Economics & Economic Systems, FRE-HAN
Economic system, any of the ways in which humankind has arranged for its material provisioning. One would think that there would be a great variety of such systems, corresponding to the many cultural arrangements that have characterized human society.
Economics & Economic Systems Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Frederick William
Frederick William was the elector of Brandenburg (1640â88), who restored the Hohenzollern dominions after the devastations......
free market
free market, an unregulated system of economic exchange, in which taxes, quality controls, quotas, tariffs, and......
free trade
Free trade is a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by......
free-trade zone
free-trade zone, an area within which goods may be landed, handled, manufactured or reconfigured, and reexported......
Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund
Freier Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (FDGB), East German trade union federation. Controlled by the Socialist Unity......
Frelimo
Frelimo, political and military movement that initiated Mozambican independence from Portugal and then formed the......
French Communist Party
French Communist Party, French political party that espouses a communist ideology and has joined coalition governments......
French Confederation of Christian Workers
French Confederation of Christian Workers, French labour-union federation that was founded in 1919 by Roman Catholic......
French Democratic Confederation of Labour
French Democratic Confederation of Labour, French trade union federation that evolved from the French Confederation......
Friedman, Milton
Milton Friedman was an American economist and educator, one of the leading proponents of monetarism in the second......
friendly society
friendly society, mutual-aid organization formed voluntarily by individuals to protect members against debts incurred......
fringe benefit
fringe benefit, any nonwage payment or benefit (e.g., pension plans, profit-sharing programs, vacation pay, and......
Frisch, Ragnar
Ragnar Frisch was a Norwegian econometrician and economist who was a joint winner (with Jan Tinbergen) of the 1969......
Fukui Toshihiko
Fukui Toshihiko is a Japanese economist and banker who served as governor of the Bank of Japan (BOJ) from 2003......
Fullarton, John
John Fullarton was a British surgeon and banker who wrote on currency control. Fullarton, who was of Scottish origin,......
Funk, Walther
Walther Funk was a German Nazi and economist who was the economics minister of the Third Reich from 1938 and president......
future value
Future value (FV) is the estimated value of a current asset at a specified future date, based on the interest rate......
futures
futures, commercial contract calling for the purchase or sale of specified quantities of a commodity at specified......
gabelle
gabelle, form of tax in France before the Revolution of 1789âin particular, from the 15th century onward, the tax......
Galbraith, John Kenneth
John Kenneth Galbraith was a Canadian-born American economist and public servant known for his support of public......
Galiani, Ferdinando
Ferdinando Galiani was an Italian economist whose studies in value theory anticipated much later work. Galiani......
Gambino, Carlo
Carlo Gambino was the head of one of the Five Families of organized crimeâthe Bonanno, Colombo, Genovese, Lucchese,......
gamonalismo
gamonalismo, a term meaning âbossism,â used in Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. It is derived from gamonal, a word meaning......
Gao Gang
Gao Gang was one of the early leaders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and one of the most important figures......
Gender Pay Gap Across the United States
The infographic contains a bar graph showing what a woman in each U.S. state, Washington, D.C., and the country......
gender wage gap
gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of......
General Confederation of Labour
General Confederation of Labour, major labour-union federation in Argentina. The CGT was formed in 1930. Its leadership......
General Confederation of Labour
General Confederation of Labour, French labour union federation. Formed in 1895, the CGT united in 1902 with the......
General Confederation of LabourâWorkersâ Force
General Confederation of LabourâWorkersâ Force, French labour-union federation that is most influential among white-collar......
General Italian Confederation of Labour
General Italian Confederation of Labour , Italyâs largest trade-union federation. It was organized in Rome in 1944......
general store
general store, retail store in a small town or rural community that carries a wide variety of goods, including......
general strike
general strike, the stoppage of work by a substantial proportion of workers in a range of industries in an organized......
Genovesi, Antonio
Antonio Genovesi was an Italian philosopher and economist whose proposals for reforms in the Kingdom of Naples......
Geographical indication
Geographical indication, sign designating a product derived from a specific geographic area and often denoting......
George, Eddie
Eddie George was a British economist and banker who, as governor (1993â2003) of the Bank of England (BOE), guided......
George, Henry
Henry George was a land reformer and economist who in Progress and Poverty (1879) proposed the single tax: that......
German Salaried Employeesâ Union
German Salaried Employeesâ Union, white-collar labour organization in Germany. The DAG was organized in 1945, shortly......
German Trade Union Federation
German Trade Union Federation, dominant union organization in Germany. The DGB was founded in Munich in 1949 and......
GerĆ, ErnĆ
ErnĆ GerĆ was a Hungarian communist and first secretary of the Hungarian Workersâ (communist) Party (1956). In......
gift tax
gift tax, a levy imposed on gratuitous transfers of propertyâi.e., those made without compensation. Provisions......
Gini coefficient
Why is income inequality so much worse in some countries than others? One of the most widely used tools for answering......
Globalization
Globalization, integration of the worldâs economies, politics, and cultures. German-born American economist Theodore......
glocalization
glocalization, the simultaneous occurrence of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies in contemporary......
GMB
GMB, one of the largest trade unions in Great Britain and one of the two giant general unions (the other being......
Godwin, William
William Godwin was a social philosopher, political journalist, and religious dissenter who anticipated the English......
Gold Fever
It was one of the most-significant events in U.S. history, and it all began with a water-powered sawmill. In 1848......
gold reserve
gold reserve, a fund of gold bullion or coin held by a government or bank, as distinguished from a private hoard......
gold rush
gold rush, rapid influx of fortune seekers to the site of newly discovered gold deposits. Major gold rushes occurred......
gold standard
gold standard, monetary system in which the standard unit of currency is a fixed quantity of gold or is kept at......
gold-exchange standard
gold-exchange standard, monetary system under which a nationâs currency may be converted into bills of exchange......
golden parachute
golden parachute, a provision in an employment contract that grants lucrative severance benefits to an executive......
Goldin, Claudia
Claudia Goldin is an American economist and winner of the 2023 Nobel Prize for Economics (the Sveriges Riksbank......
Goldsmith, Raymond
Raymond Goldsmith was a Belgian-born economist who devised ways to measure wealth with such creations as balance......
Gompers, Samuel
Samuel Gompers was an American labour leader and the first president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL).......
GomuĆka, WĆadysĆaw
WĆadysĆaw GomuĆka was the first secretary of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workersâ Party, the ruling......
Gorbachev, Mikhail
Mikhail Gorbachev was a Soviet official, general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from......
Gordon, Walter Lockhart
Walter Lockhart Gordon was a Canadian businessman, political leader, and finance minister who contributed greatly......
Goschen, George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount
George Joachim Goschen, 1st Viscount Goschen was a British economist and administrator, who worked for both Liberal......
Gosplan
Gosplan, central board that supervised various aspects of the planned economy of the Soviet Union by translating......
government budget
government budget, forecast by a government of its expenditures and revenues for a specific period of time. In......
- Introduction
- Fiscal Planning, Deficit Reduction, Allocation
- Cash, Unified, Deficit
- Full Employment, Fiscal Policy, Deficit
- Revenue, Expenditure, Deficit
- Public Expenditure, Fiscal Policy, Taxation
- Revenue, Expenditure, Balance
- Taxation, Expenditure, Balance
- Borrowing, Deficit, Revenue
- Fiscal Deficit, Debt, Revenues
- Retiring Debt, Fiscal Policy, Deficit
- Borrowing, Deficits, Debt
- Borrowing, Deficits, Debt
- US Spending, Revenues, Deficits
- Japan, Fiscal Policy, Economy
- Planning, Allocation, Execution
- UK Spending, Revenue, Deficit
- Local, State, Federal
government economic policy
government economic policy, measures by which a government attempts to influence the economy. The national budget......
Grabski, WĆadysĆaw
WĆadysĆaw Grabski was a political economist, prime minister of Poland (1920, 1923â25), and statesman who reorganized......
Gramsci, Antonio
Antonio Gramsci was an intellectual and politician, a founder of the Italian Communist Party whose ideas greatly......
Granger, Clive W.J.
Clive W.J. Granger was a Welsh economist, corecipient of the Nobel Prize for Economics in 2003 for his development......
Great Depression
Great Depression, worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest......
Great Leap Forward
Great Leap Forward, in Chinese history, the campaign led by the Chinese Communist Party between 1958 and early......
Great Recession
Great Recession, economic recession that was precipitated in the United States by the financial crisis of 2007â08......
Green, William
William Green was a labour leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) from 1924 until his......
Greenspan, Alan
Alan Greenspan was an American economist and chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System from......
greenwashing
Greenwashing is the practice of presenting companies or products as more environmentally responsible than they......
Gresham, Sir Thomas
Sir Thomas Gresham was an English merchant, financier, and founder of the Royal Exchange. Gresham was educated......
Greshamâs law
Greshamâs law, observation in economics that âbad money drives out good.â More exactly, if coins containing metal......
Gripenstedt, Johan August, Friherre
Johan August, Baron Gripenstedt was a politician who initiated and guided Swedenâs transition to a capitalist economy.......
Gropper, William
William Gropper was an editorial cartoonist, illustrator, and painter whose main concern was the human tragedy......
gross domestic product
gross domestic product (GDP), total market value of the goods and services produced by a countryâs economy during......
gross national income
gross national income (GNI), the sum of a countryâs gross domestic product (GDP) plus net income (positive or negative)......
gross national product
Gross national product (GNP) is the total value of all the final goods and services made by a nationâs economy......
group insurance
group insurance, insurance provided to members of a formal group such as employees of a firm or members of an association.......
Growth in ticket prices, 1996â2025
From the mid-1990s through the mid-2020s, the cost of live entertainment rose sharply in the United States, outpacing......
growth stock
growth stock, stock whose market value is expected to increase at a faster-than-average rate, usually because the......
grémio
grĂ©mio, any of the organized guilds that were founded during the Moorish occupation of Portugal (714â1249) by men......
guaranteed wage plan
guaranteed wage plan, system by which an employer ensures a minimum annual amount of employment or wages (or both)......
guaranty and suretyship
guaranty and suretyship, in law, assumption of liability for the obligations of another. In modern usage the term......
Guattari, Pierre-FĂ©lix
Pierre-FĂ©lix Guattari was a French psychiatrist and philosopher and a leader of the antipsychiatry movement of......
Guesde, Jules
Jules Guesde was an organizer and early leader of the Marxist wing of the French labour movement. Guesde began......
guest worker
guest worker, foreign national who is permitted to live and work temporarily in a host country. Most guest workers......
Guevara, Che
Che Guevara was a theoretician and tactician of guerrilla warfare, a prominent communist figure in the Cuban Revolution......
guild
guild, an association of craftsmen or merchants formed for mutual aid and protection and for the furtherance of......
Guild Socialism
Guild Socialism, a movement that called for workersâ control of industry through a system of national guilds operating......
guilder
guilder, former monetary unit of the Netherlands. In 2002 the guilder ceased to be legal tender after the euro,......
GuzmĂĄn, Abimael
Abimael GuzmĂĄn was the founder and leader of the Peruvian revolutionary organization Shining Path (in Spanish,......
H-1B visa
The H-1B visa is one of the most widely used work visa programs in the United States. It allows employers to hire......
Haavelmo, Trygve
Trygve Haavelmo was a Norwegian economist who was a pioneer in what became the field of economic forecasting. He......
Haberler, Gottfried von
was an Austrian-born American economist, writer, and educator whose major field of expertise was international......
Habibie, B.J.
B.J. Habibie was an Indonesian aircraft engineer and politician who was president of Indonesia (1998â99) and a......
Hall, Gus
Gus Hall was an American political organizer who was the general secretary of the Communist Party of the United......
Hall, Robert E.
Robert E. Hall is an American economist who shared the 2026 Nobel Prize for Economics (officially the Sveriges......
Hani, Chris
Chris Hani was a South African political activist who was a prominent member of the African National Congress (ANC),......
Hansen, Alvin Harvey
Alvin Harvey Hansen was an American economist noted for his strong and influential advocacy of the theories of......
Hansen, H.C.
H.C. Hansen was a politician and statesman who, as foreign minister and prime minister, led Denmark to a prominent......