Social Movements & Trends, 15--ASE
The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title
15-minute city
15-minute city, an urban planning concept in which all amenities—health care, grocery stores, schools, parks, and......
1936–39 Arab Revolt in Palestine
1936–39 Arab Revolt in Palestine, popular Palestinian Arab uprising against British governance, driven largely......
1971 India-Pakistan War
1971 India-Pakistan War, conflict between India and Pakistan in the first half of December 1971 that led to the......
20 Under 40: Young Shapers of the Future (Architecture, Urban Studies, and Engineering)
The future is unwritten. It is also right around the corner, and, if, as science fiction author William Gibson......
20 Under 40: Young Shapers of the Future (Social Activism and Politics)
The future is unwritten. It is also right around the corner, and, if, as science fiction author William Gibson......
2009 Iranian presidential election protests
The 2009 Iranian presidential election protests marked a turning point in the history of Iran’s Islamic Republic.......
2025 Nepalese Gen Z Protests
In September 2025 Nepal descended into political crisis after the government imposed a sweeping social media ban......
2026 Iranian Protests
On December 28, 2025, protests erupted in Tehran, Iran’s capital city. The protests quickly spread across the country......
26th of July Movement
26th of July Movement, revolutionary movement led by Fidel Castro that overthrew the regime of Fulgencio Batista......
4B movement
4B movement, South Korean feminist activist movement and political stance defined by four deliberate refusals:......
5 Famous Battle-Axes
The weapon of choice for these historical women wasn’t beauty, grace, or charm. Instead, they choose to wield cold,......
50 Cent
By the time he was 25 years old, American rapper, actor, author, producer, and entrepreneur 50 Cent had survived......
7 Women Warriors
When courage is in short supply, we look outside ourselves to find it. Sometimes a good book or film will rouse......
8 Influential Abolitionist Texts
One of the most important and useful means that has been employed by abolitionists is the written word. Freepersons......
A Brief Overview of China’s Cultural Revolution
The Cultural Revolution (in full, the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution) took place from 1966 to 1976 in China.......
Aalto, Alvar
Alvar Aalto was a Finnish architect, city planner, and furniture designer whose international reputation rests......
Abbas, Ferhat
Ferhat Abbas was a politician and leader of the national independence movement who served as the first president......
Abbott, Grace
Grace Abbott was an American social worker, public administrator, educator, and reformer who was important in the......
Abd al-Aziz
Abd al-Aziz was the sultan of Morocco from 1894 to 1908, whose reign was marked by an unsuccessful attempt to introduce......
Abd el-Krim
Abd el-Krim was the leader of the Berber forces during the Rif War (1921–26) against Spanish and French rule in......
Abdelkader
Abdelkader was the amīr of Mascara (from 1832), the military and religious leader who founded the Algerian state......
Abdullah I
Abdullah I was a statesman who became the first ruler (1946–51) of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Abdullah, the......
Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad
Sheikh Muhammad Abdullah was a prominent figure in India’s struggle for independence from British rule, who fought......
Abdülhamid II
Abdülhamid II was an Ottoman sultan from 1876 to 1909, under whose autocratic rule the reform movement of Tanzimat......
Abercrombie, Sir Patrick
Sir Patrick Abercrombie was a British architect and town planner who redesigned London after it was devastated......
abolitionism
abolitionism, (c. 1783–1888), in western Europe and the Americas, the movement chiefly responsible for creating......
Abzug, Bella
Bella Abzug was a U.S. congresswoman (1971–77) and lawyer who founded several liberal political organizations for......
Abū ʿAlī Muṣṭafā
Abū ʿAlī Muṣṭafā was a Palestinian nationalist who was a cofounder (1967) and secretary-general (2000–01) of the......
Acculturation
Acculturation, the processes of change in artifacts, customs, and beliefs that result from the contact of two or......
Action Française
Action Française, (French: “French Action”), influential right-wing antirepublican group in France during the first......
Addams, Jane
Jane Addams was an American social reformer and pacifist, co-winner (with Nicholas Murray Butler) of the Nobel......
Adler, Felix
Felix Adler was an American educator and founder of the Ethical Movement. (Read Peter Singer’s Britannica entry......
advocacy network
advocacy network, organization consisting of independent groups that collaborate in the pursuit of political change.......
Advocate of Moral Reform
Advocate of Moral Reform, American periodical that, between 1835 and about 1845, campaigned to rescue women who......
African National Congress
African National Congress (ANC), South African political party and Black nationalist organization. Founded in 1912......
African National Congress: At a Glance
The African National Congress (ANC) is a South African political party and Black nationalist organization. The......
Afrocentrism
Afrocentrism, cultural and political movement whose mainly African American adherents regard themselves and all......
Agaja
Agaja was the third ruler of the West African kingdom of Dahomey (1708–40), who was able to extend his kingdom......
Agis IV
Agis IV was a Spartan king (244–241) who failed in his attempt to reform Sparta’s economic and political structure.......
Aguesseau, Henri-François d’
Henri-François d’ Aguesseau was a jurist who, as chancellor of France during most of the period from 1717 to 1750,......
Aguinaldo, Emilio
Emilio Aguinaldo was a Filipino leader and politician who fought first against Spain and later against the United......
Agus Salim, Hadji
Hadji Agus Salim was an Indonesian nationalist and religious leader from an upper class Minangkabau family, who......
Aizawa Yasushi
Aizawa Yasushi was a Japanese nationalist thinker whose writings helped provoke the movement that in 1868 overthrew......
Akbar
Akbar was the greatest of the Mughal emperors of India. He reigned from 1556 to 1605 and extended Mughal power......
Akhenaten
Akhenaten, was a king (c. 1353–36 bce) of ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty, who established a new cult dedicated......
Akintola, Samuel Ladoke
Samuel Ladoke Akintola was an administrator and politician, premier of the Western Region of Nigeria and an early......
Al-Aqṣā Martyrs Brigades
Al-Aqṣā Martyrs Brigades, coalition of Palestinian West Bank militias that became increasingly violent during the......
Albanian League
Albanian League, first Albanian nationalist organization. Formed at Prizren (now in Kosovo) on July 1, 1878, the......
Alberdi, Juan Bautista
Juan Bautista Alberdi was an Argentine political thinker whose writings influenced the assembly that drew up the......
Alberoni, Giulio
Giulio Alberoni was a statesman who as de facto premier of Spain (1716–19) played a major role in the revival of......
Albert III Achilles
Albert III Achilles was the elector of Brandenburg, a soldier, and an administrative innovator who established......
Albert, Archduke
Archduke Albert was an able field marshal who distinguished himself in the suppression of the Italian Revolution......
Albizu Campos, Pedro
Pedro Albizu Campos was a Puerto Rican attorney, social activist, and nationalist. Albizu Campos was the son of......
Alcott, Bronson
Bronson Alcott was an American philosopher, teacher, reformer, and member of the New England Transcendentalist......
Alex Boncayao Brigade
Alex Boncayao Brigade, Manila-based death squad that assassinated dozens of people on the orders of the Communist......
Alexander I
Alexander I was the emperor of Russia (1801–25), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic......
Alexander II
Alexander II was the emperor of Russia (1855–81). His liberal education and distress at the outcome of the Crimean......
Alfonso XI
Alfonso XI was the king of Castile and Leon from 1312, who succeeded his father, Ferdinand IV, when he was only......
Algerian Muslim Ulama, Association of
Association of Algerian Muslim Ulama, a body of Muslim religious scholars (ʿulamāʾ) who, under French rule, advocated......
alt-right
alt-right, far-right white supremacist political and social movement active in the United States in the 2010s.......
Alternative for Germany
Alternative for Germany (AfD), far right-wing German political party founded in 2013. Established during the rise......
American Anti-Slavery Society
American Anti-Slavery Society, primary activist organization, through its state and local auxiliaries, for the......
American civil rights movement
American civil rights movement, mass protest movement against racial segregation and discrimination in the southern......
American Indian Movement
The American Indian Movement (AIM) is a militant Native American civil rights organization, founded in Minneapolis,......
Americanization
Americanization, in the early 20th century, activities that were designed to prepare foreign-born residents of......
Amery, L.S.
L.S. Amery was a British politician who was a persistent advocate of imperial preference and tariff reform and......
anarchism
anarchism, cluster of doctrines and attitudes centred on the belief that government is both harmful and unnecessary.......
Anastasius I
Anastasius I was a Byzantine emperor from 491 who perfected the empire’s monetary system, increased its treasury,......
Anckarsvärd, Carl Henrik, Greve
Carl Henrik, Count Anckarsvärd was a leader of the 1809 coup d’état that deposed the absolutist Swedish king Gustav......
Anderson, Benedict
Benedict Anderson was an Irish political scientist, best known for his influential work on the origins of nationalism.......
Andrada e Silva, José Bonifácio de
José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva was a Brazilian statesman who played a key role in Brazil’s attainment of independence......
Andrade, Mário Pinto de
Mário Pinto de Andrade was an Angolan writer and nationalist leader. While studying classical philology at the......
Andrew, John Albion
John Albion Andrew was a U.S. antislavery leader who, as governor of Massachusetts during the Civil War, was one......
Andrews, Fannie Fern Phillips
Fannie Fern Phillips Andrews was a Canadian-born American pacifist and writer, a tireless advocate, nationally......
Angell, Sir Norman
Sir Norman Angell was an English economist and worker for international peace, who was awarded the Nobel Prize......
Animal rights
Animal rights, moral or legal entitlements attributed to nonhuman animals, usually because of the complexity of......
Ansari, Mukhtar Ahmad
Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari was an Indian physician and nationalist who was a member of the Foundation Committee of Jamia......
Anson, George Anson, Baron
George Anson, Baron Anson was a British admiral whose four-year voyage around the world is one of the great tales......
Anthimus of Iberia
Anthimus of Iberia was the metropolitan of Walachia (now part of Romania), linguist, typographer, and ecclesiastical......
Anti-Masonic Movement
Anti-Masonic Movement, in the history of the United States, popular movement based on public indignation at and......
antiglobalization
antiglobalization, social movement that emerged at the turn of the 21st century against neoliberal globalization,......
antinuclear movement
antinuclear movement, social movement opposed to the production of nuclear weapons and the generation of electricity......
Antirent War
Antirent War, (1839–46), in U.S. history, civil unrest and rioting in upper New York state arising from the dissatisfaction......
Apponyi, Albert, Gróf
Albert, Count Apponyi was a Hungarian statesman whose political philosophy blended the conservative traditions......
Arab integration
Arab integration, efforts aimed at achieving closer cooperation and assimilation between different Arab countries......
Arab League
Arab League, regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East and parts of Africa, formed in Cairo on March......
Arab Spring
Arab Spring, wave of pro-democracy protests and uprisings that took place in the Middle East and North Africa beginning......
Arafat, Yasser
Yasser Arafat was the president (1996–2004) of the Palestinian Authority (PA), chairman (1969–2004) of the Palestine......
Arakcheyev, Aleksey Andreyevich, Graf
Aleksey Andreyevich, Graf Arakcheyev was a military officer and statesman whose domination of the internal affairs......
Araki Sadao
Araki Sadao was a Japanese general, statesman, and a leader of the Kōdō-ha (Imperial Way) faction, an ultranationalistic......
Armed Islamic Group
Armed Islamic Group, Algerian militant group. It was formed in 1992 after the government nullified the likely victory......
Arnauld, Jacqueline-Marie-Angélique
Jacqueline-Marie-Angélique Arnauld was a monastic reformer who was abbess of the important Jansenist centre of......
Arndt, Ernst Moritz
Ernst Moritz Arndt was a prose writer, poet, and patriot who expressed the national awakening in his country in......
Arnold of Brescia
Arnold of Brescia, was a radical religious reformer noted for his outspoken criticism of clerical wealth and corruption......
Arnold, Henry Harley
Henry Harley Arnold was an air strategist, commanding general of the U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II. After......
Arnoldson, Klas Pontus
Klas Pontus Arnoldson was a politician who figured prominently in solving the problems of the Norwegian-Swedish......
Artigas, José Gervasio
José Gervasio Artigas was a soldier and revolutionary leader who is regarded as the father of Uruguayan independence,......
Arzamas society
Arzamas society, Russian literary circle that flourished in 1815–18 and was formed for the semiserious purpose......
ASAP Rocky
ASAP Rocky is an American rapper and artist known for his experimental approach, “cloud rap”–style music, bold......
ASEAN
ASEAN, international organization established by the governments of Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,......