Banking & Business, INB-LAB
From central banks and credit systems to startups and sprawling corporations, banking and business shape how capital is raised, risk is managed, and economies grow.
Banking & Business Encyclopedia Articles By Title
InBev
InBev, former international brewing company that was founded in 2004 through the merger of the Brazilian Companhia......
income statement
income statement, In accounting, the activity-oriented financial statement issued by businesses. Covering a specified......
income tax
income tax, levy imposed on individuals (or family units) and corporations. Individual income tax is computed on......
incomes policy
incomes policy, collective governmental effort to control the incomes of labour and capital, usually by limiting......
indentured labor
indentured labor, a form of contract labor in which laborers enter into an official agreement with their employer......
indexation
indexation, in fiscal policy, a means of offsetting the effect of inflation or deflation on social security payments......
India, House of
House of India, 15th-century Portuguese establishment that managed the trade in products from overseas colonies.......
Indian Airlines
Indian Airlines, former domestic and regional airline of India that merged with Air India in 2007, thereafter operating......
Indian National Trade Union Congress
Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC), largest trade-union federation in India. INTUC was established in......
indiction
indiction, in ancient Rome, the fiscal year. During the inflation of the 3rd century ad the Roman government supplied......
Industrial Bank of Japan
Industrial Bank of Japan, former Japanese commercial bank that operated a general-banking and foreign-exchange......
industrial relations
industrial relations, the behaviour of workers in organizations in which they earn their living. Scholars of industrial......
- Introduction
- Labor, Negotiation, Conflict
- Worker Rights, Labor Laws, Collective Bargaining
- Responsibility, Community, Labor
- Workforce Diversity, Labor Laws, Unions
- Collective Bargaining, Labor Laws, Dispute Resolution
- Competition, Pressures, Labor
- Service Workers, Technical Professionals
- Labor, Unions, Negotiation
- Union, Management, Relations
- Collective Bargaining, Labor Unions, Negotiations
- Japan, Labor, Unions
- Employment Security, Collective Bargaining, Labor Laws
- Education, Training, Labor Laws
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one......
industrial union
industrial union, trade union that combines all workers, both skilled and unskilled, who are employed in a particular......
Industrial Workers of the World
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), labour organization founded in Chicago in 1905 by representatives of 43......
ING Group NV
ING Group NV, global financial institution of Dutch origin that provides services in banking, insurance, and asset......
inheritance tax
inheritance tax, levy on the property accruing to each beneficiary of the estate of a deceased person. It is usually......
initial public offering
In corporate finance, an initial public offering (IPO) is a primary market process through which a private company......
Insider trading: How to get burned on a hot tip
Think you can make a killing in the stock market because you received a hot tip about a public company? Think again.......
Instagram
Instagram, online social media platform and social network service for photograph and video sharing. The app was......
insurance
insurance, a system under which the insurer, for a consideration usually agreed upon in advance, promises to reimburse......
- Introduction
- Excluded Risks, Coverage, Liability
- Perils, Risk, Coverage
- Cargo, Property, Liability
- Liability, Coverage, Risk
- Aviation, Risk, Coverage
- Risk, Premiums, Coverage
- Suretyship, Risk, Coverage
- Risk, Coverage, Liability
- Risk Management, Coverage, Reinsurance
- Renewability, Risk, Coverage
- Group Annuities, Retirement, Benefits
- Risk Management, Coverage, Benefits
- Rate Making, Risk Assessment, Premiums
- Reinsurance, Risk Management, Coverage
- Risk, Coverage, Liability
- Risk Management, Underwriting, Reinsurance
- Japan, Risk, Coverage
Intel
Intel is a leading American manufacturer of semiconductor computer circuits. It is headquartered in Santa Clara,......
Intelsat
Intelsat is a satellite communications company that operates a global network of satellites and ground infrastructure......
Inter-American Development Bank
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), international organization founded in 1959 by 20 governments in North and......
Inter-American Regional Organization of Workers
Inter-American Regional Organization of Workers, Latin-American labour union federation that was established in......
Internal Revenue Service
Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Agency of the U.S. Department of the Treasury charged with administering and enforcing......
International Alliance for Women, The
The International Alliance for Women (TIAW), nonprofit corporation founded in 1980 to empower professional women......
International Bank for Economic Cooperation
International Bank for Economic Cooperation (IBEC), international bank instituted by an agreement signed by Bulgaria,......
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), Main component organization of the World Bank. The......
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), the worldâs principal organization of national trade......
International Federation of Journalists
The International Federation of Journalists (IFJ) is a global confederation of journalistsâ trade unions and associations.......
International Investment Bank
International Investment Bank, international bank, founded in 1970 and operational in 1971, designed to provide......
International Ladiesâ Garment Workersâ Union
International Ladiesâ Garment Workersâ Union (ILGWU), former industrial union in the United States and Canada that......
International Paper Company
International Paper Company, major American manufacturer of pulp and paper products, including printing paper,......
international payment and exchange
international payment and exchange, respectively, any payment made by one country to another and the market in......
- Introduction
- Cross-Border, Remittances, FX
- Exchange Rates, Disequilibrium, Adjustment
- Incomes Policy, Exchange Rates, Global Economy
- Exchange Rates, Currencies, Trading
- Gold Standard, Currency Exchange, Global Economy
- IMF, Parity, Exchange Rates
- Forward Exchange, Currency Risk, Cross-Border Transactions
- Disequilibrium, Capital Movements
- Hedging, Exchange Rates, Currency Risk
- SDR, IMF, Currency Exchange
- OECD, Global Trade, Currency Exchange
- Floating Rates, Exchange Rates, Currency
- European Monetary System, Exchange Rates, EMS.
International Settlements, Bank for
Bank for International Settlements (BIS), international bank established at Basel, Switzerland, in 1930, as the......
international trade
international trade, economic transactions that are made between countries. Among the items commonly traded are......
- Introduction
- Globalization, Tariffs, Protectionism
- Comparative Advantage, Trade Barriers, Globalization
- Comparative Advantage, Trade Barriers, Tariffs
- State Interference, Tariffs, Barriers
- Tariffs, Effects, Trade Agreements
- Arguments, Interference
- Tariffs, Agreements, Regulations
- National Treatment, Tariffs, Agreements
- Economic Integration, Tariffs, Quotas
- Benelux, Economic Union, Trade
- Common Agricultural Policy, Tariffs, Subsidies
- EFTA, Tariffs, Trade Agreements
- Andean Group, Andean Community, Nations
- Regional Arrangements, WTO Rules
- Developed, Developing, Countries
International, First
First International, federation of workersâ groups that, despite ideological divisions within its ranks, had a......
International, Second
Second International, federation of socialist parties and trade unions that greatly influenced the ideology, policy,......
Interstate commerce
Interstate commerce, in U.S. constitutional law, any commercial transactions or traffic that cross state boundaries......
intrinsic value
In finance, intrinsic value is a measure of the true worth, in dollar terms, of an asset or company based on an......
Intuit Inc.
Intuit Inc., provider of financial, accounting, and tax-preparation software for individuals and small businesses.......
investment
investment, process of exchanging income during one period of time for an asset that is expected to produce earnings......
investment bank
An investment bank is a financial institution that helps corporations, governments, and other organizations raise......
investment credit
investment credit, tax incentive that permits businesses to deduct a specified percentage of certain investment......
investment trust
investment trust, financial organization that pools the funds of its shareholders and invests them in a diversified......
invisible trade
invisible trade, in economics, the exchange of physically intangible items between countries. Invisible trade can......
Iron Act
Iron Act, (1750), in U.S. colonial history, one of the British Trade and Navigation acts; it was intended to stem......
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Company, Ltd.
Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Company, Ltd., major Japanese manufacturer of heavy machinery and oceangoing......
Islamic Development Bank
Islamic Development Bank, Islamic bank directed toward financing the economic and social development of members......
Island Records: Chris Blackwellâs Rock and Reggae Circus
Chris Blackwell grew up in Jamaica but was educated in England. He founded Island Records in 1959 in Jamaica, then......
Italian Confederation of Workersâ Unions
Italian Confederation of Workersâ Unions, Italyâs second largest trade union federation. The CISL was formed in......
Italian Labour Union
Italian Labour Union, Italian trade union federation with more than a million and a half members. The UIL was formed......
ITT Corporation
ITT Corporation, former American telecommunications company that grew into a successful conglomerate corporation......
ITV
ITV, in the United Kingdom, television network consisting of a consortium of private companies in competition with......
jagirdar system
jagirdar system, form of land tenancy developed in India during the time of Muslim rule (beginning in the early......
Japan Airlines
Japan Airlines (JAL), Japanese airline that became one of the largest air carriers in the world. Founded in 1951,......
Japan Railways Group
Japan Railways Group, principal rail network of Japan, consisting of 12 corporations created by the privatization......
Japanese Trade Union Confederation
Japanese Trade Union Confederation (RengĆ), largest national trade union in Japan. The federation was founded in......
Jazeera, Al
Al Jazeera, Arabic-language cable television news network founded by Sheikh Hamad ibn Khalifa Al Thani, emir of......
JCPenney
JCPenney is an iconic American retail company and key anchor store in shopping malls across the United States.......
Jewel-Osco
Jewel-Osco, American retail grocery and pharmacy chain operating as a subsidiary of the grocery distributor and......
Jiangnan Arsenal
Jiangnan Arsenal, in Shanghai, major Chinese centre during the 1860s and 1870s for the manufacture of modern arms......
jizyah
jizyah, historically, a tax (the term is often incorrectly translated as a âhead taxâ or âpoll taxâ) paid by non-Muslim......
John Bartholomew and Son
John Bartholomew and Son, former mapmaking and publishing company of the United Kingdom that was located in Edinburgh......
joint venture
joint venture, partnership or alliance among two or more businesses or organizations based on shared expertise......
joint-stock company
joint-stock company, a forerunner of the modern corporation that was organized for undertakings requiring large......
junk bond
junk bond, Bond paying a high yield but also presenting greater risk than comparable securities. Junk bonds can......
Kalshi Inc.
Kalshi is a New Yorkâbased prediction market founded in 2018 by Tarek Mansour and Luana Lopes Lara, who met while......
Kansei reforms
Kansei reforms, series of conservative measures promoted (largely during the Kansei era [1789â1801]) by the Japanese......
Kapital, Das
Das Kapital, one of the major works of the 19th-century economist and philosopher Karl Marx (1818â83), in which......
Kardashian, Robert
Robert Kardashian was an Armenian American businessman and lawyer in Los Angeles who became well known in the mid-1990s......
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., major Japanese manufacturer of transportation equipment and machinery and an important......
Kawasaki Steel Corporation
Kawasaki Steel Corporation, major Japanese steel manufacturer and leading member of the Kawasaki group of industries.......
Keidanren
Keidanren, Japanese association of business organizations that was established in 1946 for the purpose of mediating......
keiretsu
keiretsu, large clusters of companies that dominated the Japanese economy between the 1950s and the early 2000s,......
Kelloggâs
Kellogg Company, the multinational food manufacturer behind Corn Flakes, Pringles, Cheez-It, Eggo waffles, and......
KFC
In the mid-1950s, plans for a new interstate highway threatened to divert traffic away from Harland Sandersâs successful......
kharÄj
kharÄj, a special IslÄmic fiscal imposition that was demanded from recent converts to IslÄm in the 7th and 8th......
KieranTimberlake
KieranTimberlake, American architecture firm based in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, that became known for projects......
Kimberly-Clark Corporation
Kimberly-Clark Corporation (KMB) is a U.S.-based maker of personal care and household products best known for products......
King Records in the Queen City
Record store owner Syd Nathan established King Records in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1943. Situated just across the Ohio......
KLM
KLM, Dutch airline founded on Oct. 7, 1919, and flying its first scheduled service, between Amsterdam and London,......
Kmart
Kmart, American retail chain with a history of marketing general merchandise primarily through discount and variety......
Knights of Labor
Knights of Labor (KOL), the first important national labour organization in the United States, founded in 1869.......
Kraft Foods
Kraft is a division and brand of Kraft Heinz Company, one of the worldâs largest food and beverage manufacturers,......
Kraft Heinz
The Kraft Heinz Company is one of the worldâs largest food and beverage manufacturers. A conglomerate formed in......
Kroger Co.
Kroger is an American grocery and retail company. In the early 21st century, it ranked among the worldâs largest......
Krupp AG
Krupp AG, former German corporation that was one of the worldâs principal steelmakers and arms manufacturers until......
Köhler effect
Köhler effect, phenomenon that occurs when a person works harder as a member of a group than when working alone.......
KĆbe Steel, Ltd.
KĆbe Steel, Ltd., major Japanese manufacturer of iron and steel, nonferrous metal products, and machinery. Headquarters......
kĆlakretai
kĆlakretai, Athenian financial administrators of the 6th and 5th centuries bce. Their title (âcollectors of legsâ)......
labor unions in media
Media workers in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom have long organized labor unions to improve......
Labor, U.S. Department of
U.S. Department of Labor (DOL), executive division of the U.S. federal government responsible for enforcing labour......
labour
labour, in economics, the general body of wage earners. It is in this sense, for example, that one speaks of âorganized......
Labour Party
Labour Party, British political party whose historic links with trade unions have led it to promote an active role......
labour, division of
division of labour, the separation of a work process into a number of tasks, with each task performed by a separate......