Social Movements & Trends, CHA-DAV

The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
Back To Social Movements & Trends Page

Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title

Chavez, Cesar
Cesar Chavez was an organizer of migrant American farmworkers and a cofounder with Dolores Huerta of the National......
Chelmsford, Frederic John Napier Thesiger, 1st Viscount
Frederic John Napier Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford was an English colonial administrator and statesman who......
Chernyayev, Mikhail Grigoryevich
Mikhail Grigoryevich Chernyayev was a Pan-Slavist and Russian general noted for expanding the Russian Empire into......
Chicago literary renaissance
Chicago literary renaissance, the flourishing of literary activity in Chicago from approximately 1912 to 1925.......
Chicherin, Boris Nikolayevich
Boris Nikolayevich Chicherin was a liberal Russian historian and philosopher who argued vigorously for social change.......
Chifley, Joseph Benedict
Joseph Benedict Chifley was a statesman, prime minister of Australia from 1945 to 1949, and leader of the Australian......
Child, Lydia Maria
Lydia Maria Child was an American author of antislavery works that had great influence in her time. Born into an......
Childers, Robert Erskine
Robert Erskine Childers was a writer and Irish nationalist, executed for his actions in support of the republican......
Chinese Communist Party
Chinese Communist Party (CCP), political party of China. Since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China......
Chipko movement
Chipko movement, nonviolent social and ecological movement by rural villagers, particularly women, in India in......
Choe Je-u
Choe Je-u was the founder of the Donghak sect, a religion amalgamated of Buddhist, Daoist, Confucian, and even......
Choe Si-hyeong
Choe Si-hyeong was the second leader of the Korean apocalyptic antiforeign Donghak (Cheondogyo) religion and helped......
Chouan
Chouan, member of any of the bands of peasants, chiefly smugglers and dealers in contraband salt, who revolted......
Christian democracy
Christian democracy, political movement that has a close association with Roman Catholicism and its philosophy......
Christian nationalism
Christian nationalism, ideology that seeks to create or maintain a legal fusion of Christian religion with a nation’s......
Christian VIII
Christian VIII was the king of Denmark during the rise of the liberal opposition to absolutism in the first half......
Christophe, Henry
Henry Christophe was a leader in the war of Haitian independence (1791–1804) and later president (1807–11) and......
Chu Van Tan
Chu Van Tan was a military and political leader who played an important part in winning Vietnam’s independence......
Chulalongkorn
Chulalongkorn was the king of Siam who avoided colonial domination and embarked upon far-reaching reforms. Chulalongkorn......
Church of Satan
Church of Satan, counterculture group founded in the United States in the 1960s by Anton Szandor LaVey, born Howard......
Church, Sir Richard
Sir Richard Church was a British soldier and Philhellene, commander of the Greek forces during the War of Greek......
Ciompi, Revolt of the
Revolt of the Ciompi, (1378), insurrection of the lower classes of Florence that briefly brought to power one of......
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, (July 12, 1790), during the French Revolution, an attempt to reorganize the Roman......
civil disobedience
civil disobedience, the refusal to obey the demands or commands of a government or occupying power, without resorting......
civil religion
civil religion, a public profession of faith that aims to inculcate political values and that prescribes dogma,......
Clarkson, Thomas
Thomas Clarkson was an abolitionist, one of the first effective publicists of the English movement against the......
Claudius
Claudius was a Roman emperor (41–54 ce), who extended Roman rule in North Africa and made Britain a province. The......
Claudius Caecus, Appius
Appius Claudius Caecus was an outstanding statesman, legal expert, and author of early Rome who was one of the......
Clay, Cassius Marcellus
Cassius Marcellus Clay was an American antislavery leader who served the abolition movement in spite of his Southern......
Cleisthenes of Athens
Cleisthenes of Athens was a statesman regarded as the founder of Athenian democracy, serving as chief archon (highest......
Cleomenes III
Cleomenes III was a Spartan king (235–222) who reorganized Sparta’s political structure and struggled unsuccessfully......
Clermont, Council of
Council of Clermont, an assembly for church reform called by Pope Urban II on November 18, 1095, which became the......
Clifford, John
John Clifford was an evangelical Baptist minister and social reformer active in the British labour movement. He......
Clive, Robert
Robert Clive was a soldier and the first British administrator of Bengal, who was one of the creators of British......
club movement
club movement, American women’s social movement founded in the mid-19th century to provide women an independent......
Cochabamba water war
Cochabamba water war, series of protests and civil unrest that took place in and around Cochabamba, one of Bolivia’s......
Coffin, Levi
Levi Coffin was an American abolitionist, called the “President of the Underground Railroad,” who assisted thousands......
Cola Di Rienzo
Cola Di Rienzo was an Italian popular leader who tried to restore the greatness of ancient Rome. He later became......
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste
Jean-Baptiste Colbert was a French statesman who served as comptroller general of finance (1665–83) and secretary......
Colebrook-Cameron Commission
Colebrook-Cameron Commission, committee sent by the British government in 1829–32 to investigate its colonial government......
Colette, St
St. Colette ; canonized 1807; feast day March 6) was a Franciscan abbess, reformer of the Poor Clares and founder......
Colleoni, Bartolomeo
Bartolomeo Colleoni was an Italian condottiere, at various times in Venetian and Milanese service and from 1454......
Collings, Jesse
Jesse Collings was a British politician, educational and agrarian reformer whose land policy was summarized in......
Collins, Michael
Michael Collins was a hero of the Irish struggle for independence, best remembered for his daring strategy in directing......
Combes, Émile
Émile Combes was a French premier (1902–05) who presided over the separation of church and state in the wake of......
Common
Common is an American hip-hop artist, actor, and activist who became a mainstream success in the early 21st century,......
common good
common good, that which benefits society as a whole, in contrast to the private good of individuals and sections......
communism
communism, political and economic doctrine that aims to replace private property and a profit-based economy with......
Comstock, Anthony
Anthony Comstock was one of the most powerful American reformers, who for more than 40 years led a crusade against......
Comstock, Elizabeth Leslie Rous
Elizabeth Leslie Rous Comstock was an Anglo-American Quaker minister and social reformer, an articulate abolitionist......
Condorcet, Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de
Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas de Caritat, marquis de Condorcet was a French philosopher of the Enlightenment and advocate......
Conway, Moncure Daniel
Moncure Daniel Conway was an American clergyman, author, and vigorous abolitionist. Conway was born of Methodist......
Corbusier, Le
Le Corbusier was an internationally influential Swiss architect and city planner, whose designs combine the functionalism......
Correa, Charles
Charles Correa was an Indian architect and urban planner known for his adaptation of Modernist tenets to local......
Corsican National Liberation Front
Corsican National Liberation Front, largest and most violent of a number of Corsican nationalist movements. It......
Cort van der Linden, Pieter
Pieter Cort van der Linden was a Dutch Liberal statesman whose ministry (1913–18) settled controversies over state......
Cosgrave, William Thomas
William Thomas Cosgrave was an Irish statesman, who was the first president of the Executive Council (prime minister;......
Costa, LĂșcio
LĂșcio Costa was a French-born Brazilian architect best known as the creator of the master plan for Brazil’s new......
Counter-Reformation
Counter-Reformation, in the history of Christianity, the Roman Catholic efforts directed in the 16th and early......
coup d’état
coup d’état, the sudden, violent overthrow of an existing government by a small group. The chief prerequisite for......
Courtney, Leonard Henry Courtney, Baron
Leonard Henry Courtney, Baron Courtney was a radical British politician who gained fame as an advocate of proportional......
Cousin, Victor
Victor Cousin was a French philosopher, educational reformer, and historian whose systematic eclecticism made him......
Cowan, Edith
Edith Cowan was an Australian social reformer, women’s rights activist, and politician who focused on helping women......
Coxey’s Army
Coxey’s Army, a group of the unemployed who marched to Washington, D.C., in the depression year of 1894. It was......
Crane, Caroline Julia Bartlett
Caroline Julia Bartlett Crane was an American minister who, after a productive career in Christian social service,......
Crispi, Francesco
Francesco Crispi was an Italian statesman who, after being exiled from Naples and Sardinia-Piedmont for revolutionary......
Cromer, Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of, Viscount Errington Of Hexham, Viscount Cromer, Baron Cromer Of Cromer
Evelyn Baring, 1st earl of Cromer was a British administrator and diplomat whose 24-year rule in Egypt as British......
Cromwell, Oliver
Oliver Cromwell was an English soldier and statesman, who led parliamentary forces in the English Civil Wars and......
Cromwell, Thomas
Thomas Cromwell was the principal adviser (1532–40) to England’s Henry VIII, chiefly responsible for establishing......
Cross, Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount
Richard Assheton Cross, 1st Viscount Cross was a British statesman responsible for the first urban renewal authorization......
Cuban Independence Movement
Cuban Independence Movement, nationalist uprising in Cuba against Spanish rule. It began with the unsuccessful......
Cuffe, Paul
Paul Cuffe was an American shipowner, merchant, and Pan-Africanist who was an influential figure in the 19th-century......
Culbertson, Ely
Ely Culbertson was an American authority on the card game known as Contract Bridge who later abandoned the game......
Cultural evolution
Cultural evolution, the development of one or more cultures from simpler to more complex forms. In the 18th and......
Cultural imperialism
Cultural imperialism, in anthropology, sociology, and ethics, the imposition by one usually politically or economically......
Cultural Revolution
Cultural Revolution, upheaval launched by Chinese Communist Party Chairman Mao Zedong during his last decade in......
Cunningham, Kate Richards O’Hare
Kate Richards O’Hare Cunningham was an American socialist and reformer whose vocal political activism led to a......
Cuong De
Cuong De was a Vietnamese prince who was cultivated by Vietnamese nationalists at the turn of the 20th century......
Curtis, George William
George William Curtis was a U.S. author, editor, and leader in civil service reform. Early in life Curtis spent......
Cushing, William
William Cushing was an American jurist who was the first appointee to the U.S. Supreme Court. Cushing graduated......
Cyprian, Saint
Saint Cyprian ; feast day September 16) was the metropolitan of Moscow in 1381–82 and 1390–1406. Educated in Greece,......
Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, Prince
Adam Jerzy, Prince Czartoryski was a Polish statesman who worked unceasingly for the restoration of Poland when......
CĂĄnovas del Castillo, Antonio
Antonio CĂĄnovas del Castillo was a Spanish historian, statesman, and prime minister, whose political activity brought......
CĂĄrdenas, LĂĄzaro
Lázaro Cárdenas was the president of Mexico (1934–40), noted for his efforts to carry out the social and economic......
Céspedes, Carlos Manuel de
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes was a Cuban revolutionary hero. Although his revolution failed, Céspedes started the......
Dachlan, Kijai Hadji Ahmad
Kijai Hadji Ahmad Dachlan was the founder of Muhammadiyah, an Islāmic reform movement with great impact on the......
Daewon-gun
Daewon-gun was the father of the Korean king Gojong. As regent from 1864 to 1873, Daewon-gun inaugurated a far-ranging......
Dance, George, the Younger
George Dance, the Younger was a British architect who was responsible for extensive urban redevelopment in London.......
Danielsson, Anders
Anders Danielsson was the foremost peasant leader in early 19th-century Sweden. Danielsson was elected to the peasant......
Daoguang
Daoguang was the reign name (nianhao) of the sixth emperor of the Qing dynasty of China, during whose reign (1820–50)......
Darius I
Darius I was the king of Persia in 522–486 bce, one of the greatest rulers of the Achaemenid Empire, who was noted......
Das, Chittaranjan
Chittaranjan Das was an Indian politician, a leader of the Indian National Congress, a lawyer, and a poet. He was......
Dato Iradier, Eduardo
Eduardo Dato Iradier was a Spanish statesman, leader of the Conservative Party from 1913 to 1921, and three-time......
Davel, Jean-Abraham-Daniel
Jean-Abraham-Daniel Davel was a Swiss popular leader, folk hero of the canton of the Vaud, who led the Vaudois......
David Ben-Gurion on Theodor Herzl
David Ben-Gurion was Israel’s first prime minister. Revered as the “Father of the Nation,” he had the honor of......
Davies, David Davies, 1st Baron
David Davies, 1st Baron Davies was a British promoter of the League of Nations, advocate of an international policing......
Davies, Emily
Emily Davies was an English pioneer in the movement to secure university education for women and the chief founder......
Davis, Angela
Angela Davis is a militant American black activist who gained an international reputation during her imprisonment......
Davis, Katharine Bement
Katharine Bement Davis was an American penologist, social worker, and writer who had a profound effect on American......
Davis, Paulina Kellogg Wright
Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis was an American feminist and social reformer, active in the early struggle for woman......

Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title