Banking & Business, GOL-IN
From central banks and credit systems to startups and sprawling corporations, banking and business shape how capital is raised, risk is managed, and economies grow.
Banking & Business Encyclopedia Articles By Title
gold standard
gold standard, monetary system in which the standard unit of currency is a fixed quantity of gold or is kept at......
gold-exchange standard
gold-exchange standard, monetary system under which a nationâs currency may be converted into bills of exchange......
golden parachute
golden parachute, a provision in an employment contract that grants lucrative severance benefits to an executive......
Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.
Founded in 1869, Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. has grown from a small New York City brokerage into one of the most......
Google
Google is an American search engine company, founded in 1998 by Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Since 2015, Google......
Google DeepMind
Google DeepMind, artificial intelligence (AI) research laboratory created through the merger of Google AIâs Google......
Government Accountability Office (GAO)
Government Accountability Office (GAO), agency of the U.S. federal government that reports to Congress and bills......
government budget
government budget, forecast by a government of its expenditures and revenues for a specific period of time. In......
- Introduction
- Fiscal Planning, Deficit Reduction, Allocation
- Cash, Unified, Deficit
- Full Employment, Fiscal Policy, Deficit
- Revenue, Expenditure, Deficit
- Public Expenditure, Fiscal Policy, Taxation
- Revenue, Expenditure, Balance
- Taxation, Expenditure, Balance
- Borrowing, Deficit, Revenue
- Fiscal Deficit, Debt, Revenues
- Retiring Debt, Fiscal Policy, Deficit
- Borrowing, Deficits, Debt
- Borrowing, Deficits, Debt
- US Spending, Revenues, Deficits
- Japan, Fiscal Policy, Economy
- Planning, Allocation, Execution
- UK Spending, Revenue, Deficit
- Local, State, Federal
government economic policy
government economic policy, measures by which a government attempts to influence the economy. The national budget......
Grameen Bank
Grameen Bank, Bangladeshi bank founded by economist Muhammad Yunus as a means of providing small loans to poor......
Grand Trunk Railway
Grand Trunk Railway, early Canadian railway line, incorporated in 1852â53 to build a railway connecting the key......
Granja De San Ildefonso, La
La Granja De San Ildefonso, Spanish royal glass factory established in 1728 near the summer palace of King Philip......
Greene and Greene
Greene and Greene, American firm established by the Greene brothers, architects who pioneered the California bungalow,......
greenwashing
Greenwashing is the practice of presenting companies or products as more environmentally responsible than they......
Greg Abel
Greg Abel (born June 1, 1962, Edmonton, Alberta) is a Canadian-born investor and accountant who became chief executive......
Greshamâs law
Greshamâs law, observation in economics that âbad money drives out good.â More exactly, if coins containing metal......
Greyhound Lines, Inc.
Greyhound Lines, Inc., American corporation that has provided the major intercity bus transportation in the United......
group insurance
group insurance, insurance provided to members of a formal group such as employees of a firm or members of an association.......
Groupon
Groupon, American e-commerce company that offers deep discounts, usually 50â90 percent, for popular products and......
growth stock
growth stock, stock whose market value is expected to increase at a faster-than-average rate, usually because the......
grémio
grĂ©mio, any of the organized guilds that were founded during the Moorish occupation of Portugal (714â1249) by men......
GSK PLC
GSK PLC is a British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with research-and-development centers......
GTE Corporation
GTE Corporation, U.S. holding company for several U.S. and international telephone companies. It also manufactures......
guaranteed wage plan
guaranteed wage plan, system by which an employer ensures a minimum annual amount of employment or wages (or both)......
guaranty and suretyship
guaranty and suretyship, in law, assumption of liability for the obligations of another. In modern usage the term......
Gucci
Gucci, luxury fashion house based in Florence. Founded in 1921 by Italian entrepreneur Guccio Gucci, the company......
guest worker
guest worker, foreign national who is permitted to live and work temporarily in a host country. Most guest workers......
guild
guild, an association of craftsmen or merchants formed for mutual aid and protection and for the furtherance of......
guilder
guilder, former monetary unit of the Netherlands. In 2002 the guilder ceased to be legal tender after the euro,......
Guinness
...
Guinness Brewery
Guinness Brewery, brewery at St. Jamesâs Gate in Dublin, Ireland, where, according to legend, the Guinness brand......
Guipuzcoana, CompañĂa
CompañĂa Guipuzcoana, trading concern chartered by the Spanish crown in 1728, with a monopoly on trade between......
Gulf + Western Inc.
Gulf + Western, founded in 1958 by Charles Bluhdorn, became one of the most highly diversified conglomerates in......
Gulf Oil Corporation
Gulf Oil Corporation, former American petroleum company; it was acquired by Chevron Corporation in 1984. Although......
H-1B visa
The H-1B visa is one of the most widely used work visa programs in the United States. It allows employers to hire......
Hallam family
Hallam family, family of Anglo-American actors and theatrical managers associated with the beginning of professional......
Halliburton
Halliburton Co. is an American oil-field services company that operates worldwide and is a global leader in the......
Hammer Films
Hammer Films, British production company known for its low-budget, gothic horror feature films. In 1934 theatre......
Hanseatic League
Hanseatic League, organization founded by north German towns and German merchant communities abroad to protect......
Harris v. Quinn
Harris v. Quinn, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on June 30, 2014, held (5â4) that workers who are......
Harrods
Harrods, renowned department store in London. It is located on Brompton Road, south of Hyde Park, in the borough......
Hat Act
Hat Act, (1732), in U.S. colonial history, British law restricting colonial manufacture and export of hats in direct......
Hawthorne research
Hawthorne research, socioeconomic experiments conducted by Elton Mayo in 1927 among employees of the Hawthorne......
Haymarket Affair
Haymarket Affair, violent confrontation between police and labour protesters in Chicago on May 4, 1886, that became......
HBO
Home Box Office, Inc. (HBO) is an American cable television company that arguably became the leading premium cable......
health insurance
health insurance, system for the financing of medical expenses by means of contributions or taxes paid into a common......
health maintenance organization
health maintenance organization (HMO), organization, either public or private, that provides comprehensive medical......
Heckscher-Ohlin theory
Heckscher-Ohlin theory, in economics, a theory of comparative advantage in international trade according to which......
Hedge fund
A hedge fund is a private investment vehicle that is managed by a professional investment firm. A hedge fund collects......
Heinz
Heinz is a division and brand of the Kraft Heinz Company, a major manufacturer of processed foods and beverages......
Hello Kitty
Hello Kitty, cartoon character whose likeness adorns hundreds of products for children and adults throughout the......
hellÄnotamiai
hellÄnotamiai, financial officers of the Delian League (478â404 bce) and instruments of Athenian control over league......
helot
helot, a state-owned serf of the ancient Spartans. The ethnic origin of helots is uncertain, but they were probably......
hemispheric integration
hemispheric integration, the process by which countries in the Americas liberalized their trade regimes in the......
Herman Miller, Inc.
Herman Miller, Inc., American furniture company known for innovations in design and in organizational management.......
HermĂšs
HermĂšs, French luxury goods company established by Thierry HermĂšs in 1837 and stewarded by subsequent generations.......
Hershey Company
Hershey Company is an American manufacturer of food products, chiefly chocolate and sugar-based confections. Hersheyâs......
Hess Corporation
Hess Corporation was a U.S.-based petroleum company, headquartered in New York City, and known for its holiday......
Hewlett-Packard Company
Hewlett-Packard Company, American manufacturer of software and computer services and a major brand in the history......
Hi Records
In the early 1970s Memphisâs chain of racially mixed musics made by integrated musiciansâfrom the output of Sun......
Hi Records
Hi Records, American record label founded in 1957 by guitarist Ray Harris and Memphis record store owner Joe Cuoghi.......
Hill and Range: The Kingâs Publishers
When Austrian immigrant brothers Jean and Julian Aberbach formed their Hill and Range publishing company in 1945,......
Hind Mazdoor Sabha
Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS), third largest trade-union federation in India after the All-India Trade Union Congress......
hinterland
hinterland, tributary region, either rural or urban or both, that is closely linked economically with a nearby......
Histadrut
Histadrut, Israeli labour organization that includes workers in the cooperative and collective agricultural settlements......
Hitachi, Ltd.
Hitachi, Ltd., highly diversified Japanese manufacturing corporation that comprises more than 1,000 subsidiaries,......
HODL (crypto)
HODL is a cryptocurrency slang term that refers to holding a crypto coin or token for the long term. It comes from......
Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft
Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft, former German chemical concern founded in 1863 in the Höchst quarter of Frankfurt am......
holding company
holding company, a corporation that owns enough voting stock in one or more other companies to exercise control......
home equity line of credit
home equity line of credit (HELOC), a type of loan that uses a borrowerâs equity in his house as collateral. In......
Homestead Strike
Homestead Strike, violent labour dispute between the Carnegie Steel Company and many of its workers that occurred......
Honda Motor Company, Ltd.
Honda Motor Company, Ltd. is a leading Japanese manufacturer of motorcycles and a major producer of automobiles......
Honeywell International Inc.
Honeywell International Inc., American advanced-technology company that manufactures aerospace and automotive products;......
How Are Currency Exchange Rates Determined?
If you travel internationally, you most likely will need to exchange your own currency for that of the country......
How Do Tariffs Work?
Tariffs are one of the most controversial and frequently debated tools in international trade. They function like......
How is the U.S. Unemployment Rate Calculated?
This article was originally published on May 1, 2020. In general, the unemployment rate in the United States is......
How Would a Cashless Society Work?
Thereâs a place today where a rapidly decreasing number of people rely on cash: Sweden. Itâs the developed Western......
HSBC Holdings PLC
HSBC Holdings PLC, bank holding company based in London that originated as the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation,......
Huawei
Huawei is a Chinese multinational technology company headquartered in Shenzhen, China. Founded in 1987 by Ren Zhengfei,......
Hudsonâs Bay Company
Hudsonâs Bay Company, corporation that occupies a prominent place in both the economic and the political history......
Hughes Electronics Corporation
Hughes Electronics Corporation, American provider of wireless telecommunication services and formerly a leading......
human resources management
human resources management, the management of the people in working organizations. It is also frequently called......
human trafficking
human trafficking, form of modern-day slavery involving the illegal transport of individuals by force or deception......
HYBE Corp.
HYBE Corp. is a South Korean global entertainment company established in 2005 by Bang Si-hyuk, an entrepreneur,......
Hyundai Group
Hyundai Group is a large family-run business group (chaebol) in South Korea. It was founded in 1947 as a construction......
Iberia
Iberia, Spanish airline created by law on June 7, 1940, and given rights to the air transport of persons and cargo......
IBM
IBM is an American technology company that provides software, consulting, computing infrastructure, cloud computing,......
Idemitsu KĆsan Co., Ltd.
Idemitsu KĆsan Co., Ltd., Japanese petrochemical corporation founded in 1911 as Idemitsu ShĆkai and reorganized......
IKEA
IKEA, home furnishings retailer that was the worldâs largest seller of furniture in the early 21st century, operating......
Illinois Central Railroad
Illinois Central Railroad (IC), former U.S. railroad founded in 1851 that expanded service from Illinois to much......
Imperial Brands PLC
Imperial Brands PLC, one of the worldâs largest international tobacco companies and the leading British manufacturer......
imperial preference
imperial preference, historically, a commercial arrangement in which preferential rates (i.e., rates below the......
Import substitution industrialization
Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is an economic development strategy that promotes domestic production......
In re Debs
In re Debs, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court, on May 27, 1895, unanimously (9â0) upheld the governmentâs......