Social Movements & Trends, ASQ-BOH
The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Asquith, H.H., 1st earl of Oxford and Asquith
H.H. Asquith, 1st earl of Oxford and Asquith was a Liberal prime minister of Great Britain (1908â16), who was responsible......
Assimilation
Assimilation, in anthropology and sociology, the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage......
Astorga, Nora
Nora Astorga was a Nicaraguan revolutionary and diplomat. Astorga took part in the revolution that overthrew the......
AtatĂŒrk, Kemal
Kemal AtatĂŒrk was a soldier, statesman, and reformer who was the founder and first president (1923â38) of the Republic......
Athanasius I
Athanasius I was a Byzantine monk and patriarch of Constantinople, who directed the opposition to the reunion of......
Attendees of Martin Luther King, Jr.âs Funeral
On April 4, 1968, the United States was shaken to its core by the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.,......
Attwood, Thomas
Thomas Attwood was an English economist and leader in the electoral reform movement. Attwood entered his fatherâs......
Aung San
Aung San was a Burmese nationalist leader and assassinated hero who was instrumental in securing Burmaâs independence......
Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi is a politician and opposition leader of Myanmar, daughter of Aung San (a martyred national hero......
Aurobindo, Sri
Sri Aurobindo was a yogi, seer, philosopher, poet, and Indian nationalist who played a significant role in the......
Avery, Byllye
Byllye Avery is an American health care activist whose efforts centred on bettering the welfare of low-income African......
Awolowo, Obafemi
Obafemi Awolowo was a Nigerian statesman who was a strong and influential advocate of independence, nationalism,......
Ayub Khan, Mohammad
Mohammad Ayub Khan was the president of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969, whose rule marked a critical period in the......
Azad, Abul Kalam
Abul Kalam Azad was an Islamic theologian who was one of the leaders of the Indian independence movement against......
Azad, Chandrashekhar
Chandrashekhar Azad was an Indian revolutionary who organized and led a band of militant youth during Indiaâs Independence......
Azaña, Manuel
Manuel Azaña was a Spanish minister and president of the Second Republic whose attempts to fashion a moderately......
Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli, Marquess dâ
Massimo Taparelli, marquis dâAzeglio was an aristocrat, painter, author, and statesman who was a leader of the......
AzharÄ«, IsmÄÊżÄ«l al-
IsmÄÊżÄ«l al-AzharÄ« was a Sudanese statesman, who was instrumental in achieving his countryâs independence and served......
Bacon, Albion Fellows
Albion Fellows Bacon was an American reformer and writer, remembered largely for her campaigns to improve public......
Bacon, Roger
Roger Bacon was an English Franciscan philosopher and educational reformer who was a major medieval proponent of......
Badeni, Kasimir Felix, count of
Kasimir Felix, count of Badeni was a Polish-born statesman in the Austrian service, who, as prime minister (1895â97)......
Badr KhÄnÄ« JÄladat
Badr KhÄnÄ« JÄladat was a Kurdish nationalist leader and editor who was one of the chief 20th-century spokesmen......
Baez, Joan
Joan Baez is an American folksinger and political activist who interested young audiences in folk music during......
Bagley, Sarah G.
Sarah G. Bagley was an American labour organizer who was active in trying to institute reform in the mills of Lowell,......
Bailey, Gamaliel
Gamaliel Bailey was a journalist and a leader of the abolition movement prior to the American Civil War. Bailey......
Bailey, Hannah Johnston
Hannah Johnston Bailey was an American reformer who was a leading advocate of the peace movement in the late 19th......
Bajer, Fredrik
Fredrik Bajer was a Danish reformer and politician, who was a co-winner (with Klas Pontus Arnoldson) of the Nobel......
Bakhtin, Mikhail
Mikhail Bakhtin was a Russian literary theorist and philosopher of language whose wide-ranging ideas significantly......
Balbo, Cesare, Count
Cesare, Count Balbo was a Piedmontese political writer, a liberal but cautious constitutionalist who was influential......
Balch, Emily Greene
Emily Greene Balch was an American sociologist, political scientist, economist, and pacifist, a leader of the womenâs......
Baldwin, Roger Nash
Roger Nash Baldwin was an American civil-rights activist, cofounder of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).......
Balkan League
Balkan League, (1866â68), an alliance organized by the Serbian prince Michael III (Mihailo ObrenoviÄ). Concluded......
Bambaataa, Afrika
Afrika Bambaataa was an American disc jockey (deejay or DJ) and music producer who is credited as being a leading......
Bamford, Samuel
Samuel Bamford was an English radical reformer who was the author of several widely popular poems (principally......
Banda, Hastings Kamuzu
Hastings Kamuzu Banda was the first president of Malawi (formerly Nyasaland) and the principal leader of the Malawi......
Bandiera brothers
Bandiera brothers, Italian brothers who were followers of Giuseppe Mazzini and led an abortive revolt (1844) against......
Bangladesh Liberation War
The Bangladesh Liberation War was an armed conflict between Bengali nationalists in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)......
Bani-Sadr, Abolhasan
Abolhasan Bani-Sadr was an Iranian economist and politician who in 1980 was elected the first president of the......
Bank-Mikkelsen, Niels Erik
Niels Erik Bank-Mikkelsen was a Danish reformer and advocate for people with intellectual disabilities who was......
Bar, Confederation of
Confederation of Bar, league of Polish nobles and gentry that was formed to defend the liberties of the nobility......
Barker, Bob
Bob Barker was a fixture on daytime television as the longtime host (1972â2007) of the game show The Price Is Right.......
Barnard, Frederick
Frederick Barnard was a scientist, educator, and for nearly 25 years president of Columbia College (now Columbia......
Barnard, Henry
Henry Barnard was an educator, jurist, and the first U.S. commissioner of education (1867â70). With Horace Mann,......
Barrot, Odilon
Odilon Barrot was a prominent liberal monarchist under the July Monarchy in France (1830â48) and a leader of the......
Barzani, Mustafa al-
Mustafa al-Barzani was a Kurdish military leader who for 50 years strove to create an independent nation for the......
BasanaviÄius, Jonas
Jonas BasanaviÄius was a physician, folklorist, and a leader of the Lithuanian national movement. In 1873 BasanaviÄius......
Bassi, Ugo
Ugo Bassi was an Italian priest and patriot, who was a follower of Giuseppe Garibaldi in his fight for Italian......
Batlle y Ordóñez, José
JosĂ© Batlle y Ordóñez was a statesman who, as president of Uruguay (1903â07 and 1911â15), is generally credited......
BatthyĂĄny, Lajos, Count
Lajos, count BatthyĂĄny was a statesman who during the revolution of 1848 was premier of the first Hungarian parliamentary......
Bayar, CelĂąl
CelĂąl Bayar was the third president of the Turkish Republic (1950â60), who initiated etatism, or a state-directed......
Baybars I
Baybars I was the most eminent of the Mamlƫk sultans of Egypt and Syria, which he ruled from 1260 to 1277. He is......
BaÊżath Party
BaÊżath Party, Pan-Arabist political party advocating the formation of a single Arab socialist nation. It has branches......
Beccaria, Cesare
Cesare Beccaria was an Italian criminologist and economist whose Dei delitti e delle pene (1764; Eng. trans. J.A.......
Beck, Max Wladimir, Freiherr von
Max Wladimir, Freiherr von Beck was the premier (1906â08) of Austria whose administration introduced universal......
Beckford, William
William Beckford was a gentleman merchant, member of Parliament, and lord mayor of London (1762â63, 1769â70) who......
Bedi, Kiran
Kiran Bedi is an Indian social activist who was the first woman to join the Indian Police Service (IPS) and who......
Beernaert, Auguste-Marie-François
Auguste-Marie-François Beernaert was a Belgian-Flemish statesman and cowinner (with Paul-H.-B. dâEstournelles de......
Begin, Menachem
Menachem Begin was a Zionist leader who was prime minister of Israel from 1977 to 1983. Begin was the corecipient,......
Belcredi, Richard, Count
Richard, Count Belcredi was a statesman of the Austrian Empire who worked for a federal constitution under the......
Belgrano, Manuel
Manuel Belgrano was a military leader in the Argentine war for independence. After studying law in Spain, Belgrano......
Bellah, Robert Neelly
Robert Neelly Bellah was an American sociologist who addressed the problem of change in modern religious practice......
Ben Bella, Ahmed
Ahmed Ben Bella was the principal leader of the Algerian War of Independence (1954â62) against France. He was also......
Ben-Gurion, David
David Ben-Gurion was a Zionist statesman and political leader, the first prime minister (1948â53, 1955â63) and......
Ben-Zvi, Itzhak
Itzhak Ben-Zvi was the second president of Israel (1952â63) and an early Zionist leader in Palestine, who helped......
Benn, Tony
Tony Benn was a British politician, member of the Labour Party, and, from the 1970s, unofficial leader of the partyâs......
Bentham, Jeremy
Jeremy Bentham was an English philosopher, economist, and theoretical jurist, the earliest and chief expounder......
Bentinck, Lord William
Lord William Bentinck was a British governor-general of Bengal (1828â33) and of India (1833â35). An aristocrat......
Beresford, John
John Beresford was a political leader in the struggle to preserve the political monopoly of the Protestant landowning......
Berrigan, Daniel
Daniel Berrigan was an American writer, Roman Catholic priest, and antiwar activist whose poems and essays reflect......
Bertani, Agostino
Agostino Bertani was a physician who collaborated with Mazzini and Garibaldi in the movement for Italian liberation.......
Besant, Annie
Annie Besant was a British-born social reformer, political organizer, and religious leader who lived many different......
Bethmann Hollweg, Theobald von
Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg was a German imperial chancellor before and during World War I who possessed talents......
Bethune, Mary McLeod
Mary McLeod Bethune was an American educator who was active nationally in African American affairs and was a special......
Beyer, Absalon PederssĂžn
Absalon PederssĂžn Beyer was a Lutheran humanist scholar, one of the most advanced thinkers in Norway in his day.......
Bhagat Singh
Bhagat Singh was an Indian freedom fighter who was honored as a hero of the Indian Independence Movement after......
Bhave, Vinoba
Vinoba Bhave was one of Indiaâs best-known social reformers and a widely venerated disciple of Mohandas K. (Mahatma)......
Biko, Steve
Steve Biko was the founder of the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa. His death from injuries suffered......
Birkenhead, Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st earl of
Frederick Edwin Smith, 1st earl of Birkenhead was a British statesman, lawyer, and noted orator. As lord chancellor......
Birmingham Childrenâs Crusade
Birmingham Childrenâs Crusade, nonviolent protest against segregation held by Black children on May 2â10, 1963,......
Birney, James Gillespie
James Gillespie Birney was a prominent opponent of slavery in the United States who was twice the presidential......
Bismarck, Otto von
Otto von Bismarck was the prime minister of Prussia (1862â73, 1873â90) and founder and first chancellor (1871â90)......
Bitar, Salah al-Din
Salah al-Din Bitar was a Syrian politician who served three times (1963, 1964, and 1966) as prime minister of Syria......
Black Consciousness Movement
Black Consciousness Movement (BCM), South African anti-apartheid movement that began in the late 1960s. Originating......
Black feminism
Black feminism, political and social movement that focuses on the multidimensional aspects of the oppression of......
Black Hand
Black Hand, secret Serbian society of the early 20th century that used terrorist methods to promote the liberation......
Black Lives Matter
Black Lives Matter (BLM), international social movement, formed in the United States in 2013, dedicated to fighting......
Black nationalism
Black nationalism, political and social movement prominent in the 1960s and early â70s in the United States that......
Black Panther Party
Black Panther Party, African American revolutionary party, founded in 1966 in Oakland, California, by Huey P. Newton......
Black Panther Party: 7 Notable Figures
Founded in 1966, the Black Panther Party reached its peak just a few years later, although it did not disband until......
Black Power Movement
The Black Power movement was an American civil rights effort begun in the 1960s that emphasized African American......
Blackwell, Antoinette Brown
Antoinette Brown Blackwell was the first woman to be ordained a minister of a recognized denomination in the United......
Blanc, Louis
Louis Blanc was a French utopian socialist, noted for his theory of worker-controlled âsocial workshops.â Louis......
Blane, Sir Gilbert, 1st Baronet
Sir Gilbert Blane, 1st Baronet was a physician known for his reforms in naval hygiene and medicine, which included......
Bliss, William D.P.
William D.P. Bliss was an American social reformer and organizer of Christian Socialist societies. The son of American......
Bloody Sunday
Bloody Sunday, demonstration in Londonderry (Derry), Northern Ireland, on Sunday, January 30, 1972, by Roman Catholic......
Bloomer, Amelia
Amelia Bloomer was an American reformer who campaigned for temperance and womenâs rights. Amelia Jenks was educated......
Blum, Léon
Léon Blum was the first Socialist (and the first Jewish) premier of France, presiding over the Popular Front coalition......
BodĂž Affair
BodĂž Affair, (1818â21), a diplomatic scandal involving Sweden-Norway (then a dual monarchy) and Great Britain.......
Boesak, Allan
Allan Boesak is a South African clergyman who was one of South Africaâs leading spokespersons against the countryâs......
Bohemianism
Bohemianism, unconventional lifestyle or subculture, followers of which prioritize community living and artistic......