Social Movements & Trends, JUĂĄ-LIV

The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
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Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title

JuĂĄrez, Benito
Benito Juárez was president of Mexico from 1861 to 1872. For three years (1864–67), he fought against foreign occupation......
KaczyƄski, JarosƂaw
JarosƂaw KaczyƄski is a Polish politician who served as prime minister of Poland (2006–07) and later as deputy......
KaczyƄski, Lech
Lech KaczyƄski was a politician who served as president of Poland (2005–10). KaczyƄski and his identical twin,......
Kagawa Toyohiko
Kagawa Toyohiko was a Christian social reformer, author, and leader in Japanese labour and democratic movements......
Kang Youwei
Kang Youwei was a Chinese scholar, a leader of the Reform Movement of 1898 and a key figure in the intellectual......
Kangxi
Kangxi was the second emperor (reigned 1661–1722) of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12). To the Chinese empire......
Kansei reforms
Kansei reforms, series of conservative measures promoted (largely during the Kansei era [1789–1801]) by the Japanese......
KapodĂ­strias, IoĂĄnnis AntĂłnios, Komis
IoĂĄnnis AntĂłnios, Komis KapodĂ­strias was a Greek statesman who was prominent in the Russian foreign service during......
Karavelov, Lyuben Stoychev
Lyuben Stoychev Karavelov was a Bulgarian writer and revolutionary who contributed to the national reawakening......
Kartini, Raden Adjeng
Raden Adjeng Kartini was a Javanese noblewoman whose letters made her an important symbol for the Indonesian independence......
Karve, Dhondo Keshav
Dhondo Keshav Karve was an Indian social reformer and educator, noted for supporting the education of women and......
Katay Don Sasorith
Katay Don Sasorith was a Lao nationalist and author of eloquent resistance pamphlets in his youth, who later held......
Katipunan
Katipunan, (“Supreme Worshipful Association of the Sons of the People”), Filipino nationalist organization founded......
Kaunda, Kenneth
Kenneth Kaunda was a politician who led Zambia to independence in 1964 and served as that country’s president until......
Kehew, Mary Morton Kimball
Mary Morton Kimball Kehew was an American reformer who worked to improve the living and working conditions of mid-19th-century......
Kelley, Florence
Florence Kelley was an American social reformer who contributed to the development of state and federal labour......
Kenyatta, Jomo
Jomo Kenyatta was an African statesman and nationalist, the first prime minister (1963–64) and then the first president......
Kern, Johann Conrad
Johann Conrad Kern was a longtime Swiss minister to France and one of the authors of the Swiss federal constitution......
Khmer Issarak
Khmer Issarak, anti-French nationalist movement organized in Cambodia in 1946. It quickly split into factions,......
Khmer Rouge
Khmer Rouge, radical communist movement that ruled Cambodia from 1975 to 1979 after winning power through a guerrilla......
Khomeini, Ruhollah
Ruhollah Khomeini was an Iranian ShiÊżi cleric who led the revolution that overthrew Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi......
Khosrow I
Khosrow I was a Persian king who ruled the Sāsānian empire from 531 to 579 and was remembered as a great reformer......
Killens, John Oliver
John Oliver Killens was an American writer and activist known for his politically charged novels—particularly Youngblood......
King, Gregory
Gregory King was an English genealogist, engraver, and statistician, best known for his Natural and Political Observations......
Kitabatake Chikafusa
Kitabatake Chikafusa was a Japanese warrior, statesman, and author of the influential politico-historical treatise......
Klapka, György
György Klapka was a soldier and Hungarian nationalist, one of the leaders in the revolutionary war of 1848–49.......
Klemm, Gustav Friedrich
Gustav Friedrich Klemm was a German anthropologist who developed the concept of culture and is thought to have......
Kogălniceanu, Mihail
Mihail Kogălniceanu was a Romanian statesman and reformer, one of the founders of modern Romanian historiography,......
Kollontay, Aleksandra Mikhaylovna
Aleksandra Mikhaylovna Kollontay was a Russian revolutionary who advocated radical changes in traditional social......
KolokotrĂłnis, TheĂłdoros
Theódoros Kolokotrónis was a prominent Greek patriot in the War of Greek Independence (1821–30). As a member of......
Konarski, StanisƂaw
StanisƂaw Konarski was a Roman Catholic priest and political writer, who influenced the reform of education in......
Korfanty, Wojciech
Wojciech Korfanty was a political leader who played a major role in the national reawakening of the Poles of Upper......
KoroĆĄec, Anton
Anton KoroĆĄec was a Slovene political leader who helped to found the Yugoslav nation after World War I and briefly......
Kosola, Iisakki Vihtori
Vihtori Iisakki Kosola was a nationalist political leader, the founder and commander of modern Finland’s Fascist......
Kossuth, Lajos
Lajos Kossuth was a political reformer who inspired and led Hungary’s struggle for independence from Austria. His......
Kovic, Ron
Ron Kovic is a Vietnam War veteran, activist, and author who became a leading antiwar figure in the 1970s. Kovic......
KoƂƂątaj, Hugo
Hugo KoƂƂątaj was a Polish Roman Catholic priest, reformer, and politician who was prominent in the movement for......
Kripalani, Jivatram Bhagwandas
Jivatram Bhagwandas Kripalani was a prominent Indian educator, social activist, and politician in both pre- and......
Kronshtadt Rebellion
Kronshtadt Rebellion, (March 1921), one of several major internal uprisings against Soviet rule in Russia after......
Kropotkin, Peter Alekseyevich
Peter Alekseyevich Kropotkin was a Russian revolutionary and geographer, the foremost theorist of the anarchist......
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan was a Mongolian general and statesman, who was the grandson and greatest successor of Genghis Khan.......
Kudirka, Vincas
Vincas Kudirka was a Lithuanian physician, writer, and patriot who, through an underground literary-political journal,......
Kuhn, Maggie
Maggie Kuhn was an American social activist who was central in establishing the group that became known as the......
Kurdistan Workers’ Party
Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK), militant Kurdish nationalist organization founded by Abdullah (“Apo”) Öcalan in......
Kāmil, MuáčŁáč­afā
MuáčŁáč­afā Kāmil was a lawyer, journalist, and Egyptian nationalist who was a founder of the National Party. MuáčŁáč­afā......
La Farina, Giuseppe
Giuseppe La Farina was an Italian revolutionary, writer, and leader and historian of the Risorgimento. The son......
La Flesche, Susette
Susette La Flesche was a Native American writer, lecturer, and activist in the cause of Native peoples’ rights.......
La Fontaine, Henri
Henri La Fontaine was a Belgian international lawyer and president of the International Peace Bureau (1907–43)......
La Guma, Alex
Alex La Guma was a black novelist of South Africa in the 1960s whose characteristically brief works (e.g., A Walk......
La Harpe, Frédéric-César de
Frédéric-César de La Harpe was a Swiss political leader and Vaudois patriot, tutor and confidant to Tsar Alexander......
La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, François-Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de
François-Alexandre-Frédéric, duc de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt was an educator and social reformer who founded......
Labour, Liberation of
Liberation of Labour, first Russian Marxist organization, founded in September 1883 in Geneva, by Georgy Valentinovich......
Laidoner, Johan
Johan Laidoner was an Estonian soldier and patriot who led the Estonian liberation army in 1918 and supported the......
Lal, Devi
Devi Lal was an Indian politician and government official who founded the Indian National Lok Dal (INLD) political......
Landless Workers Movement
Landless Workers Movement (MST), Brazilian social movement seeking agrarian reform through land expropriation.......
Lange, Christian Lous
Christian Lous Lange was a Norwegian peace advocate, secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union (1909–33),......
Langiewicz, Marian
Marian Langiewicz was a Polish soldier and patriot who played a key role in the Polish insurrection of 1863. After......
Lanza, Giovanni
Giovanni Lanza was an Italian statesman and political activist of the Risorgimento who was premier in 1870 when......
Lao Issara
Lao Issara, Laotian political movement against French colonial control, founded in 1945. The departure of the Japanese......
Lateran Council, Fifth
Fifth Lateran Council, (1512–17), the 18th ecumenical council, convoked by Pope Julius II and held in the Lateran......
Lateran Council, Fourth
Fourth Lateran Council, (1215), the 12th ecumenical council, generally considered the greatest council before Trent.......
Lathrop, Julia Clifford
Julia Clifford Lathrop was an American social welfare worker who was the first director of the U.S. Children’s......
Laurier, Wilfrid
Wilfrid Laurier was the first French Canadian prime minister of the Dominion of Canada (1896–1911), noted especially......
Lawes, Lewis Edward
Lewis Edward Lawes was a U.S. penologist whose introduction of novel penal administrative policies helped to emphasize......
Lawrence, John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron
John Laird Mair Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence was a British viceroy and governor-general of India whose institution......
Lawrence, Sir Henry Montgomery
Sir Henry Montgomery Lawrence was an English soldier and administrator who helped to consolidate British rule in......
Lawson, James
James Lawson was an American minister who was instrumental in the founding of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating......
Le Duc Tho
Le Duc Tho was a Vietnamese politician who, acting as an adviser to North Vietnam, negotiated a cease-fire agreement......
Le Play, Frédéric
Frédéric Le Play was a French mining engineer and sociologist who developed techniques for systematic research......
Le Tellier, Michel
Michel Le Tellier was the secretary of state for war (1643–77) and then chancellor who created the royal army that......
Le Thanh Tong
Le Thanh Tong was the greatest ruler of the Later Le dynasty (q.v.; 1428–1788) in Vietnam. Though the early years......
Ledoux, Claude-Nicolas
Claude-Nicolas Ledoux was a French architect who developed an eclectic and visionary architecture linked with nascent......
Lee Kuan Yew
Lee Kuan Yew was a politician and lawyer who was prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. Widely regarded......
Lefùvre d’Étaples, Jacques
Jacques Lefùvre d’Étaples was an outstanding French humanist, theologian, and translator whose scholarship stimulated......
Leo III
Leo III was a Byzantine emperor (717–741), who founded the Isaurian, or Syrian, dynasty, successfully resisted......
Leo IX, St.
St. Leo IX ; feast day April 19) was the head of the medieval Latin church (1049–54), during whose reign the papacy......
Leopold I
Leopold I was a prince of Anhalt-Dessau, Prussian field marshal and reformer and inventor of the iron ramrod; he......
Leveler
Leveler, member of a republican and democratic faction in England during the period of the Civil Wars and Commonwealth.......
Lever, William Hesketh
William Hesketh Lever was a British soap and detergent entrepreneur who built the international firm of Lever Brothers.......
Levinson, Salmon Oliver
Salmon Oliver Levinson was a lawyer who originated and publicized the “outlawry of war” movement in the United......
Levski, Vasil
Vasil Levski was a Bulgarian revolutionary leader in the struggle for liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule.......
Liberal Party
Liberal Party, a British political party that emerged in the mid-19th century as the successor to the historic......
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), guerrilla organization that sought to establish an independent Tamil state,......
libertarianism
libertarianism, political philosophy that takes individual liberty to be the primary political value. It may be......
Liberty, Sons of
Sons of Liberty, organization formed in the American colonies in the summer of 1765 to oppose the Stamp Act. The......
Liddell Hart, Sir Basil
Sir Basil Liddell Hart was a British military historian and strategist known for his advocacy of mechanized warfare.......
Likud
Likud, right-wing Israeli political party. It was founded in September 1973 to challenge the Israel Labour Party,......
Lil Nas X
Lil Nas X is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter best known for his 2018 country rap single “Old Town Road,”......
Lima, Manuel dos Santos
Manuel dos Santos Lima is an Angolan poet, dramatist, and novelist whose writing is rooted in the struggle for......
Lin Zexu
Lin Zexu was a leading Chinese scholar and official of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty, known for his role in the events......
Lindsey, Ben B.
Ben B. Lindsey was an American judge, international authority on juvenile delinquency, and reformer of legal procedures......
Linz program
Linz program, expression of German nationalist radicalism within Austria-Hungary, named after its town of origin......
List of Key Figures in the American Civil Rights Movement
The American civil rights movement was a nationwide struggle for justice and equality for Black Americans during......
List of Secessionist Movements in the United States
A number of secessionist movements have arisen in the United States since its formation in 1776. Indeed, the very......
List of the Largest Single-Day Protests in the United States
The First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution guarantees citizens the rights to free speech and peaceful assembly—freedoms......
List, Friedrich
Friedrich List was a German-U.S. economist who believed tariffs on imported goods would stimulate domestic development.......
Liu Shaoqi
Liu Shaoqi was the chairman of the People’s Republic of China (1959–68) and chief theoretician for the Chinese......
Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice
Mary Ashton Rice Livermore was an American suffragist and reformer who believed that woman being able to vote would......

Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title