baron Healey of Riddlesden
Denis Winston Healey, Baron Healey of Riddlesden was a British economist, statesman, writer, and chancellor of......
health insurance
health insurance, system for the financing of medical expenses by means of contributions or taxes paid into a common......
health maintenance organization
health maintenance organization (HMO), organization, either public or private, that provides comprehensive medical......
health savings account
A health savings account (HSA) is a tax-advantaged savings account available to people enrolled in a qualifying......
Heckman, James J.
James J. Heckman is an American economist, educator, and winner (with Daniel McFadden) of the 2000 Nobel Prize......
Heckscher, Eli Filip
Eli Filip Heckscher was a Swedish economist and economic historian. Heckscher graduated from the University of......
Heckscher-Ohlin theory
Heckscher-Ohlin theory, in economics, a theory of comparative advantage in international trade according to which......
Hedge fund
A hedge fund is a private investment vehicle that is managed by a professional investment firm. A hedge fund collects......
hedging
Hedging is a method of reducing the risk of loss caused by price fluctuation. A hedge consists of the purchase......
hellÄnotamiai
hellÄnotamiai, financial officers of the Delian League (478â404 bce) and instruments of Athenian control over league......
helot
helot, a state-owned serf of the ancient Spartans. The ethnic origin of helots is uncertain, but they were probably......
Helstein, Ralph
Ralph Helstein was an American labor union official who was president of the United Packinghouse Workers of America......
hemispheric integration
hemispheric integration, the process by which countries in the Americas liberalized their trade regimes in the......
Henry, Alice
Alice Henry was an Australian journalist who promoted trade unionism, womenâs suffrage, and social reform in Australia......
Herfindahl-Hirschman index
Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI), in economics and finance, a measure of the competitiveness of an industry in......
Herzen, Aleksandr Ivanovich
Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen was a political thinker, activist, and writer who originated the theory of a unique......
Hess, Moses
Moses Hess was a German journalist and socialist who influenced Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels and who was an important......
Heureaux, Ulises
Ulises Heureaux was the president of the Dominican Republic who allowed most of his countryâs economy to fall under......
Hicks, Sir John R.
Sir John R. Hicks was an English economist who made pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory......
Hill, Joe
Joe Hill was a Swedish-born American songwriter and organizer for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW); his......
Hillman, Sidney
Sidney Hillman was a U.S. labor leader, from 1914 president of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, and......
Hillquit, Morris
Morris Hillquit was an American Socialist leader and the chief theoretician of the Socialist Party during the first......
Hind Mazdoor Sabha
Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS), third largest trade-union federation in India after the All-India Trade Union Congress......
hinterland
hinterland, tributary region, either rural or urban or both, that is closely linked economically with a nearby......
Histadrut
Histadrut, Israeli labour organization that includes workers in the cooperative and collective agricultural settlements......
historical school of economics
historical school of economics, branch of economic thought, developed chiefly in Germany in the last half of the......
Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh was the founder of the Indochina Communist Party (1930) and its successor, the Viet-Minh (1941), and......
Hoa Hao
Hoa Hao, Vietnamese Buddhist religious movement that was formed in 1939 by the Buddhist reformer Huynh Phu So.......
Hobhouse, Leonard Trelawny
Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse was an English sociologist and philosopher who tried to reconcile liberalism with collectivism......
HODL (crypto)
HODL is a cryptocurrency slang term that refers to holding a crypto coin or token for the long term. It comes from......
Hoffa, James P.
James P. Hoffa is an American labour leader who served as general president of the International Brotherhood of......
Hoffa, Jimmy
Jimmy Hoffa was an American labor leader who served as president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters......
Hohenlohe-SchillingsfĂŒrst, Chlodwig Karl Viktor, FĂŒrst zu
Chlodwig Karl Viktor, prince of Hohenlohe-SchillingsfĂŒrst was the imperial German chancellor and Prussian prime......
holding company
holding company, a corporation that owns enough voting stock in one or more other companies to exercise control......
Holland, Henry Edmund
Henry Edmund Holland was an Australian-born labour leader who helped found the New Zealand Labour Party (1916),......
Holland, Sir Sidney
Sir Sidney Holland was the leader of New Zealandâs National Party (1940â57) who, as prime minister (1949â57), suppressed......
Hollywood Ten
Hollywood Ten, in U.S. history, 10 motion-picture producers, directors, and screenwriters who appeared before the......
Holmström, Bengt
Bengt Holmström is a Finnish economist who, with Oliver Hart, was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize for Economics for......
Homage and fealtyfealty
Homage and fealtyfealty, in European society, solemn acts of ritual by which a person became a vassal of a lord......
home equity
home equity, the difference between a homeâs fair market value and the outstanding balance on all mortgage loans......
home equity line of credit
home equity line of credit (HELOC), a type of loan that uses a borrowerâs equity in his house as collateral. In......
Homestead Strike
Homestead Strike, violent labour dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and many of its workers that occurred......
Hoover, Herbert
Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of the United States (1929â33). Hooverâs reputation as a humanitarianâearned......
Hopkins, Harry L(loyd)
Harry L. Hopkins was a U.S. New Deal Democratic administrator who personified the ideology of vast federal work......
House Un-American Activities Committee
House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, established in 1938......
How Are Currency Exchange Rates Determined?
If you travel internationally, you most likely will need to exchange your own currency for that of the country......
How Do Tariffs Work?
Tariffs are one of the most controversial and frequently debated tools in international trade. They function like......
How is the U.S. Unemployment Rate Calculated?
This article was originally published on May 1, 2020. In general, the unemployment rate in the United States is......
How rich was John D. Rockefeller?
At the time of his death in 1937, John D. Rockefeller was worth an estimated $1.4 billionâa staggering sum that......
How Would a Cashless Society Work?
Thereâs a place today where a rapidly decreasing number of people rely on cash: Sweden. Itâs the developed Western......
Howitt, Peter Wilkinson
Peter Wilkinson Howitt (born May 31, 1946, Canada) is a Canadian economist known for his theoretical work on innovation,......
Hoxha, Enver
Enver Hoxha was the first communist chief of state of Albania. As that countryâs ruler for 40 years after World......
Hua Guofeng
Hua Guofeng was the premier of the Peopleâs Republic of China from 1976 to 1980 and chairman of the Chinese Communist......
Huerta, Dolores
Dolores Huerta was an American labor leader and activist whose work on behalf of migrant farmworkers led to the......
Hukbalahap Rebellion
Hukbalahap Rebellion, (1946â54), Communist-led peasant uprising in central Luzon, Philippines. The name of the......
Hull, Cordell
Cordell Hull was the U.S. secretary of state (1933â44) whose initiation of the reciprocal trade program to lower......
human capital
human capital, intangible collective resources possessed by individuals and groups within a given population. These......
human resources management
human resources management, the management of the people in working organizations. It is also frequently called......
human trafficking
human trafficking, form of modern-day slavery involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception......
Hungarian Socialist Party
Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP), left-wing Hungarian political party. Although the Hungarian Socialist Party (MSzP)......
Hurwicz, Leonid
Leonid Hurwicz was a Russian-born American economist who, with Eric S. Maskin and Roger B. Myerson, received a......
Husak, Gustav
Gustav Husak was a Slovak Communist who was Czechoslovakiaâs leader from 1969 to 1989. Husak joined the Communist......
Huysmans, Camille
Camille Huysmans was a socialist writer and statesman, a leader of the moderate wing of the Flemish nationalist......
hyperinflation
Hyperinflation is the severe and rapidly accelerating loss of a currencyâs purchasing power. Although rare in modern......
Ibn Saud
Ibn Saud founded the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932 after unifying Najd and the Hejaz, following decades of military......
Iglesias, Pablo
Pablo Iglesias was a political leader who played a significant role in the development of Spanish democratic socialism......
Ikeda Hayato
Ikeda Hayato was the prime minister of Japan from July 1960 until November 1964, who was instrumental in Japanâs......
Imbens, Guido
Guido Imbens is a Dutch-American economist who, with the Israeli-American economist Joshua Angrist, was awarded......
imperial preference
imperial preference, historically, a commercial arrangement in which preferential rates (i.e., rates below the......
Import substitution industrialization
Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is an economic development strategy that promotes domestic production......
Imrédy, Béla
BĂ©la ImrĂ©dy was a right-wing politician and premier of Hungary (1938â39), whose close collaboration with the Nazis......
In re Debs
In re Debs, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on May 27, 1895, unanimously (9â0) upheld the governmentâs......
income and employment theory
income and employment theory, a body of economic analysis concerned with the relative levels of output, employment,......
Income inequality
Income inequality in economics is the unequal distribution of income among individuals, households, groups, or......
income statement
income statement, In accounting, the activity-oriented financial statement issued by businesses. Covering a specified......
income tax
income tax, levy imposed on individuals (or family units) and corporations. Individual income tax is computed on......
incomes policy
incomes policy, collective governmental effort to control the incomes of labour and capital, usually by limiting......
indentured labor
indentured labor, a form of contract labor in which laborers enter into an official agreement with their employer......
indexation
indexation, in fiscal policy, a means of offsetting the effect of inflation or deflation on social security payments......
Indian National Trade Union Congress
Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC), largest trade-union federation in India. INTUC was established in......
indiction
indiction, in ancient Rome, the fiscal year. During the inflation of the 3rd century ad the Roman government supplied......
indifference curve
indifference curve, in economics, graph showing various combinations of two things (usually consumer goods) that......
industrial ecology
industrial ecology, Discipline that traces the flow of energy and materials from their natural resources through......
industrial relations
industrial relations, the behaviour of workers in organizations in which they earn their living. Scholars of industrial......
- Introduction
- Labor, Negotiation, Conflict
- Worker Rights, Labor Laws, Collective Bargaining
- Responsibility, Community, Labor
- Workforce Diversity, Labor Laws, Unions
- Collective Bargaining, Labor Laws, Dispute Resolution
- Competition, Pressures, Labor
- Service Workers, Technical Professionals
- Labor, Unions, Negotiation
- Union, Management, Relations
- Collective Bargaining, Labor Unions, Negotiations
- Japan, Labor, Unions
- Employment Security, Collective Bargaining, Labor Laws
- Education, Training, Labor Laws
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one......