Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Scholar of 20th-century popular culture. Author of Storytelling in the Pulps, Comics, and Radio: How Technology Changed Popular Fiction in America and Radio by the Book: Adaptations of Literature and Fiction on the Airwaves.
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Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.
Marvel Comics is an American media and entertainment company regarded as one of the âbig twoâ publishers in the comics industry. Its parent company, Marvel Entertainment, is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Disney Company. Its headquarters are in New York City.
When was Marvel Comics created?
Timely Comics, the precursor to Marvel Comics, was founded in 1939 by pulp magazine publisher Martin Goodman. In order to capitalize on the growing popularity of comic books, especially those starring superheroes, Goodman created Timely, which, after one other name change, became Marvel Comics in the early 1960s.
Who was Marvel Comicsâ first original character?
The first comic book issued by Marvelâs precursor Timely Comics, in October 1939, featured the debut of the characters Human Torch, Sub-Mariner, the Angel, Ka-Zar, and the Masked Raider.
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(From left) Scarlett Johansson as the Black Widow, Chris Hemsworth as Thor, Chris Evans as Captain America, Jeremy Renner as Hawkeye, Robert Downey, Jr., as Iron Man, and Mark Ruffalo as the Hulk in The Avengers (2012), directed by Joss Whedon.
Marvel Entertainment
Marvel Comics, American media and entertainment company that was widely regarded as one of the âbig twoâ publishers in the comic industry. Its parent company, Marvel Entertainment, is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Disney Company. Its headquarters are in New York City.
Corporate history
Explore how superheroes evolved from comic-book characters into fixtures of popular culture.
The precursor to Marvel Comics was founded in 1939 by pulp magazine publisher Martin Goodman. In order to capitalize on the growing popularity of comic booksâespecially those starring superheroesâGoodman created Timely Comics. Timelyâs first comic book was Marvel Comics no. 1 (cover dated October 1939), which featured several superhero characters, most notably the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner. Timely Comics introduced many superhero characters during comicsâ âGolden Ageâ in the 1940s, most importantly Captain America, who first appeared in Captain America Comics no. 1 (March 1941). Timely characters were often portrayed as fighting against the Nazis and the Japanese even before the United States entered World War II. As the 1940s came to a close, superheroes fell out of vogue with comic book readers, and Timely canceled the last of its books in this genre in 1950. In 1951 Goodman formed his own distribution company, and Timely Comics became Atlas Magazines. Though there was a brief experiment in bringing back superheroes such as Captain America in 1953, Atlasâs output was mostly in other genres such as humour, westerns, horror, war, and science fiction.
In 1956 rival company DC Comics ushered in the so-called Silver Age of comics by reintroducing superhero titles with significant commercial success. In the early 1960s Atlas changed its name to Marvel Comics. For several decades Marvel and DC were the top companies in the industry. Throughout the 1980s and â90s Marvel changed hands numerous times, becoming a publicly held company in 1991. Questionable management decisions and a general slump in sales in the comic book industry drove Marvel Comics into bankruptcy in 1996. The company emerged from bankruptcy in 1998 and began to diversify its output, launching imprints aimed at a variety of demographics and expanding its cinematic offerings under the Marvel Studios banner. In 2007 Marvel began publishing digital comics. In 2009 the Walt Disney Company purchased the parent company of Marvel Comics.
The shared storytelling palette known as the Marvel universe was unveiled in 1961, when Goodman responded to the growing interest in superhero books by commissioning writer Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby to create the Fantastic Four. With the release of Fantastic Four no. 1 (November 1961), readers were introduced to a superheroic setting that was, nevertheless, rooted in the real world. Lee and Kirby attempted to make their comic book characters more original by allowing them to interact with each other in a realistic fashion, including heroes often fighting or arguing with each other. This trend continued with a flood of other superhero characters introduced by Marvel Comics during the early 1960s, including Spider-Man, the Incredible Hulk, and the X-Men. Lee wrote the majority of Marvelâs books during that time, and Jack Kirby and Steve Ditko were the most important and influential artists.
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Spider-Man as portrayed by Tobey Maguire in Spider-Man 2 (2004).
John BramleyâMarvel/Sony Pictures. All rights reserved.
This more realistic approach to characterizations built up Marvelâs reputation and began to attract university-age readers. Stories also began to deal with social issues such as pollution, race relations, and drug abuse. A Spider-Man story arc from 1971 dealing with drug abuse had to be published without the approval of the Comic Code Authorityâthe self-regulatory body that had policed comic content since 1954âdespite the fact that it was portraying drug use in a negative light. This caused the Comic Code Authority to revise its policy in such matters.
The late 1960s and early 1970s saw a new generation of creative talent emerge at Marvel. In 1967 Jim Steranko began to write and draw stories featuring secret agent Nick Fury in the anthology book Strange Tales. Steranko was influenced in his work by James Bond films and the psychedelic and Op art movements, and the resulting stories melded groundbreaking visuals with equally innovative storytelling techniques. Writer Chris Claremont and artist John Byrne began a long collaboration on The Uncanny X-Men in 1975. The pair revitalized the flagging series with characters such as Wolverine and complex story arcs that soon made the X-Men franchise one of Marvelâs best sellers.
In 1985 Mark Gruenwald started a critically acclaimed 10-year run as the writer of Captain America. That same year he also began the miniseries Squadron Supreme (1985â86), a deconstructionist take on superheroes that preceded Alan Mooreâs graphic novelWatchmen, published by DC Comics. The 1980s also saw Frank Millerâs stint on Daredevil, which took that book in a darker and grittier direction, reviving sagging sales and making it one of Marvelâs best sellers. In 1988 Todd MacFarlane began a popular run as artist on The Amazing Spider-Man. Four years later MacFarlane and a number of other popular artists, including Jim Lee, Erik Larsen, and Rob Liefeld, left Marvel to found rival Image Comics, a company that allowed creators to retain the copyrights of their characters.
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Publicity image for Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), directed by Joss Whedon.
Marvel Studios
During the 1990s and early 2000s a new wave of writers, including Brian Michael Bendis (Daredevil, The Avengers), Jonathan Hickman (Fantastic Four), and Ed Brubaker (Captain America), became well known for their mature and sometimes controversial takes on Marvelâs characters. The 2010s saw the emergence of another new wave of talent, with writer Matt Fraction and artist David Aja turning in a visually arresting run on Hawkeye, longtime Spider-Man writer Dan Slott teaming with artist Mike Allred for a bold take on a classic character in Silver Surfer, and writer G. Willow Wilson and artist Adrian Alphona breaking new ground with their critically acclaimed Ms. Marvel.
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Chadwick Boseman as TâChalla/Black Panther in Black Panther (2018).
Publicity image from Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), directed by James Gunn.
Marvel Entertainment
In the 21st century Marvelâs profits were increasingly derived from toys, video games, and other merchandise featuring their most popular characters and from the production of a string of commercially successful movies. Those films differed from prior efforts to translate comics to the big screen in that they were set in a single shared world. That ambitious plan generated huge dividends with The Avengers (2012), a film that featured Iron Man, Thor, and Captain Americaâthree heroes that had scored individual blockbuster successesâand grossed more than $1.5 billion worldwide. The Marvel Cinematic Universe, as it came to be known, grew into one of the most lucrative franchises in film history. Its success spawned a wave of television programs, beginning with Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013â20) on ABC and continuing with Daredevil (2015â18), Jessica Jones (2015â19), and Luke Cage (2016â18), a string of critically lauded series that appeared on Netflix.
In 2015 an agreement between Disney and Sony brought Spider-Man (who had previously appeared only in Sony-produced films) into the shared universe; the character would subsequently be available for use by both studios. Marvel Studios, the companyâs film and television division, continued to set records with its flagship Avengers, but it also packed theatres with relatively unknown heroes such as the Guardians of the Galaxy (2014), Ant-Man (2015), and Doctor Strange (2016). In addition, Black Panther (2018) became the first Marvel movie to win an Academy Award; it received Oscars for costume design, original score, and production design. By 2023 more than 30 films had been released under the banner of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, and the franchiseâs cumulative global box-office receipts approached $30 billion.
