Banking & Business, LAB-MIG
From central banks and credit systems to startups and sprawling corporations, banking and business shape how capital is raised, risk is managed, and economies grow.
Banking & Business Encyclopedia Articles By Title
labour, hours of
hours of labour, the proportion of a personâs time spent at work. Hours of labour have declined significantly since......
Ladiesâ Home Journal
Ladiesâ Home Journal, American monthly magazine, one of the longest-running in the country and long the trendsetter......
laissez-faire
laissez-faire, policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society.......
Landrum-Griffin Act
Landrum-Griffin Act, a legislative response to widespread publicity about corruption and autocratic methods in......
Larousse
Larousse, Parisian publishing house specializing in encyclopaedias and dictionaries, founded in 1852 by Augustin......
Latin American Central of Workers
Latin American Central of Workers, (CLAT), regional Christian Democrat trade union federation linked to the World......
Lehigh Valley Railroad Company
Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, American railroad whose growth was based on hauling coal from the anthracite mines......
Lehman Brothers, bankruptcy of
bankruptcy of Lehman Brothers, collapse of the investment bank Lehman Brothers that occurred on September 15, 2008.......
Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Association
Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Association, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on May 30, 1991, partly upheld......
Leptines, Law of
Law of Leptines, (354 bc), ancient Athenian tax measure, subject of an early speech of the orator Demosthenes.......
leveraged buyout
leveraged buyout (LBO), acquisition strategy whereby a company is purchased by another company using borrowed money......
liability insurance
liability insurance, insurance against claims of loss or damage for which a policyholder might have to compensate......
Libbey Inc.
Libbey Inc., American glass company that is one of the worldâs largest manufacturers of glass tableware. Its headquarters......
life insurance
life insurance, method by which large groups of individuals equalize the burden of financial loss from death by......
Liggett Group Inc.
Liggett Group is a former U.S. conglomerate that once held major interests in tobacco products, spirits and wines,......
likin
likin, special tax paid by merchants and traders in mid-19th-century China. Likin (âa tax of one-thousandthâ) was......
limited liability
limited liability, condition under which the losses that owners (shareholders) of a business firm may incur are......
limited liability company (LLC)
A limited liability company (LLC) is a business structure that combines the legal protections of a corporation......
line-staff organization
line-staff organization, in management, approach in which authorities (e.g., managers) establish goals and directives......
LinkedIn
LinkedIn is a business-oriented social media platform and social networking website founded in 2002 and headquartered......
LinkedIn profile page
an overview of how to set up an account profile for gaining attention and maximizing exposure on...
LinkedIn tips
recommendations for how to gain attention and maximize exposure on...
liquidation
liquidation, discharge of a debt or the determination by agreement or litigation of the amount of a previously......
liquidity
Liquidity is the ease with which you can convert a non-cash asset (such as a stock, bond, home, collectible, or......
lira
lira, the former monetary unit of Italy and Malta and the currency of modern Turkey. The lira was introduced in......
list of banks
This is a list of banks ordered alphabetically by continent or region and country. (See also accounting; finance;...
list of Pixar films
list of Pixar films, Pixar Animation Studios (or Pixar) is best known for feature-length computer-animated films,......
List of U.S. import tariffs by country
Editorâs note: This article describes the U.S. tariff schedule introduced in July 2025. Those tariffs are no longer......
Litton Industries, Inc.
Litton Industries, Inc., diversified U.S. multinational corporation founded in 1953 by Charles Bates âTexâ Thornton......
Live Nation Entertainment
Live Nation Entertainment is an American multinational entertainment company formed in 2010 through the merger......
livery company
livery company, any of various craft or trade associations of the City of London, Eng., most of which are descended......
Lloyds Banking Group
Lloyds Banking Group, one of the largest comprehensive commercial banks in the United Kingdom, with subsidiary......
Lloydâs
Lloydâs, international insurance marketing association in London, known for insuring unusual items and distinguished......
Lockheed Martin Corporation
Lockheed Martin Corporation, major American diversified company with core business concentrations in aerospace......
lockout
lockout, the tactic of withholding employment, typically used by employers to hinder union organization or to gain......
logistics
logistics, in business, the organized movement of materials and, sometimes, people. The term was first associated......
London Dock Strike
London Dock Strike, (1889), influential strike by workers in the Port of London that won them the famous âdockersâ......
London Stock Exchange
London Stock Exchange (LSE), a London marketplace for securities. After having long been situated closer to the......
Long Island Rail Road Company
Long Island Rail Road Company, American railroad on Long Island, N.Y., and one of the few in the world still operating......
Lorillard
Lorillard, oldest tobacco manufacturer in the United States, dating to 1760, when a French immigrant, Pierre Lorillard,......
louis
louis, gold coin circulated in France before the Revolution. The franc (q.v.) and livre were silver coins that......
Lufthansa
Lufthansa, German airline organized in Cologne, W.Ger., on Jan. 6, 1953, jointly by the federal government, the......
luxury tax
luxury tax, excise levy on goods or services considered to be luxuries rather than necessities. Modern examples......
LVMH
...
LâOrĂ©al
LâOrĂ©al SA is the worldâs largest developer, manufacturer, and seller of commercial and professional hair, beauty,......
Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
Macmillan Publishers Ltd., British publishing house that is one of the largest in the world, producing textbooks,......
Macyâs
Macyâs, major American department store chain. Its principal outlet, the 11-story department store that occupies......
mahalwari system
mahalwari system, one of the three main revenue systems of land tenure in British India, the other two being the......
mail-order business
mail-order business, method of merchandising in which the sellerâs offer is made through mass mailing of a circular......
managerial economics
managerial economics, application of economic principles to decision-making in business firms or of other management......
Manufacturers Hanover Corporation
Manufacturers Hanover Corporation, former American multibank holding company whose principal subsidiary was Manufacturers......
MapQuest
MapQuest, American Web-based, wireless mapping service owned by AOL (formerly known as America Online). MapQuest......
Marathon Oil Company
Marathon Oil Company was a major American petroleum company of the 20th century with a full range of operations,......
marine insurance
marine insurance, contract whereby, for a consideration stipulated to be paid by one interested in a ship or cargo......
mark
mark, former monetary unit of Germany. The early history of the term can be traced back at least to the 11th century,......
market
market, a means by which the exchange of goods and services takes place as a result of buyers and sellers being......
market failure
market failure, failure of a market to deliver an optimal result. In particular, the economic theory of market......
market research
market research, study of the requirements of various markets, the acceptability of products, and methods of developing......
Market share
Market share is the percentage of total sales in a particular market that is supplied by a single company. Itâs......
marketing
marketing, the sum of activities involved in directing the flow of goods and services from producers to consumers.......
- Introduction
- Promotion, Distribution, Research
- Research, Strategies, & Tactics
- Pricing, Strategies, Tactics
- Sales Promotion, Advertising, Branding
- Consumers, Producers, Intermediaries
- Consumer Buying, Decision Making, Research
- Intermediaries, Distribution, Channel
- Brokers, Agents, Distribution
- Department Stores, Retail, Shopping
- Direct Selling, Consumer Engagement, Relationship Building
- Market Research, Consumer Insights, Surveys
- Services, Strategies, Tactics
- Consumer Behavior, Advertising, Promotion
marketing board
marketing board, organization set up by a government to regulate the buying and selling of a certain commodity......
Mars, Inc.
Mars, Inc. is a global corporation that manufactures products in many different categories, including food, confectionery,......
Marshall Fieldâs
Marshall Fieldâs, former department store chain whose flagship store on State Street in Chicago was for a time......
Martin Marietta Corporation
Martin Marietta Corporation, diversified American corporation (incorporated 1961) that was primarily involved in......
Marvel Comics
Marvel Comics, American media and entertainment company that was widely regarded as one of the âbig twoâ publishers......
Maserati
Maserati, Italian automobile manufacturer known for racing, sports, and GT (Grand Touring) cars. It is a subsidiary......
Mastercard Inc.
Mastercard Inc. is an international payment card services corporation established in 1966. It provides various......
matrix organization
matrix organization, a system characterized by a form of management with multiple chains of command. Unlike a traditional......
Mattel, Inc.
Mattel, Inc. is an American toy and game creator and manufacturer known for such iconic toy brands as Barbie dolls,......
maturity
Maturity, also called the maturity date, is the date on which a debt instrument is agreed to be repaid. In the......
Maxwell Street Market
Maxwell Street Market, historic open-air market on Chicagoâs Near West Side, first established about 1880 by Jewish......
Mazda Motor Corporation
Mazda Motor Corporation, a leading Japanese brand and automotive manufacturer, maker of Mazda passenger cars, trucks,......
McDonaldâs
McDonaldâs Corporation is one of the worldâs largest and most recognized fast-food chains, known for its hamburgers,......
McDonnell Douglas Corporation
McDonnell Douglas was a major U.S. producer of commercial aircraft, military aircraft, and space systems until......
medal
medal, piece of metal struck with a design to commemorate a person, place, or event. Medals can be of various sizes......
Megaupload
Megaupload, popular file-sharing computer service created by entrepreneur Kim Schmitz that was shut down in 2012......
Mellon Financial Corporation
Mellon Financial Corp. was an American bank holding company whose principal subsidiary, Mellon Bank, was one of......
member states of the Commonwealth
The 56 member states of the Commonwealth, which is also called Commonwealth of Nations, encompass the United Kingdom......
Memphis sanitation workersâ strike
Memphis sanitation workersâ strike, 64-day labor conflict in the winter and spring of 1968 that brought Martin......
mentoring
mentoring, professional relationship between two individuals, usually a senior and a junior employee in an organization,......
mercantilism
mercantilism, economic theory and practice common in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental......
Mercedes-Benz Group
Mercedes-Benz Group is an international automotive company and one of the worldâs leading manufacturers of cars......
Merchant Adventurers
Merchant Adventurers, company of English merchants who engaged in trade with the Netherlands (and later with northwest......
merchant guild
merchant guild, a European medieval association composed of traders interested in international commerce. The privileged......
Merchants Staplers
Merchants Staplers, company of English merchants who controlled the export of English wool from the late 13th century......
Merger
Merger, corporate combination of two or more independent business corporations into a single enterprise, usually......
Meta
Meta Platforms, Inc., formerly Facebook, is an American technology company focused on social media and artificial......
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc. (MGM), American corporation that was once the worldâs largest and most profitable motion-picture......
Mexicana Airlines
Mexicana Airlines, oldest airline in North America, founded in 1924 in Tampico, Mex., and now headquartered in......
Michelin
Michelin, leading French brand and manufacturer of tires and other rubber products. Headquarters are at Clermont-Ferrand.......
Microsoft Corporation
Microsoft Corporation is an American multinational technology company founded in 1975. Headquartered in Redmond,......
Middle Passage
Middle Passage, the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World. It was one leg......
Midland Bank PLC
Midland Bank PLC, former British bank, once one of the largest in the world, that became part of HSBC Holdings......
MiG
MiG, Russian aerospace design bureau that is the countryâs major producer of jet fighter aircraft. It developed......