Social Movements & Trends, TEM-VIE
The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title
TempĆ reforms
TempĆ reforms, (1841â43), unsuccessful attempt by the Tokugawa shogunate (1603â1868) to restore the feudal agricultural......
Tendulkar on Gandhi
Dinanath Gopal Tendulkar first published his eight-volume biography of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Mahatma, in......
Tenentismo
Tenentismo, (from Portuguese tenente, âlieutenantâ), movement among young, idealistic Brazilian army officers,......
Teresa of Ăvila, St
St. Teresa of Ăvila ; canonized 1622; feast day October 15) was a Spanish nun, one of the great mystics and religious......
Terray, Joseph-Marie
Joseph-Marie Terray was the French controller general of finances during the last four years of the reign of King......
terrorism
terrorism, the calculated use of violence to create a general climate of fear in a population and thereby to bring......
Tewodros II
Tewodros II was the emperor of Ethiopia (1855â68) who has been called Ethiopiaâs first modern ruler. Not only did......
Than Tun, Thakin
Thakin Than Tun was a Burmese politician, leader of the Communist Party of Burma from 1945 until his death. Than......
The 50th Anniversary of the Soweto Uprising
June 16, 2026, marks the 50th anniversary of the Soweto Uprising (also called the Soweto Rebellion) in South Africa.......
the personal is political
the personal is political, political slogan expressing a common belief among feminists that the personal experiences......
The Rise of the Machines: Pros and Cons of the Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution, the period in which agrarian and handicraft economies shifted rapidly to industrial......
Theodore of Canterbury, Saint
Saint Theodore of Canterbury ; feast day September 19) was the seventh archbishop of Canterbury and the first archbishop......
Theodosius I
Theodosius I was a Roman emperor of the East (379â392) and then sole emperor of both East and West (392â395), who,......
Thomas, Norman
Norman Thomas was an American socialist, social reformer, and frequent candidate for political office. Following......
Thorbecke, Johan Rudolf
Johan Rudolf Thorbecke was a leading Dutch political figure of the mid-19th century who, as prime minister (1849â53,......
Thun und Hohenstein, Franz Anton, Prince zu
Franz Anton, prince zu Thun und Hohenstein was an Austrian administrator, prime minister, and governor of Bohemia,......
Thun und Hohenstein, Leo, Count von
Leo, count von Thun und Hohenstein was a pro-Czech Austrian statesman and administrator who improved the educational......
Thököly, Imre
Imre Thököly was a Hungarian patriot, a leader of the Hungarian Protestants in their struggle against Austrian......
Tiananmen Square incident
Tiananmen Square incident, series of protests and demonstrations in China in the spring of 1989 that culminated......
Tianshidao
Tianshidao, great popular Daoist movement that occurred near the end of Chinaâs Han dynasty (206 bceâ220 ce) and......
Ticknor, George
George Ticknor was an American author and educator who helped modernize the curriculum at Harvard University. Educated......
Tilak, Bal Gangadhar
Bal Gangadhar Tilak was a scholar, mathematician, philosopher, and ardent nationalist who helped lay the foundation......
Tillman, Ben
Ben Tillman was an outspoken U.S. populist politician who championed agrarian reform and white supremacy. Tillman......
Timeline of the American Civil Rights Movement
The civil rights movement came to national prominence in the United States during the mid-1950s and continued to......
Timeline of the Napoleonic Era
Napoleon Bonaparte rose from the ranks of the French Revolutionary army to become first consul (1799â1804) and......
Tirpitz, Alfred von
Alfred von Tirpitz was a German admiral, the chief builder of the German Navy in the 17 years preceding World War......
Tiso, Jozef
Jozef Tiso was a Slovak priest and statesman who fought for Slovak autonomy within the Czechoslovak nation during......
Tito, Josip Broz
Josip Broz Tito was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman. He was secretary-general (later president) of the Communist......
Tjokroaminoto, Omar Said
Omar Said Tjokroaminoto was a highly influential Indonesian leader of the early Indonesian nationalist movement,......
Today in HistoryâApril 16: A Landmark Win for Hip-Hop
âSit down. Be humble.â On this day in 2018 Kendrick Lamar did neither: He made history by becoming the first artist......
Today in HistoryâApril 20: Honoring Harriet Tubmanâs Legacy
Nobody knows for certain when Harriet Tubmanâs work on the Underground Railroad began. While many historians now......
Today in HistoryâApril 26: The Midnight Ride of Sybil Ludington
Paul Revere, but make it a 16-year-old girl. Enter Sybil Ludington. On this day in 1777, she rode some 40 miles......
Today in HistoryâAugust 20: The First National Labor Union Forms
Throughout the 1800s, employees worked anywhere from 10 to 16 hours, six days a week, depending on the industry.......
Today in HistoryâAugust 29: What Frederick Douglass Wrote to Harriet Tubman
By 1868 Frederick Douglass was a celebrity. Harriet Tubman was not. He was famous. Sheâd saved hundreds of lives.......
Today in HistoryâDecember 16: âBoston, a Teapot Tonight!â
On this night 252 years ago, up to 150 men marched to Griffinâs Wharf in Boston, cheered on by thousands. They......
Today in HistoryâMarch 12: When Gandhi Took On the Salt Tax
On this day in 1930, a small group of Indian citizens set out on a walk toward the sea. They intended to break......
Today in HistoryâMay 14: The Beer Parade That Helped End Prohibition
Youâve heard of âno taxation without representation,â but what about âbeer for taxationâ? Yes, on this day in 1932,......
Today in HistoryâMay 29: The Speechâs Name Is a Misnomer
On this day in 1851, abolitionist and womenâs right activist Sojourner Truth gave her most famous speech, one that......
Today in HistoryâNovember 5: Guy Fawkes and the Gunpowder Plot
On this day in 1605, English authorities caught a man in the cellar underneath the House of Lords in London, surrounded......
Today in HistoryâOctober 31: A Reformation Ignites
In 1517 a Roman Catholic monk and theologian named Martin Luther did something that would eventually split Western......
Today in HistoryâSeptember 28: Washingtonâs Ruse and the Siege of Yorktown
Where to attack: the main British force under Henry Clinton in New York City? Or Lord Cornwallisâs troops in the......
Tokugawa Nariaki
Tokugawa Nariaki was a Japanese advocate of reform measures designed to place more power in the hands of the emperor......
Tokugawa Yoshimune
Tokugawa Yoshimune was the eighth Tokugawa shogun, who is considered one of Japanâs greatest rulers. His far-reaching......
Tokutomi SohĆ
Tokutomi SohĆ was an influential Japanese historian, critic, journalist, and essayist and a leading nationalist......
Toller, Ernst
Ernst Toller was a dramatist, poet, and political activist, who was a prominent exponent of Marxism and pacifism......
Ton Duc Thang
Ton Duc Thang was a Communist leader who succeeded Ho Chi Minh as president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam......
Tone, Wolfe
Wolfe Tone was an Irish republican and rebel who sought to overthrow English rule in Ireland and who led a French......
Tooke, John Horne
John Horne Tooke was a radical politician, one of the most effective English agitators for parliamentary reform......
Torrens, Sir Robert Richard
Sir Robert Richard Torrens was an Australian statesman who introduced a simplified system of transferring land,......
Toussaint Louverture
Toussaint Louverture was a leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolutionary era (1787â99),......
Toynbee, Arnold
Arnold Toynbee was an English economist and social reformer noted for his public service activities on behalf of......
Tracy, Benjamin F
Benjamin F. Tracy was the U.S. secretary of the Navy (1889â93) who played a major role in the rebuilding and modernization......
transhumanism
transhumanism, philosophical and scientific movement that advocates the use of current and emerging technologiesâsuch......
transitional justice
transitional justice, national institutions or practices that identify and address injustices committed under a......
transnational social movement
transnational social movement, a collectivity of groups with adherents in more than one country that is committed......
Trent, Council of
Council of Trent, 19th ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, held in three parts from 1545 to 1563.......
Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire
Shortly before 5:00 pm on March 25, 1911, the approximately 500 people working at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory......
Trimble, David
David Trimble was a politician who served as first minister of the Northern Ireland Assembly (1998â2002), leader......
Trudeau, Pierre Elliott
Pierre Elliott Trudeau was a Liberal politician and prime minister of Canada (1968â79; 1980â84). His terms in office......
TrumbiÄ, Ante
Ante TrumbiÄ was a Croatian nationalist from Dalmatia who played a leading role in the founding of Yugoslavia.......
Truong Chinh
Truong Chinh was a Vietnamese scholar and statesman, a leading North Vietnamese communist intellectual. While a......
Truth, Sojourner
Sojourner Truth was born enslaved and never learned to read or write, and yet, driven by a keen intellect, a sharp-eyed......
Tscherning, Anton Frederik
Anton Frederik Tscherning was a military reformer and radical champion of democracy in mid-19th-century Denmark.......
Tubman, Harriet
Harriet Tubman was an American bondwoman who escaped from slavery in the South to become a leading abolitionist......
Tubman, William V S
William V. S. Tubman was a statesman whose 27 years as Liberiaâs 17th president constituted the longest tenure......
Tudjman, Franjo
Franjo Tudjman was a Croat politician who led the country to independence from Yugoslavia in 1991 and who was president......
Tukhachevsky, Mikhail
Mikhail Tukhachevsky was a Soviet military chief responsible for the modernization of the Red Army prior to World......
Tutu, Desmond
Desmond Tutu was a South African Anglican cleric who in 1984 received the Nobel Prize for Peace for his role in......
Tutwiler, Julia Strudwick
Julia Strudwick Tutwiler was an American educator and reformer who was responsible for making higher education......
Tyler, The Creator
Tyler, The Creator is an American rapper, producer, and fashion designer known for his often subversive artistic......
Tylor, Sir Edward Burnett
Sir Edward Burnett Tylor was an English anthropologist regarded as the founder of cultural anthropology. His most......
TÔnisson, Jaan
Jaan TÔnisson was an Estonian statesman, lawyer, newspaper editor, and civic leader who opposed Russian (tsarist......
TĂșpac Amaru
TĂșpac Amaru, Peruvian revolutionary group. Founded in 1983, the group is best known for holding 490 people hostage......
Ueland, Ole Gabriel Gabrielson
Ole Gabriel Gabrielson Ueland was a teacher and politician, the foremost champion of Norwayâs peasant class during......
Ugaki Kazushige
Ugaki Kazushige was a Japanese soldier-statesman, who in the years before World War II headed the so-called Control......
Ulanhu
Ulanhu was a Mongol nationalist and Chinese politician who was a highly visible promoter of Mongolian rights throughout......
Ulmanis, KÄrlis
KÄrlis Ulmanis was a leader in the fight for Latvian independence in the early decades of the 20th century. He......
Underwood, Francis Henry
Francis Henry Underwood was an American author and lawyer who became a founder of The Atlantic Monthly in order......
United Irishmen, Society of
Society of United Irishmen, Irish political organization formed in October 1791 by Theobald Wolfe Tone, James Napper......
United Nations Industrial Development Organization
United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), international UN development agency, based in Vienna,......
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development
United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD), autonomous United Nations body established in......
Urban II
Urban II was the head of the Roman Catholic Church (1088â99) who developed ecclesiastical reforms begun by Pope......
urban planning
urban planning, design and regulation of the uses of space that focus on the physical form, economic functions,......
urban renewal
urban renewal, comprehensive scheme to redress a complex of urban problems, including unsanitary, deficient, or......
Urban revolution
Urban revolution, in anthropology and archaeology, the processes by which agricultural village societies developed......
urbanization
urbanization, the process by which large numbers of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small......
Urquiza, Justo José de
Justo José de Urquiza was a soldier and statesman who overthrew the powerful Argentine dictator Juan Manuel de......
UstaĆĄa
UstaĆĄa, Croatian fascist movement that nominally ruled the Independent State of Croatia during World War II. In......
Vaida-Voevod, Alexandru
Alexandru Vaida-Voevod was a politician who served three times as prime minister of Romania (1919â20, 1932, 1933)......
Vajiravudh
Vajiravudh was the king of Siam from 1910 to 1925, noted for his progressive reforms and prolific writings. Vajiravudh......
Van Kleeck, Mary Abby
Mary Abby Van Kleeck was an American social researcher and reformer, a dynamic and influential figure in the investigation......
Vargas, GetĂșlio
GetĂșlio Vargas was the president of Brazil (1930â45, 1951â54), who brought social and economic changes that helped......
Velvet Revolution
Velvet Revolution, nationwide protest movement in Czechoslovakia in NovemberâDecember 1989 that ended more than......
Venizélos, Eleuthérios
EleuthĂ©rios VenizĂ©los was the prime minister of Greece (1910â15, 1917â20, 1924, 1928â32, 1933), the most prominent......
Vespasian
Vespasian was a Roman emperor (ad 69â79) who, though of humble birth, became the founder of the Flavian dynasty......
Victoria, Guadalupe
Guadalupe Victoria was a Mexican soldier and political leader who was the first president of the Mexican Republic.......
Vidyasagar, Isvar Chandra
Isvar Chandra Vidyasagar was an Indian educator and social reformer considered the father of Bengali prose. He......
Vieira, José Luandino
José Luandino Vieira is an Angolan writer of short fiction and novels. Vieira immigrated with his parents to Angola......
Viet Cong
Viet Cong (VC), the guerrilla force that, with the support of the North Vietnamese Army, fought against South Vietnam......
Viet Minh
Viet Minh, organization that led the struggle for Vietnamese independence from French rule. The Viet Minh was formed......