Social Movements & Trends, HOF-JUS
The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Hoffman, Abbie
Abbie Hoffman was an American political activist who founded the Youth International Party (Yippies) and was known......
Holyoke, Edward
Edward Holyoke was the 10th president of Harvard College, who liberalized and strengthened its academic program.......
Home Rule
Home Rule, in British and Irish history, movement to secure internal autonomy for Ireland within the British Empire.......
Homestead Movement
Homestead Movement, in U.S. history, movement that promoted the free ownership of land in the Midwest, Great Plains,......
Hope, John
John Hope was an American educator and advocate of advanced liberal-arts instruction for Black students at a time......
Hope, Lugenia Burns
Lugenia Burns Hope was an American social reformer whose Neighborhood Union and other community service organizations......
Hortensius, Quintus
Quintus Hortensius was a dictator of Rome in 287 who ended two centuries of âstruggle between the ordersâ (the......
Hostile architecture
Hostile architecture, urban design strategy that uses elements of the built environment to guide or restrict certain......
Hostos, Eugenio MarĂa de
Eugenio MarĂa de Hostos was an educator and writer who was an early advocate of self-government for the island......
How Does the U.S. Government Define the Difference Between a Protest and a Riot?
Generally speaking, a protest in the sense relevant here is âa usually organized public demonstration of disapprovalâ......
How much tea was dumped during the Boston Tea Party?
The Boston Tea Party saw the disposal of 342 chests of tea into Boston Harbor. On the night of December 16, 1773,......
Howard, John
John Howard was an English philanthropist and reformer in the fields of penology and public health. On his fatherâs......
Howe, Julia Ward
Julia Ward Howe was an American author and lecturer best known for her âBattle Hymn of the Republic.â Julia Ward......
Hu Shih
Hu Shih was a Chinese Nationalist diplomat and scholar, an important leader of Chinese thought who helped establish......
Huang Xing
Huang Xing was a revolutionary who helped organize the Chinese uprising of 1911 that overthrew the Qing dynasty......
Huang Zongxi
Huang Zongxi was one of the foremost Chinese scholars and reformers in the early Qing dynasty (1644â1911/12), whose......
Huerta, Dolores
Dolores Huerta was an American labor leader and activist whose work on behalf of migrant farmworkers led to the......
Hugenberg, Alfred
Alfred Hugenberg was a German industrialist and political leader. As the head of a huge newspaper and film empire......
human security
human security, approach to national and international security that gives primacy to human beings and their complex......
Humane Society of the United States
Humane Society of the United States (HSUS), nonprofit animal-welfare and animal rights advocacy group founded in......
Humbert of Silva Candida
Humbert of Silva Candida was a cardinal, papal legate, and theologian whose ideas advanced the 11th-century ecclesiastical......
Hume, John
John Hume was the leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in Northern Ireland from 1979 to 2001.......
Hume, Joseph
Joseph Hume was a British radical politician responsible for a number of social reforms. After making his fortune......
hunger strike
hunger strike, form of nonviolent protest in which a person refuses to eat for a prolonged period of time until......
Hunt, Henry
Henry Hunt was a British radical political reformer who gained the nickname âOratorâ Hunt for his ubiquitous speechmaking......
Hunt, Mary Hannah Hanchett
Mary Hannah Hanchett Hunt was an American temperance leader who adopted a physiological basis for her campaign......
Huntersâ Lodges
Huntersâ Lodges, secret organization of Canadian rebels and American adventurers in the United States, dedicated......
Hus, Jan
Jan Hus was the most important 15th-century Czech religious reformer, whose work was transitional between the medieval......
Huskisson, William
William Huskisson was a British statesman and a leading advocate of free trade. In 1793 Huskisson was employed......
Hussein ibn Ali
Hussein ibn Ali was the emir of Mecca from 1908 to 1916 and king of the Hejaz from 1916 to 1924. Hussein was born......
Husseini, Amin al-
Amin al-Husseini was the grand mufti of Jerusalem and an Arab nationalist figure who played a major role in Arab......
Hutchins, Robert Maynard
Robert Maynard Hutchins was an American educator and university and foundation president, who criticized overspecialization......
Huynh Phu So
Huynh Phu So was a Vietnamese philosopher, Buddhist reformer, and founder (1939) of the religion Phat Giao Hoa......
Huynh Tan Phat
Huynh Tan Phat was one of the leading theoreticians of the National Liberation Front (NLF), the Vietnamese guerrilla......
Huysmans, Camille
Camille Huysmans was a socialist writer and statesman, a leader of the moderate wing of the Flemish nationalist......
Hylton, R. Dale
R. Dale Hylton was an animal rights activist and educator in the humane treatment of animals who served for more......
Héré de Corny, Emmanuel
Emmanuel HĂ©rĂ© de Corny was a French court architect to StanisĆaw LeszczyĆski, duke of Lorraine, best known for......
HĂžrup, Viggo
Viggo HĂžrup was a Danish politician and journalist, the leading late 19th-century advocate of parliamentary government......
HĆjĆ Yasutoki
HĆjĆ Yasutoki was a regent whose administrative innovations in the shogunate, or military dictatorship, were responsible......
Ice Cube
Ice Cube is an American rapper and actor whose membership in the seminal gangsta rap group N.W.A gained him acclaim......
Ice-T
Ice-T rose to fame in the late 1980s and early â90s as a gangsta rapper who developed a reputation for being fearless......
Ickes, Harold L
Harold L. Ickes was a U.S. social activist who became a prominent member of the New Deal Democratic administration......
identity politics
identity politics, political or social activity by or on behalf of a racial, ethnic, cultural, religious, gender,......
Ignatyev, Nikolay Pavlovich, Graf
Nikolay Pavlovich, Count Ignatyev was a pan-Slavist diplomat and statesman who played a major role in the administration......
Illyrian movement
Illyrian movement, South Slav nationalist movement (c. 1835â48). Begun in the 1830s, largely through the efforts......
Indian Association
Indian Association, nationalist political group in India that favored local self-government and served as a forerunner......
Indian National Congress
Indian National Congress, broadly based political party of India. Founded in 1885, it dominated the Indian movement......
Indian Reorganization Act
Indian Reorganization Act, (June 18, 1934), measure enacted by the U.S. Congress, aimed at decreasing federal control......
Indiaâs 2026 Gen Z Protests Explained
During the monsoon season of 2026, Indiaâs Generation Z led a massive countrywide protest. Its ingredients were......
Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution, in modern history, the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one......
industrialization
industrialization, the process of converting to a socioeconomic order in which industry is dominant. A brief treatment......
Inoue EnryĆ
Inoue EnryĆ was a Japanese philosopher and educator who attempted to reinterpret Buddhist concepts so they would......
insurgency
insurgency, term historically restricted to rebellious acts that did not reach the proportions of an organized......
Insurrection
Insurrection, an organized and usually violent act of revolt or rebellion against an established government or......
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO), secret revolutionary society that was active in the late......
International Council of Women
International Council of Women (ICW), organization, founded in 1888, that works with agencies around the world......
intifada
intifada, in the Arab world, an uprising or rebellion. In Arabic, the term is applied variously to popular protest......
Iorga, Nicolae
Nicolae Iorga was a scholar and statesman, Romaniaâs greatest national historian, who also served briefly as its......
Iphicrates
Iphicrates was an Athenian general known chiefly for his use of lightly armed troops (peltasts); he increased the......
Irgun Zvai Leumi
Irgun Zvai Leumi, Jewish right-wing underground movement in Palestine, founded in 1931. At first supported by many......
Irredentist
Irredentist, any of the Italian patriots prominent in the last quarter of the 19th century and the early 20th century......
Islamic Cooperation, Organization of the
Organization of the Islamic Cooperation (OIC), an Islamic organization established in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, in......
IsmÄÊżÄ«l
IsmÄÊżÄ«l was the second ruler of the ÊżAlawÄ« dynasty of Morocco; his long reign (1672â1727) saw the consolidation......
IsmÄÊżÄ«l ShahÄ«d, Muáž„ammad
Muáž„ammad IsmÄÊżÄ«l ShahÄ«d was an Indian Muslim reformer who attempted to purge Indian Islam from idolatry and who......
Iturbide, AgustĂn de
AgustĂn de Iturbide was a Mexican caudillo (military chieftain) who became the leader of the conservative factions......
Ivan III
Ivan III was the grand prince of Moscow (1462â1505) who subdued most of the Great Russian lands by conquest or......
J-curve hypothesis
J-curve hypothesis, in sociology and political science, theory that attempts to identify the reasons behind the......
Jabavu, Davidson Don Tengo
Davidson Don Tengo Jabavu was a Black educator and South African political leader. The son of John Tengo Jabavu,......
Jabotinsky, Vladimir
Vladimir Jabotinsky was a Zionist leader, journalist, orator, and man of letters who founded the militant Zionist......
Jacobs, Harriet
Harriet Jacobs was an American abolitionist and autobiographer who crafted her own experiences into Incidents in......
Jacobs, Jane
Jane Jacobs was an American-born Canadian urbanologist noted for her clear and original observations on urban life......
Jahn, Friedrich Ludwig
Friedrich Ludwig Jahn was the German âfather of gymnasticsâ who founded the turnverein (gymnastics club) movement......
Jam Master Jay
Jam Master Jay was an American rap musician and producer who was a member of Run-DMC, the first rap group to attract......
James I
James I was the king of Scots from 1406 to 1437. During the 13 years (1424â37) in which he had control of the government,......
JAY-Z
JAY-Z is an American rapper, entrepreneur, and philanthropist who became one of the most influential figures in......
Jebb, John
John Jebb was a British political, religious, and social reformer who championed humanitarian and constitutional......
Jefferson, Thomas
Thomas Jefferson was the draftsman of the Declaration of Independence of the United States and the nationâs first......
Jeremiah
Jeremiah was a Hebrew prophet, reformer, and author of a biblical book that bears his name. He was closely involved......
Jerome of Prague
Jerome of Prague was a Czech philosopher and theologian whose advocacy of sweeping religious reform in the Western......
Jiang Zemin
Jiang Zemin was a Chinese official who was general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP; 1989â2002) and......
Jiaqing
Jiaqing was the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644â1911/12), during whose reign (1796â1820) a partial attempt......
Jiménez de Cisneros, Francisco
Francisco JimĂ©nez de Cisneros was a prelate, religious reformer, and twice regent of Spain (1506, 1516â17). In......
jingoism
jingoism, an attitude of belligerent nationalism, or a blind adherence to the rightness or virtue of oneâs own......
Jinnah, Mohammed Ali
Mohammed Ali Jinnah was an Indian Muslim politician, who was the founder and first governor-general (1947â48) of......
John Of Kronshtadt
John Of Kronshtadt was a Russian Orthodox priest-ascetic whose pastoral and educational activities, particularly......
John of the Cross, St
St. John of the Cross ; canonized 1726; feast day December 14) was one of the greatest Christian mystics and Spanish......
John of Ăvila, St
St. John of Ăvila ; canonized 1970; feast day May 10) was a Roman Catholic reformer, author, and spiritual director.......
John XXIII, St
St. John XXIII ; beatified September 3, 2000; canonized April 27, 2014; feast day October 11) was the pope, the......
Jones, Inigo
Inigo Jones was a British painter, architect, and designer who founded the English classical tradition of architecture.......
Jones, Samuel M.
Samuel M. Jones was a Welsh-born U.S. businessman and civic politician notable for his progressive policies in......
Joseph II
Joseph II was the Holy Roman emperor (1765â90), at first coruler with his mother, Maria Theresa (1765â80), and......
Joseph of Volokolamsk, Saint
Saint Joseph of Volokolamsk ; canonized 1578; feast day September 9) was a Russian Orthodox abbot and theologian......
Josiah
Josiah was the king of Judah (c. 640â609 bce), who set in motion a reformation that bears his name and that left......
João Lourenço
João Lourenço is an Angolan politician and, since 2017, the president of Angola. He has been a longtime member......
Juan Carlos
Juan Carlos was the king of Spain from 1975 to 2014. He acceded to the Spanish throne two days after the death......
Judicature Act of 1873
Judicature Act of 1873, in England, the act of Parliament that created the Supreme Court of Judicature (q.v.) and......
Juice WRLD
Juice WRLD was an American rapper known for his freestyling ability and introspective lyrics. He first gained popularity......
Julian, George W.
George W. Julian was an American reform politician who began as an abolitionist, served in Congress as a Radical......
Jung Bahadur
Jung Bahadur was the prime minister and virtual ruler of Nepal from 1846 to 1877, who established the powerful......
Justinian I
Justinian I was a Byzantine emperor (527â565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government......