Banking & Business, SUP-TRE
From central banks and credit systems to startups and sprawling corporations, banking and business shape how capital is raised, risk is managed, and economies grow.
Banking & Business Encyclopedia Articles By Title
supermarket
supermarket, large retail store operated on a self-service basis, selling groceries, fresh produce, meat, bakery......
Surrender value
Surrender value is the amount of money youâre entitled to receive when you voluntarily terminate (or âsurrenderâ)......
Svensk Filmindustri
Svensk Filmindustri, oldest and one of the most important Swedish motion-picture studios, as well as a major film......
sweatshop
sweatshop, workplace in which workers are employed at low wages and under unhealthy or oppressive conditions. In......
Swiss Bank Corporation
Swiss Bank Corporation, former Swiss bank, one of the largest banks in Switzerland until its merger with the Union......
Swiss International Air Lines
Swiss International Air Lines (SWISS), Swiss airline formed in 2002 following the bankruptcy of Swiss Air Transport......
Symbols on a U.S. Dollar Bill
A U.S. $1 bill is one of the worldâs most recognizable currencies, but how closely have you looked at it? The bill......
SĆhyĆ
SĆhyĆ, trade-union federation that was the largest in Japan. SĆhyĆ was founded in 1950 as a democratic trade-union......
Taco Bell
Taco Bell, fast-food restaurant chain headquartered in Irvine, California, U.S., that offers Mexican-inspired foods,......
tael
tael, a Chinese unit of weight that, when applied to silver, was long used as a unit of currency. Most taels were......
Taff Vale case
Taff Vale case, (1900â01), in Great Britain, the successful trial of a suit brought by the Taff Vale Railway Company......
TaftâHartley Act
TaftâHartley Act, (1947), in U.S. history, lawâenacted over the veto of Pres. Harry S. Trumanâamending much of......
Taika era reforms
Taika era reforms, (âGreat Reformation of the Taika Eraâ), series of political innovations that followed the coup......
taille
taille, the most important direct tax of the pre-Revolutionary monarchy in France. Its unequal distribution, with......
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co. (TSMC)
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. (TSMC) is the worldâs first and largest independent foundry for......
Takashimaya Co., Ltd.
Takashimaya Co., Ltd., one of the oldest department-store companies in Japan. The company traces its history back......
tallage
tallage, in medieval Europe, a tax imposed by the lord of an estate upon his unfree tenants. In origin, both the......
Target Corporation
Target Corporation (TGT) is an American mass-market retail company headquartered in Minneapolis. It operates large-scale......
target marketing
With globalization and the development of new information technologies, changes in society have led to dramatic......
tariff
A tariff is a tax levied upon goods as they cross national boundaries, usually by the government of the importing......
Tata family
Tata family, family of Indian industrialists and philanthropists who founded ironworks and steelworks, cotton mills,......
Tata Group
Tata Group is an Indian conglomerate of 31 companies across a wide range of industries, including automobiles,......
Tattersalls
Tattersalls, horse auction mart, founded in London by Richard Tattersall (1724â95). The first premises occupied......
tax incidence
tax incidence, the distribution of a particular taxâs economic burden among the affected parties. It measures the......
tax law
tax law, body of rules under which a public authority has a claim on taxpayers, requiring them to transfer to the......
taxation
taxation, imposition of compulsory levies on individuals or entities by governments. Taxes are levied in almost......
Tea Act
Tea Act, (1773), in British American colonial history, legislative maneuver by the British ministry of Lord North......
Teamsters Union
Teamsters Union, the largest private-sector labour union in the United States, representing truck drivers and workers......
Teapot Dome Scandal
Teapot Dome Scandal, in American history, scandal of the early 1920s surrounding the secret leasing of federal......
technical breakout
In financial markets, a technical breakout takes place when the price of an assetâa stock, commodity, or cryptocurrency,......
Technicolor
Technicolor, major French multimedia company and electronics manufacturer. The original company was formed in 1966......
Telecom Italia SpA
Telecom Italia SpA, Italian telecommunications company that is the leading provider of telephony and Internet service......
TelefĂłnica SA
TelefĂłnica SA, Spanish company that is one of the worldâs leaders in the telecommunications industry. Headquarters......
Telemundo
Telemundo is a Spanish-language television network in the United States operated by NBCUniversal Telemundo Enterprises,......
teleSUR
La Nueva Televisora del Sur (known as teleSUR) is a Latin American TV news channel in Spanish. Since 2005, the......
TelevisaUnivision
TelevisaUnivision, Inc. is a Spanish-language media company serving audiences in the United States and Latin America......
Telmex SA
Telmex SA, company that owns and operates most of Mexicoâs telecommunications system. Headquarters are in Mexico......
Temu
Temu is a Chinese e-commerce company known for extremely low prices and rapid international growth. Its parent......
Tencent
Tencent, Internet and technology-oriented holding company based in Shenzhen, China, and best known for its messaging......
Tenneco Inc.
Tenneco Inc., diversified American industrial corporation, with major interests in natural-gas pipelines and the......
Tennessee Valley Authority
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), U.S. government agency established in 1933 to control floods, improve navigation,......
tenure
tenure, length and conditions of office in civil, judicial, academic, and similar services. Security of tenure,......
terms of trade
terms of trade, relationship between the prices at which a country sells its exports and the prices paid for its......
Tesla, Inc.
Tesla, Inc., headquartered in Austin, Texas, is an American manufacturer of electric automobiles, solar panels,......
Texaco Inc.
Texaco Inc., former U.S.-based petroleum corporation that was, during the late 20th century, one of the worldâs......
Texas and Pacific Railway Company
Texas and Pacific Railway Company, Texas railroad merged into the Missouri Pacific in 1976. Chartered in 1871,......
Texas Instruments Incorporated
Texas Instruments Incorporated (TI), American manufacturer of calculators, microprocessors, and digital signal......
Textron Inc.
Textron Inc., American multi-industry company that pioneered the conglomerate concept. Its present-day core organization......
The Campbellâs Company
The Campbellâs Company (formerly Campbell Soup Company) is an American manufacturer, incorporated in 1922 but dating......
The E.W. Scripps Company
The E.W. Scripps Company is one of the oldest and largest American media enterprises, known for its role in local......
The Home Depot, Inc.
The Home Depot, Inc. is the largest retail home improvement and construction supply company in the world, with......
Theranos, Inc.
Theranos, Inc., medical diagnostic company founded in 2003 by Stanford University dropout and entrepreneur Elizabeth......
Thomson Corporation
Thomson Corporation, Canadian publishing and information services company. Its specialty reporting covers the fields......
Thyssen AG
Thyssen AG, former German corporation that, prior to its 1999 merger with Krupp AG, was the largest steel producer......
ThyssenKrupp AG
ThyssenKrupp AG, leading German metals, engineering, and manufacturing company founded in 1999 through the merger......
ticker
ticker, high-speed means of reporting information on securities transactions. It provides the stock symbol, number......
TKO Group Holdings
TKO Group Holdings, Inc. (TKO) is a publicly traded sports entertainment company majority owned by Hollywood talent......
Tobin tax
Tobin tax, proposed tax on short-term currency transactions. A Tobin tax is designed to deter only speculative......
Today in HistoryâApril 17: The Introduction of the Ford Mustang
On this day in 1964, visitors to the largest exhibit at the New York Worldâs Fair didnât just get to glimpse Ford......
Today in HistoryâAugust 20: The First National Labor Union Forms
Throughout the 1800s, employees worked anywhere from 10 to 16 hours, six days a week, depending on the industry.......
Today in HistoryâAugust 28: When Pepsi Got Its Name
On this summer day in 1898, something very mundane took place in the town of New Bern, North Carolina. At the drugstore......
Today in HistoryâAugust 2: The Lincoln Penny Is Introduced
The year 1909 was a big one for Abraham Lincoln, with the U.S. eager to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the......
Today in HistoryâFebruary 3: When Rebellion Was the Mother of Invention
On this day in 1690 (or possibly 1691, depending on which historical records you trust), the Massachusetts Bay......
Today in HistoryâJanuary 1: When Europe changed its money overnight
On this day in 1999, 11 European Union (EU) countries changed their money. Citizens in Austria, Belgium, Finland,......
Today in HistoryâJanuary 22: The Moment Advertising Became Cinema
On this day in 1984, a new kind of television commercial quietly made history. Apple Computerâs now-legendary â1984â......
Today in HistoryâJuly 24: The Window Tax That Backfired
On this day in 1851, England finally let the sunshine in, abolishing the despised Window Tax that had been in place......
Today in HistoryâMay 3: The Worldâs First Spam Email Is Sent
On this day in 1978, a marketing manager for a Massachusetts computer company unknowingly made history: He sent......
Today in HistoryâOctober 10: U.S. Vice President Spiro T. Agnew Resigns
On this day in 1973, U.S. Vice Pres. Spiro Agnew pleaded nolo contendere in federal court to a single count of......
Today in HistoryâSeptember 4: The Largest Labor Uprising Ends
In the summer of 1921, thousands of armed coal miners set out across southern West Virginia. Their destination?......
Today in HistoryâSeptember 6: A Deadly Worldâs Fair
On September 6, 1901, a setting intended to showcase the thrill of a new century instead became the scene of a......
Toei Company, Ltd.
Toei Company, Ltd., leading Japanese motion-picture studio, the films of which are usually dramas and thrillers......
Tokyo Stock Exchange
Tokyo Stock Exchange (TSE), the main stock market of Japan, located in Tokyo, and one of the worldâs largest marketplaces......
toll
toll, sum levied on users of certain roads, highways, canals, bridges, tunnels, ferries, and other such conveniences,......
Tolpuddle Martyrs
Tolpuddle Martyrs, six English farm labourers who were sentenced (March 1834) to seven yearsâ transportation to......
Tommy Boy Records: Rocking the Planet from West 85th Street
Dance Music Report editor Tom Silverman started up Tommy Boy Records in 1981 in his Manhattan, New York City, apartment......
tonnage and poundage
tonnage and poundage, customs duties granted since medieval times to the English crown by Parliament. Tonnage was......
Toronto Stock Exchange
Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), the largest stock exchange in Canada and one of the largest in North America. It......
Toshiba Corporation
Toshiba Corporation is a major Japanese brand and manufacturer of computers and electronic devices for consumers......
Total Quality Management
Total Quality Management (TQM), Management practices designed to improve the performance of organizational processes......
Total SA
Total SA, French oil company that ranks as one of the worldâs major petroleum corporations. It engages in the exploration,......
Townshend Acts
Townshend Acts, (June 15âJuly 2, 1767), in colonial U.S. history, series of four acts passed by the British Parliament......
Toyota Motor Corporation
Toyota Motor Corporation, Japanese parent company of the Toyota Group. It became the largest automobile brand and......
trade agreement
trade agreement, any contractual arrangement between states concerning their trade relationships. Trade agreements......
trade association
trade association, voluntary association of business firms organized on a geographic or industrial basis to promote......
trade show
trade show, temporary market organized to promote trade, where buyers and sellers gather to transact business and......
trade union
trade union, association of workers in a particular trade, industry, or company created for the purpose of securing......
Trade, Board of
Board of Trade, Organized market for the exchange of commodity contracts (see commodity exchange). The Toronto......
Trade, Board of
Board of Trade, English governmental advisory body established by William III in May 1696 to replace the Lords......
Trademark
Trademark, any visible sign or device used by a business enterprise to identify its goods and distinguish them......
Trades Union Congress
Trades Union Congress (TUC), national organization of British trade unions. Although it is the sole national trade......
trading stamp
trading stamp, printed stamps given as a premium by retailers to customers and redeemable for cash or merchandise......
Trans World Airlines, Inc.
Trans World Airlines, Inc. (TWA), former American airline that maintained extensive routes in the United States......
transactions tax
transactions tax, multistage sales tax imposed on all business transactions, including the exchange of tangible......
Transamerica Corporation
Transamerica Corporation, major American diversified financial-services corporation. Headquarters were formerly......
transatlantic slave trade
transatlantic slave trade, segment of the global slave trade that transported between 10 million and 12 million......
transnational media corporations
Transnational media corporations (TNMCs) play a central role in shaping media systems around the world. While TNMCs......
Transport and General Workersâ Union
Transport and General Workersâ Union (TGWU), labour union that was the largest in Great Britain throughout much......
Travelers Insurance
Travelers Insurance, leading American insurance company with a history of mergers, acquisitions, and spin-offs,......
Treasury bill
A Treasury bill (âT-billâ) is a short-term Treasury debt security backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S.......
Treasury bond
A Treasury bond (T-bond) is a form of Treasury debt security backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government.......