Social Movements & Trends, VIE-ZAG

The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
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Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title

Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang
Viet Nam Quoc Dan Dang (VNQDD), the first large-scale revolutionary nationalist organization in Vietnam. Founded......
Vinogradoff, Sir Paul Gavrilovitch
Sir Paul Gavrilovitch Vinogradoff was an Anglo-Russian legal scholar and medievalist who was perhaps the greatest......
virtual sit-in
virtual sit-in, a tactic used by Internet activists to strongly inhibit or halt a Web site’s traffic. Conducted......
Vivekananda
Vivekananda was a Hindu monk, spiritual leader, preacher, and reformer in India and an activating force in the......
Vladimirescu, Tudor
Tudor Vladimirescu was a national hero, leader of the popular uprising of 1821 in Walachia. A participant in the......
Vo Chi Cong
Vo Chi Cong was a strongly anti-French Communist revolutionary who was among the earliest fighters for Vietnam’s......
Vo Nguyen Giap
Vo Nguyen Giap was a Vietnamese military and political leader whose perfection of guerrilla as well as conventional......
Vogelsang, Karl, Freiherr von
Karl, Freiherr von Vogelsang was a Roman Catholic social reformer whose writings helped shape the ideas and actions......
Wafd
Wafd, (Arabic: “Egyptian Delegation”), nationalist political party that was instrumental in gaining Egyptian independence......
Wagner, Robert F.
Robert F. Wagner was a U.S. senator and leading architect of the modern welfare state. Wagner arrived in the United......
Waldeck-Rousseau, René
René Waldeck-Rousseau was a politician who, as premier of France, settled the Dreyfus Affair. He was also responsible......
Walker, David
David Walker was an African American abolitionist whose pamphlet Appeal
to the Colored Citizens of the World
 (1829),......
Walker, Mary Edwards
Mary Edwards Walker was an American physician and reformer who is thought to have been the first female surgeon......
Walras, Léon
LĂ©on Walras was a French-born economist whose work ÉlĂ©ments d’économie politique pure (1874–77; Elements of Pure......
Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi was a Chinese poet and prose writer, best known as a governmental reformer who implemented his unconventional......
Wang Ching-wei
Wang Ching-wei was an associate of the revolutionary Nationalist leader Sun Yat-sen, rival of Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang......
Wang Fuzhi
Wang Fuzhi was a Chinese nationalistic philosopher, historian, and poet in the early years of the Qing dynasty......
Wang Tao
Wang Tao was one of the pioneers of modern journalism in China and an early leader of the movement to reform traditional......
War on Poverty
War on Poverty, expansive social welfare legislation introduced in the 1960s by the administration of U.S. Pres.......
Ward, Samuel Ringgold
Samuel Ringgold Ward was a black American abolitionist known for his oratorical power. Born a slave, Ward escaped......
Was Martin Luther King, Jr., a Republican or a Democrat?
Political parties are always looking for endorsements from community leaders and other influencers. Having support......
Wazīr, Khalīl Ibrāhīm al-
Khalīl Ibrāhīm al-Wazīr was a Palestinian leader who became the military strategist and second in command of the......
Weaver, Robert C.
Robert C. Weaver was a noted American economist who, as the first secretary (1966–68) of the U.S. Department of......
Wedel-Jarlsberg, Herman, Count
Herman, Count Wedel-Jarlsberg was a Norwegian patriot and statesman. He was the leading advocate of Norwegian-Swedish......
Weese, Harry M.
Harry M. Weese was an American architect of the Chicago school who designed the subway system in Washington, D.C.—considered......
Weizmann, Chaim
Chaim Weizmann was the first president of the new nation of Israel (1949–52), who was for decades the guiding spirit......
Weld, Theodore Dwight
Theodore Dwight Weld was an American antislavery crusader in the pre-Civil War period. While a ministerial student......
welfare state
welfare state, concept of government in which the state or a well-established network of social institutions plays......
Wells, H.G.
H.G. Wells was an English novelist, journalist, sociologist, and historian best known for such science fiction......
Wendi
Wendi was the emperor who reigned from 581–604 and reunified and reorganized China after 300 years of instability,......
Westernization
Westernization, the adoption of the practices and culture of western Europe by societies and countries in other......
Westernizer
Westernizer, in 19th-century Russia, especially in the 1840s and ’50s, one of the intellectuals who emphasized......
Westminster Assembly
Westminster Assembly, (1643–52), assembly called by the English Long Parliament to reform the Church of England.......
Wharton, Philip Wharton, 4th Baron
Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton was a prominent English reforming peer from the English Civil Wars to the Glorious......
What does “black pill” refer to?
Black pill ideology is inspired by the 1999 film The Matrix, which created a futuristic world in which fighters......
What Is Dark Academia?
Dark academia is an online subculture with a heavy emphasis on reading and writing, manifesting primarily through......
What is the 3.5% rule?
The 3.5% rule refers to the assertion that if at least 3.5% of a country’s population has actively opposed the......
What is the first sub-Saharan African country to gain independence?
Following a long period of European administration in Africa, in the 20th century many colonies agitated to regain......
What Led to France’s Reign of Terror?
On September 5, 1793, a group of Parisian radicals petitioned the National Convention to place “terror on the order......
What was Hadrian’s relationship with his Jewish subjects?
Rome’s relationship with the Jewish population of the Roman Empire had been strained since the destruction of Jerusalem......
What was the last sub-Saharan African country to gain independence?
The last sub-Saharan African country to become independent was South Sudan, which gained independence from its......
What Was the Pink Tide in Latin America?
The Pink Tide refers to a wave of left-leaning political movements and governments that swept across Latin America......
When Representing Your Country Becomes Political
When it comes to sporting events, there is perhaps nothing more stirring than the sight of victorious athletes......
Where Did the Word Hippie Come From?
As might be guessed, the word hippie is derived from the word hip, which conveys being up-to-date and fashionable.......
whistleblower
whistleblower, an individual who, without authorization, reveals private or classified information about an organization,......
White, Leslie A.
Leslie A. White was an American anthropologist best known for his theories of the evolution of culture and for......
White, Walter
Walter White was the foremost spokesman for African Americans for almost a quarter of a century and executive secretary......
Whittier, John Greenleaf
John Greenleaf Whittier was an American poet and abolitionist who, in the latter part of his life, shared with......
Who Was Renee Nicole Macklin Good?
Renee Nicole Macklin Good was an American citizen and mother who was shot and killed on January 7, 2026, in an......
Wielopolski, Count Aleksander
Count Aleksander Wielopolski was a Polish statesman who undertook a program of major internal reforms coupled with......
Wilberforce, William
William Wilberforce was a British politician and philanthropist who from 1787 was prominent in the struggle to......
Wille, Ulrich
Ulrich Wille was a Swiss military leader and commander in chief of the Swiss Army during World War I who made major......
William II
William II was the king of the Netherlands and grand duke of Luxembourg (1840–49) whose reign saw the reestablishment......
William Of Hirsau
William Of Hirsau was a German cleric, Benedictine abbot, and monastic reformer, the principal German advocate......
Williams, Betty
Betty Williams was a Northern Irish peace activist who, with MĂĄiread Maguire and Ciaran McKeown, founded the Peace......
Williams, Fannie Barrier
Fannie Barrier Williams was an American social reformer, lecturer, and clubwoman who cofounded (1893) the National......
Williams, Jody
Jody Williams is an American activist who helped found the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) in 1992.......
Williams, Robert
Robert Williams was an American civil rights leader known for taking a militant stance against racism decades before......
Williams, Saul
Saul Williams is an American rapper, poet, and actor who has been a prominent figure in the scenes of alternative......
Wilson, Godfrey
Godfrey Wilson was a British anthropologist and analyst of social change in Africa. In 1938 Wilson was appointed......
Wilson, Henry
Henry Wilson was the 18th vice president of the United States (1873–75) in the Republican administration of President......
Witness for Peace
Witness for Peace (WFP), U.S. nonprofit organization founded in 1983 by faith-based activists in response to the......
Witte, Sergey Yulyevich, Graf
Sergey Yulyevich, Count Witte was a Russian minister of finance (1892–1903) and the first constitutional prime......
Wittenmyer, Annie Turner
Annie Turner Wittenmyer was an American relief worker and reformer who helped supply medical aid and dietary assistance......
Wojciechowski, StanisƂaw
StanisƂaw Wojciechowski was one of the leaders in the struggle for Polish independence from Russia in the years......
Wolfenden Report
Wolfenden Report, a study containing recommendations for laws governing sexual behaviour, published in 1957 by......
Women of All Red Nations
Women of All Red Nations (WARN), American organization, founded in 1974, that developed out of a group of women......
Women Strike for Peace
Women Strike for Peace (WSP), organization that evolved out of an international protest against atmospheric nuclear......
Women’s March
Women’s March, demonstrations held throughout the world on January 21, 2017, to support gender equality, civil......
women’s rights movement
women’s rights movement, diverse social movement, largely based in the United States, that in the 1960s and ’70s......
women’s suffrage
women’s suffrage, the right of women by law to vote in national or local elections. Women were excluded from voting......
Women’s Trade Union League
Women’s Trade Union League (WTUL), American organization, the first national association dedicated to organizing......
Wood, John, the Elder
John Wood the Elder was an English architect and town planner who established the physical character of the resort......
Wood, John, the Younger
John Wood the Younger was a British architect whose work at Bath represents the culmination of the Palladian tradition......
Woodhull, Victoria
Victoria Woodhull was an unconventional American reformer, who at various times championed such diverse causes......
Woolman, John
John Woolman was a British-American Quaker leader and abolitionist whose Journal is recognized as one of the classic......
Wright, Frances
Frances Wright was a Scottish-born American social reformer whose revolutionary views on religion, education, marriage,......
Wu-Tang Clan
Wu-Tang Clan, groundbreaking American rap collective known for its sharp lyricism, old-school rap influence, and......
Wudi
Wudi was the autocratic Chinese emperor (141–87 bc) who vastly increased the authority of the Han dynasty (206......
Wycliffe, John
John Wycliffe was an English theologian, philosopher, church reformer, and promoter of the first complete translation......
Xuanzong
Xuanzong was the temple name (miaohao) of the seventh emperor of the Tang dynasty (618–907) of China, which during......
Yamagata Aritomo
Yamagata Aritomo was a Japanese soldier and statesman who exerted a strong influence in Japan’s emergence as a......
Yang Yan
Yang Yan was a minister to the Tang emperor Dezong (reigned 779–805). Yang introduced a new system of taxation......
Yaងyā
Yaងyā was a Zaydī imam of Yemen from 1904 to 1948. When Yaងyā was a child, Yemen was a province of the Ottoman......
Yeats, Jack Butler
Jack Butler Yeats was the most important Irish painter of the 20th century. His scenes of daily life and Celtic......
Yellow Turbans
Yellow Turbans, Chinese secret society whose members’ uprising, the Yellow Turban Rebellion (184–c. 204 ce), contributed......
Yisrael Beiteinu
Yisrael Beiteinu, Israeli political party established in 1999 by Avigdor Lieberman. Like the Likud Party, Yisrael......
Yongzheng
Yongzheng was the reign name (nianhao) of the third emperor (reigned 1722–35) of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12),......
Yorck von Wartenburg, Johann, Graf
Johann Yorck, count von Wartenburg was a Prussian field marshal, reformer, and successful commander during the......
Young Algerians
Young Algerians, Algerian nationalist group. Formed shortly before World War I (1914–18), they were a loosely organized......
Young America Movement
Young America Movement, philosophical, economic, spiritual, and political concept in vogue in the United States......
Young Ireland
Young Ireland, Irish nationalist movement of the 1840s. Begun by a group of Irish intellectuals who founded and......
Young Italy
Young Italy, movement founded by Giuseppe Mazzini in 1831 to work for a united, republican Italian nation. Attracting......
Young Ottomans
Young Ottomans, secret Turkish nationalist organization formed in Istanbul in June 1865. A forerunner of other......
Young Tunisians
Young Tunisians, political party formed in 1907 by young French-educated Tunisian intellectuals in opposition to......
Young Turks
Young Turks, coalition of various reform groups that led a revolutionary movement against the authoritarian regime......
Ypsilanti family
Ypsilanti family, Greek family prominent in the 19th century. Early members were Greek Phanariots (residents of......
Zafrulla Khan, Sir Muhammad
Sir Muhammad Zafrulla Khan was a Pakistani politician, diplomat, and international jurist, known particularly for......
Zaghloul, Saad
Saad Zaghloul was an Egyptian statesman and patriot, leader of the Wafd party and of the nationalist movement of......

Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title