Social Movements & Trends, DAV-FAC

The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
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Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title

Davis, Thomas Osborne
Thomas Osborne Davis was an Irish writer and politician who was the chief organizer and poet of the Young Ireland......
Day, Dorothy
Dorothy Day was an American journalist and Roman Catholic reformer, cofounder of the Catholic Worker newspaper,......
Dayan, Moshe
Moshe Dayan was a soldier and statesman who led Israel to dramatic victories over its Arab neighbours and became......
Dayananda Sarasvati
Dayananda Sarasvati was a Hindu ascetic and social reformer who was the founder (1875) of the Arya Samaj (Society......
dazibao
dazibao, in the People’s Republic of China (PRC), prominently displayed handwritten posters containing complaints......
De Tham
De Tham was a Vietnamese resistance fighter and enemy of French colonialism during the first two decades of French......
de Valera, Eamon
Eamon de Valera was an Irish politician and patriot who served as taoiseach (prime minister; 1932–48, 1951–54,......
de-Stalinization
de-Stalinization, political reform launched at the 20th Party Congress (February 1956) by Soviet Communist Party......
death of Jina Mahsa Amini
Jina Mahsa Amini, an Iranian woman in her early 20s, died unexpectedly on September 16, 2022, while in custody......
Decembrist
Decembrist, any of the Russian revolutionaries who led an unsuccessful uprising on Dec. 14 (Dec. 26, New Style),......
decolonization
decolonization, process by which colonies become independent of the colonizing country. Decolonization was gradual......
Decolonization of Africa
By the early 20th century about 90 percent of African territory had been incorporated into one European empire......
Defense of Rights, Associations for the
Associations for the Defense of Rights, patriotic league formed in Anatolia and in Thrace in 1918, after the defeat......
Delany, Martin
Martin Delany was an African American abolitionist, physician, and editor in the pre-Civil War period; his espousal......
Deng Xiaoping
Deng Xiaoping was the most powerful figure in the People’s Republic of China from the late 1970s until his death......
Dennett, Mary Coffin Ware
Mary Coffin Ware Dennett was an American reformer, best remembered for her activism in support of the ready and......
Destour
Destour, Tunisian political party, especially active in the 1920s and ’30s in arousing Tunisian national consciousness......
Deuteronomic Reform
Deuteronomic Reform, great religious reformation instituted in the reign of King Josiah of Judah (c. 640–609 bc).......
Dewantoro, Ki Hadjar
Ki Hadjar Dewantoro was the founder of the Taman Siswa (literally “Garden of Students”) school system, an influential......
Deák, Ferenc
Ferenc Deák was a Hungarian statesman whose negotiations led to the establishment of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary......
Dhiliyiánnis, Theódoros
Theódoros Dhiliyiánnis was a politician who was prime minister of Greece five times (1885–86, 1890–92, 1895–97,......
Did Lucille Times Boycott Buses Before Rosa Parks?
On December 1, 1955, 42-year-old Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to surrender her seat to a white......
Digger
Digger, any of a group of agrarian communists who flourished in England in 1649–50 and were led by Gerrard Winstanley......
Diggs, Annie LePorte
Annie LePorte Diggs was a Canadian-born American reformer and politician, an organizer and campaigner in the Populist......
digital activism
digital activism, form of activism that uses the Internet and digital media as key platforms for mass mobilization......
Dillon, John
John Dillon was a leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party (Irish Nationalist Party) in the struggle to secure Home......
Dimitrijević, Dragutin
Dragutin Dimitrijević was a Serbian army officer and conspirator, leader of the Serbian secret society Crna Ruka......
Dinocrates
Dinocrates was a Greek architect who prospered under Alexander the Great. He tried to captivate the ambitious fancy......
Diocletian
Diocletian was a Roman emperor (284–305 ce) who restored efficient government to the empire after the near anarchy......
disability rights movement
disability rights movement, civil and social advocacy campaign that aims to ensure accessibility, equal opportunities,......
Disability Rights Movement Timeline
Most people know someone with a disability. The statistics bear that out. For example, according to the Centers......
Disraeli, Benjamin
Benjamin Disraeli was a British statesman and novelist who was twice prime minister (1868, 1874–80) and who provided......
Dissent
Dissent, an unwillingness to cooperate with an established source of authority, which can be social, cultural,......
dissidents in the Soviet Union and Russia
dissidents in the Soviet Union and Russia, critics of the regimes in the Soviet Union and 21st-century Russia.......
Divine, Father
Father Divine was a prominent African American religious leader of the 1930s. The Depression-era movement he founded,......
Dix, Dorothea
Dorothea Dix was an American educator, social reformer, and humanitarian whose devotion to the welfare of the mentally......
DJ Kool Herc
DJ Kool Herc is a Jamaican American disc jockey (deejay or DJ) who is credited as the founder of hip-hop, a musical......
Dmowski, Roman
Roman Dmowski was a Polish statesman, a leader of Poland’s struggle for national liberation, and the foremost supporter......
Dong Zhongshu
Dong Zhongshu was a scholar instrumental in establishing Confucianism in 136 bce as the state cult of China and......
Donglin
Donglin, party of Chinese scholars and officials who attempted to combat the moral laxity and intellectual weakness......
Donoughmore Commission
Donoughmore Commission, committee sent by the British government to Ceylon in 1927 to examine the Ceylonese constitution......
dos Santos, José
José dos Santos was an Angolan politician who served as president of Angola (1979–2017). In 1961 dos Santos, a......
Douglass, Anna Murray
Anna Murray Douglass was an abolitionist, an agent on the Underground Railroad, and a mother of five who lived......
Douglass, Frederick
Frederick Douglass was an African American abolitionist, orator, newspaper publisher, and author who is famous......
Downing, Sir George
Sir George Downing was an English diplomat and financial administrator who helped precipitate two wars with the......
Drew, Jane
Jane Drew was a British architect who, with her husband, Maxwell Fry, was a forerunner in the field of modern tropical......
Droysen, Johann Gustav
Johann Gustav Droysen was a historian and politician whose belief in Prussia’s destiny to lead Germany influenced......
Drusus, Marcus Livius
Marcus Livius Drusus was the son of the tribune of 122 bc by the same name; as tribune in 91, Drusus made the last......
Drusus, Marcus Livius
Marcus Livius Drusus was a Roman politician, tribune with Gaius Gracchus in 122 bc who undermined Gracchus’ program......
Du Bois, W.E.B.
W.E.B. Du Bois was an American sociologist, historian, author, editor, and activist who was the most important......
du Toit, Stephanus Jacobus
Stephanus Jacobus du Toit was a South African pastor and political leader who, as the founder of the Afrikaner......
Duarte, Juan Pablo
Juan Pablo Duarte was the father of Dominican independence, who lost power after the struggle succeeded and spent......
Dubois, Pierre
Pierre Dubois was a French lawyer and political pamphleteer during the reign of Philip IV the Fair. His most important......
Ducommun, Élie
Élie Ducommun was a Swiss writer and editor who in 1902, with Charles-Albert Gobat, won the Nobel Prize for Peace.......
Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan
Sir Charles Gavan Duffy was an Irish nationalist who later became an Australian political leader. While studying......
Dumont, Gabriel
Gabriel Dumont was a Métis leader who rose to political prominence in an age of declining buffalo herds and was......
Durham, John George Lambton, 1st earl of
John George Lambton, 1st earl of Durham was a British reformist Whig statesman sometimes known as “Radical Jack.”......
Duruy, Victor
Victor Duruy was a French scholar and public official who, as national minister of education (1863–69), initiated......
Dutra, Eurico Gaspar
Eurico Gaspar Dutra was a soldier and president of Brazil (1945–50), whose administration was noted for its restoration......
Duy Tan
Duy Tan was the emperor of Vietnam from 1907 to 1916 and symbol of the Vietnamese anticolonialist movement against......
East L.A. walkouts
East L.A. walkouts, social protest in March 1968 in which thousands of Mexican American high-school students walked......
Eastman, Crystal
Crystal Eastman was an American lawyer, suffragist, and writer, a leader in early 20th-century feminist and civil......
Edson, Katherine Philips
Katherine Philips Edson was an American reformer and public official, a strong influence on behalf of woman suffrage......
Edward IV
Edward IV was the king of England from 1461 until October 1470 and again from April 1471 until his death. He was......
Egypt Uprising of 2011
Egypt Uprising of 2011, Beginning in December 2010, unprecedented mass demonstrations against poverty, corruption,......
Einstein, Hannah Bachman
Hannah Bachman Einstein was an American social worker who launched a successful campaign to establish municipal,......
election
election, the formal process of selecting a person for public office or of accepting or rejecting a political proposition......
Elias, Norbert
Norbert Elias was a sociologist who described the growth of civilization in western Europe as a complex evolutionary......
Elphinstone, Mountstuart
Mountstuart Elphinstone was a British official in India who did much to promote popular education and local administration......
Ely, Richard T.
Richard T. Ely was an American economist who was noted for his belief that government, aided by economists, could......
Eminem
Eminem is an American rapper, record producer, and actor who is known as one of the most-controversial and best-selling......
Emmet, Robert
Robert Emmet was an Irish nationalist leader who inspired the abortive rising of 1803, remembered as a romantic......
Emmet, Thomas Addis
Thomas Addis Emmet was a lawyer in Ireland and, later, in the United States, a leader of the nationalist Society......
Enfantin, Barthélemy-Prosper
Barthélemy-Prosper Enfantin was an eccentric French social, political, and economic theorist who was a leading......
Ensenada, Zenón de Somodevilla y Bengoechea, marqués de la
Zenón de Somodevilla y Bengoechea marquis de la Ensenada was a Spanish statesman who, as prime minister from 1743......
environmental justice
environmental justice, social movement seeking to address the inequitable distribution of environmental hazards......
EOKA
EOKA, underground nationalist movement of Greek Cypriots dedicated to ending British colonial rule in Cyprus (achieved......
Epaminondas
Epaminondas was a Theban statesman and military tactician and leader who was largely responsible for breaking the......
Ephialtes
Ephialtes was a leader of the radical democrats at Athens in the 460s, who by his reforms prepared the way for......
Equiano, Olaudah
Olaudah Equiano was an abolitionist and writer whose autobiography, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah......
Erhard, Ludwig
Ludwig Erhard was an economist and statesman who, as economics minister (1949–63), was the chief architect of West......
Eritrean People’s Liberation Front
Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), secessionist movement that successfully fought for the creation of an......
Erlander, Tage
Tage Erlander was a politician and prime minister of Sweden (1946–69). His tenure as prime minister coincided with......
Ernest I
Ernest I was the duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, who, after the ravages of the Thirty Years’ War, sought to rebuild......
Erzberger, Matthias
Matthias Erzberger was a leader of the left wing of the Roman Catholic Centre Party in Germany and signatory of......
Eshkol, Levi
Levi Eshkol was the prime minister of Israel from 1963 until his death. Eshkol became involved in the Zionist movement......
Espín Guillois, Vilma
Vilma Espín Guillois was a Cuban revolutionary and women’s rights activist. As the wife of Raúl Castro, the younger......
Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d’
Paul-H.-B. d’Estournelles de Constant was a French diplomat and parliamentarian who devoted most of his life to......
ETA
ETA, Basque separatist organization in Spain that used terrorism in its campaign for an independent Basque state.......
Ethical Culture
Ethical Culture, a movement based upon the conviction that moral tenets need not be grounded in religious or philosophical......
Ethical Policy
Ethical Policy, in Indonesian history, a program introduced by the Dutch in the East Indies at the turn of the......
Euthymius Of Tŭrnovo
Euthymius Of Tŭrnovo was an Orthodox patriarch of Tŭrnovo, near modern Sofia, monastic scholar and linguist whose......
Evans, George Henry
George Henry Evans was an American pro-labour social reformer and newspaper editor who sought to enhance the position......
Ewart, William
William Ewart was an English politician who succeeded in partially abolishing capital punishment. Ewart was educated......
Ezra
Ezra was a religious leader of the Jews who returned from exile in Babylon, a reformer who reconstituted the Jewish......
Eötvös, József, Báró
József, Baron Eötvös, was a novelist, essayist, educator, and statesman, whose life and writings were devoted to......
Fabianism
Fabianism, socialist movement and theory that emerged from the activities of the Fabian Society, which was founded......
Fabrizi, Nicola
Nicola Fabrizi was one of the most militant and dedicated leaders of the Risorgimento, the movement aimed at the......
factory system
factory system, system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century and is based on the concentration of industry......

Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title