Social Movements & Trends, FAI-GOL

The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
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Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title

Faisal I
Faisal I was an Arab statesman and king of Iraq (1921–33) who was a leader in advancing Arab nationalism during......
Falange
Falange, extreme nationalist political group founded in Spain in 1933 by José Antonio Primo de Rivera, son of the......
Falloux, Frédéric-Alfred-Pierre, comte de
Frédéric-Alfred-Pierre, count de Falloux was a French political figure and monarchist who served in various political......
FALN
FALN, separatist organization in Puerto Rico that has used violence in its campaign for Puerto Rican independence......
Falsen, Christian Magnus
Christian Magnus Falsen was a nationalist political leader, generally regarded as the author of the Norwegian constitution.......
Fan Zhongyan
Fan Zhongyan was a Chinese scholar-reformer who, as minister to the Song emperor Renzong (reigned 1022/23–1063/64),......
Fang Lizhi
Fang Lizhi was a Chinese astrophysicist and dissident who was held by the Chinese leadership to be partially responsible......
Fanti, Manfredo
Manfredo Fanti was one of the most capable patriot generals during the mid-19th-century wars of Italian independence;......
FARC
FARC, Marxist guerrilla organization in Colombia. Formed in 1964 as the military wing of the Colombian Communist......
Farnham, Eliza Wood Burhans
Eliza Wood Burhans Farnham was an American reformer and writer, an early advocate of the importance of rehabilitation......
Farrakhan, Louis
An influential and often controversial Black religious leader, Louis Farrakhan has since 1978 been the leader of......
Fateh Singh, Sant
Sant Fateh Singh was a Sikh religious leader who became the foremost campaigner for Sikh rights in postindependence......
Felton, Rebecca Ann
Rebecca Ann Felton was an American political activist, writer, and lecturer, and the first woman seated in the......
Fenian
Fenian, member of an Irish nationalist secret society active chiefly in Ireland, the United States, and Britain,......
Fennoman movement
Fennoman movement, in 19th-century Finnish history, nationalist movement that contributed to the development of......
Ferry, Jules
Jules Ferry was a French statesman of the early Third Republic, notable both for his anticlerical education policy......
Feuerbach, Paul, knight von
Paul, knight von Feuerbach was a jurist noted for his reform of criminal law in Germany. Feuerbach received a doctorate......
Fielden, John
John Fielden was a radical British reformer, a notable proponent of legislation protecting the welfare of factory......
Fielding, Sir John
Sir John Fielding was an English police magistrate and the younger half brother of novelist Henry Fielding, noted......
Fifth Monarchy Men
Fifth Monarchy Men, an extreme Puritan sect that came into prominence in England during the Commonwealth and Protectorate.......
Filene, Edward A.
Edward A. Filene was an American department-store entrepreneur, philanthropist, and social reformer. His father,......
Finlay, George
George Finlay was a British historian and participant in the War of Greek Independence (1821–32) who is known principally......
Fischhof, Adolf
Adolf Fischhof was an Austrian political theorist, one of the principal leaders of the Viennese revolution of 1848.......
Fisher, Herbert Albert Laurens
Herbert Albert Laurens Fisher was a British historian, educator, government official, and author who was an influential......
Fisher, Irving
Irving Fisher was an American economist best known for his work in the field of capital theory. He also contributed......
Fitzgerald, Lord Edward
Lord Edward Fitzgerald was an Irish rebel renowned for his gallantry and courage. He was a leading conspirator......
FitzOsbert, William
William FitzOsbert was an English crusader and populist, a martyr for the poorer classes of London. A London citizen......
flapper
flapper, young woman known for wearing short dresses and bobbed hair and for embracing freedom from traditional......
Flemish movement
Flemish movement, the 19th- and 20th-century nationalist movement of Flemish-speaking people in Belgium. It has......
Flood, Henry
Henry Flood was an Anglo-Irish statesman, founder of the Patriot movement that in 1782 won legislative independence......
Flores MagĂłn, Ricardo
Ricardo Flores MagĂłn was a Mexican reformer and anarchist who was an intellectual precursor of the Mexican Revolution.......
Flower, Lucy Louisa Coues
Lucy Louisa Coues Flower was an American welfare worker, a leader in efforts to provide services for poor and dependent......
Follen, Adolf Ludwig
Adolf Ludwig Follen was a German political and Romantic poet, an important founder and leader of radical student......
Foltz, Clara Shortridge
Clara Shortridge Foltz was a lawyer and reformer who, after helping open the California bar to women, became a......
Fonda, Jane
Jane Fonda is an actress and political activist who first gained fame in comedic roles but later established herself......
Ford, Henry
Henry Ford was an American industrialist who revolutionized factory production with his assembly-line methods.......
Forrer, Ludwig
Ludwig Forrer was a Swiss statesman, twice elected federal president of the Swiss Confederation, who was a noted......
Foster, Abigail Kelley
Abigail Kelley Foster was an American feminist, abolitionist, and lecturer who is remembered as an impassioned......
Foster, William Z.
William Z. Foster was an American labour agitator and Communist Party leader who ran for the presidency in 1924,......
Fox, Charles James
Charles James Fox was Britain’s first foreign secretary (1782, 1783, 1806), a famous champion of liberty, whose......
Francis of Assisi, St
St. Francis of Assisi ; canonized July 16, 1228; feast day October 4) was the founder of the Franciscan religious......
Franko, Ivan
Ivan Franko was a Ukrainian author, scholar, journalist, and political activist who gained preeminence among Ukrainian......
Frazer, Sir James George
Sir James George Frazer was a British anthropologist, folklorist, and classical scholar, best remembered as the......
Frederick II
Frederick II was the king of Prussia (1740–86), a brilliant military campaigner who, in a series of diplomatic......
Frederick II
Frederick II was the king of Sicily (1197–1250), duke of Swabia (as Frederick VI, 1228–35), German king (1212–50),......
Frederick III
Frederick III was the king of Denmark and Norway (1648–70) whose reign saw the establishment of an absolute monarchy,......
Frederick VII
Frederick VII was the king of Denmark from 1848 who renounced absolute rule and adopted a representative government.......
Frederick William
Frederick William was the elector of Brandenburg (1640–88), who restored the Hohenzollern dominions after the devastations......
Frederick William I
Frederick William I was the second Prussian king, who transformed his country from a second-rate power into the......
Free Speech Movement
Free Speech Movement, series of peaceful protests by students and several faculty members at the University of......
Freedom Rides
The Freedom Rides were a series of political protests against segregation during the American civil rights movement.......
Frelimo
Frelimo, political and military movement that initiated Mozambican independence from Portugal and then formed the......
Freudenthal, Axel Olof
Axel Olof Freudenthal was a philologist, Swedish nationalist, and the leading ideologist for the nationalist movement......
Freycinet, Charles-Louis de Saulces de
Charles-Louis de Saulces de Freycinet was a French political figure who served in 12 different governments, including......
Fried, Alfred Hermann
Alfred Hermann Fried was an Austrian pacifist and publicist who was a cofounder of the German peace movement and......
Frietschie, Barbara Hauer
Barbara Hauer Frietschie was an American patriot whose purported act of defiant loyalty to the North during the......
Friis, Johan
Johan Friis was a Danish statesman who, as chancellor under Christian III, king of Denmark and Norway, helped to......
Frobenius, Leo
Leo Frobenius was a German explorer and ethnologist, one of the originators of the culture-historical approach......
Frost, John
John Frost was a hero of Chartism (the first mass political reform movement) and leader of the Newport rising of......
Frunze, Mikhail Vasilyevich
Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze was a Soviet army officer and military theorist, regarded as one of the fathers of the......
Fry, Elizabeth
Elizabeth Fry was a British Quaker philanthropist and one of the chief promoters of prison reform in Europe. She......
Fry, Maxwell
Maxwell Fry was a British architect who, with his wife, Jane Drew, pioneered in the field of modern tropical building......
Gage, Frances Dana Barker
Frances Dana Barker Gage was an American social reformer and writer who was active in the antislavery, temperance,......
Gagern, Hans Christoph, Freiherr von
Hans Christoph, baron von Gagern was a conservative German administrator, patriotic politician, and writer who......
Gagern, Heinrich, Freiherr von
Heinrich, baron von Gagern was the second son of Hans Christoph von Gagern, a liberal, anti-Austrian German politician......
Gagern, Maximilian Freiherr von
Maximilian, baron von Gagern was a liberal Dutch and German diplomat and politician, who played a prominent part......
Gallienus
Gallienus was a Roman emperor who ruled jointly with his father, Valerian, from 253 until 260, then was the sole......
Galloway, Joseph
Joseph Galloway was a distinguished American colonial attorney and legislator who remained loyal to Great Britain......
Gambetta, Léon
Léon Gambetta was a French republican statesman who helped direct the defense of France during the Franco-German......
Gandhi, Kasturba
Kasturba Gandhi was an Indian political activist who was a leader in the struggle for civil rights and for independence......
Gandhi, Mahatma
Mahatma Gandhi was an Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the Indian......
Garbett, Cyril Forster
Cyril Forster Garbett was the archbishop of York and an ecclesiastical writer who promoted a social conscience......
garden city
garden city, the ideal of a planned residential community, as devised by the English town planner Ebenezer Howard......
Gardener, Helen Hamilton
Helen Hamilton Gardener was an American writer, reformer, and public official, who was an eloquent and charismatic......
Garibaldi, Giuseppe
Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian patriot and soldier of the Risorgimento, a republican who, through his conquest......
Garnet, Henry Highland
Henry Highland Garnet was an American abolitionist and clergyman who became known for his militant approach to......
Garnier, Tony
Tony Garnier was a forerunner of 20th-century French architects, notable for his Cité Industrielle, a farsighted......
Garrison, William Lloyd
William Lloyd Garrison was an American journalistic crusader who published a newspaper, The Liberator (1831–65),......
Garvey, Marcus
Marcus Garvey was a charismatic Black leader who organized the first important American Black nationalist movement......
Gaspee, Burning of the
Burning of the Gaspee, (June 10, 1772), in U.S. colonial history, act of open civil defiance of British authority......
Gaudin, Martin-Michel-Charles, Duc De Gaëte
Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin, duke de Gaëte was the French finance minister throughout the French Consulate and......
gay rights movement
gay rights movement, civil rights movement that advocates equal rights for LGBTQ persons (i.e., for lesbians, gays......
General Union of Palestinian Women
General Union of Palestinian Women (GUPW), umbrella organization for Palestinian women’s groups that was founded......
Generation Z protests
In late 2025 mass youth protests filled the streets of Kathmandu, Nepal; Antananarivo, Madagascar; Rabat, Morocco;......
German National People’s Party
German National People’s Party, right-wing political party active in the Reichstag (assembly) of the Weimar Republic......
GerƑ, ErnƑ
ErnƑ GerƑ was a Hungarian communist and first secretary of the Hungarian Workers’ (communist) Party (1956). In......
Ghadr
Ghadr, (Urdu: “Revolution”), an early 20th-century movement among Indians, principally Sikhs living in North America,......
Ghaffar Khan, Abdul
Abdul Ghaffar Khan was the foremost 20th-century leader of the Pashtuns (Pakhtuns, or Pathans; a Muslim ethnic......
Gibbons, Abigail Hopper
Abigail Hopper Gibbons was an American social reformer, remembered especially for her activism in the cause of......
Gilman, Charlotte Perkins
Charlotte Perkins Gilman was an American feminist, lecturer, writer, and publisher who was a leading theorist of......
Gladstone, William Ewart
William Ewart Gladstone was a statesman and four-time prime minister of Great Britain (1868–74, 1880–85, 1886,......
glasnost
glasnost, Soviet policy of open discussion of political and social issues. It was instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev......
Globalization
Globalization, integration of the world’s economies, politics, and cultures. German-born American economist Theodore......
glocalization
glocalization, the simultaneous occurrence of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies in contemporary......
Gneisenau, August, Count Neidhardt von
August, Count Neidhardt von Gneisenau was a Prussian field marshal and reformer, one of the key figures in rebuilding......
Gobat, Charles-Albert
Charles-Albert Gobat was a Swiss politician, administrator, philanthropist, and author, who co-won the Nobel Prize......
Gokhale, Gopal Krishna
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was an Indian political leader and social reformer who founded an organization to work for......
Goldmark, Josephine Clara
Josephine Clara Goldmark was an American reformer whose research contributed to the enactment of labour legislation.......
Golitsyn, Dmitry Mikhaylovich, Knyaz
Dmitry Mikhaylovich, Prince Golitsyn was a Russian statesman who unsuccessfully tried to transform the Russian......
Golwalkar, M.S.
M.S. Golwalkar was an Indian Hindu nationalist leader who served as the second sarsanghchalak (“chief leader of......

Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title