Social Movements & Trends, MIL-NKO

The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
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Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title

Miloš
Miloš was a Serbian peasant revolutionary who became prince of Serbia (1815–39 and 1858–60) and who founded the......
Milošević, Slobodan
Slobodan Milošević was a politician and administrator, who, as Serbia’s party leader and president (1989–97), pursued......
Milyutin, Dmitry Alekseyevich, Count
Dmitry Alekseyevich, Count Milyutin was a Russian military officer and statesman who, as minister of war (1861–81),......
Milyutin, Nikolay Alekseyevich
Nikolay Alekseyevich Milyutin was a Russian statesman who played a prominent role in the emancipation of the serfs......
Milíč, John
John Milíč was a theologian, orator, and reformer, considered to be the founder of the national Bohemian religious......
Minaj, Nicki
Nicki Minaj is a Trinidadian-born rapper, singer, songwriter, television personality, and actress known for her......
Mindon
Mindon was the king of Myanmar from 1853 to 1878. His reign was notable both for its reforms and as a period of......
Minto, Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th earl of
Gilbert John Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th earl of Minto was the governor general of Canada (1898–1905) and viceroy......
Mirabeau, Victor Riqueti, marquis de
Victor Riqueti, marquis de Mirabeau was a French political economist, the forerunner and later patron of the Physiocratic......
Mirabehn
Mirabehn was a British-born follower of Mahatma Gandhi who participated in the movement for India’s independence.......
Miranda, Francisco de
Francisco de Miranda was a Venezuelan revolutionary who helped to pave the way for independence in Latin America.......
Miranda, Lin-Manuel
Lin-Manuel Miranda is an American actor, composer, lyricist, and writer who created and starred in stage productions......
Mitchell, William
William Mitchell was a U.S. Army officer who early advocated a separate U.S. air force and greater preparedness......
Modernism
Modernism, in the fine arts, a break with the past and the concurrent search for new forms of expression. Modernism......
modernity
modernity, the self-definition of a generation about its own technological innovation, governance, and socioeconomics.......
Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur
Arthur Moeller van den Bruck was a German cultural critic whose book Das Dritte Reich (1923; “The Third Empire,”......
Mohammed, Warith Deen
Warith Deen Mohammed was an American religious leader, son and successor of Elijah Muhammad as head of the Nation......
Moltke, Helmuth von
Helmuth von Moltke was the chief of the Prussian and German General Staff (1858–88) and the architect of the victories......
Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta was an Italian journalist and international activist on behalf of peace (except where Italian......
Monge, Gaspard, comte de Péluse
Gaspard Monge, count de Péluse was a French mathematician who invented descriptive geometry, the study of the mathematical......
monkeywrenching
monkeywrenching, nonviolent disobedience and sabotage carried out by environmental activists against those whom......
Monrad, Marcus Jakob
Marcus Jakob Monrad was 19th-century Norway’s foremost philosopher, who was also a conservative champion of Swedish–Norwegian......
Montecuccoli, Raimondo
Raimondo Montecuccoli was a field marshal and military reformer, a master of the warfare based on fortifications......
Montgelas de Garnerin, Maximilian Joseph, Graf von
Maximilian Joseph, count von Montgelas de Garnerin was a German statesman who developed modern Bavaria. The son......
Moore, Ely
Ely Moore was an American journalist and politician who represented the interests of labour in the U.S. Congress.......
Morelos, José María
José María Morelos was a revolutionary priest who assumed leadership of the Mexican independence movement after......
Moreno, Mariano
Mariano Moreno was a patriot who was the intellectual and political leader of Argentina’s movement for independence.......
Morgan, Lewis Henry
Lewis Henry Morgan was an American ethnologist and a principal founder of scientific anthropology, known especially......
Morris, Gouverneur
Gouverneur Morris was an American statesman, diplomat, and financial expert who helped plan the U.S. decimal coinage......
Moses, Robert
Robert Moses was a U.S. state and municipal official whose career in public works planning resulted in a virtual......
Mott, Lucretia
Lucretia Mott was a pioneer reformer who, with Elizabeth Cady Stanton, founded the organized women’s rights movement......
Movement of the Fifth Republic
Movement of the Fifth Republic (MVR), nationalist Venezuelan political party established to support the presidential......
Mugabe, Robert
Robert Mugabe was the first prime minister (1980–87) of the reconstituted state of Zimbabwe, formerly Rhodesia.......
mujahideen
mujahideen, members of a number of guerrilla groups operating in Afghanistan during the Afghan War (1978–92) that......
multiculturalism
multiculturalism, the view that cultures, races, and ethnicities, particularly those of minority groups, deserve......
Munch, Peter Andreas
Peter Andreas Munch was a historian and university professor who was one of the founders of the Norwegian nationalist......
Murad IV
Murad IV was an Ottoman sultan from 1623 to 1640 whose heavy-handed rule put an end to prevailing lawlessness and......
Murat, Joachim
Joachim Murat was a French cavalry leader who was one of Napoleon’s most celebrated marshals and who, as king of......
Mussolini, Benito
Benito Mussolini was the Italian prime minister (1922–43) and the first of 20th-century Europe’s fascist dictators.......
Mustafa III
Mustafa III was an Ottoman sultan (1757–74) who attempted governmental and military reforms to halt the empire’s......
Muste, A.J.
A.J. Muste was a Dutch-born American clergyman best known for his role in the labour and left-wing movements of......
Muñoz Rivera, Luis
Luis Muñoz Rivera was a statesman, publisher, and patriot who devoted his life to obtaining Puerto Rico’s autonomy,......
Muḥammad I Askia
Muḥammad I Askia was a West African statesman and military leader who usurped the throne of the Songhai empire......
Muḥammad ibn Tughluq
Muḥammad ibn Tughluq was the second sultan of the Tughluq dynasty (reigned 1325–51), who briefly extended the rule......
Muḥammad V
Muḥammad V was the sultan of Morocco (1927–57) who became a focal point of nationalist aspirations, secured Moroccan......
Muḥammad ʿAlī
Muḥammad ʿAlī was the pasha and viceroy of Egypt (1805–48), founder of the dynasty that ruled Egypt from the beginning......
Myrdal, Alva Reimer
Alva Reimer Myrdal was a Swedish diplomat, government minister, author, and advocate of nuclear disarmament. She......
Müntzer, Thomas
Thomas Müntzer was a leading German radical reformer during the Protestant Reformation, a fiery and apocalyptic......
N.W.A
N.W.A, American hip-hop group from Compton, California, whose popular, controversial music included explicit references......
Nabuco de Araújo, Joaquim Aurelio Barreto
Joaquim Aurelio Barreto Nabuco de Araújo was a statesman and diplomat, leader of the abolition movement in Brazil,......
Naidu, Sarojini
Sarojini Naidu was a political activist, feminist, and poet. She was the first Indian woman to be president of......
Nandi-Ndaitwah, Netumbo
Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah is a politician who became the president of Namibia in March 2025 after having won the country’s......
Naoroji, Dadabhai
Dadabhai Naoroji was an Indian nationalist and critic of British imperialism and economic policy in India. He was......
Napoleon I
Napoleon I was a French general, First Consul (1799–1804), emperor of France (1804–1814/15), and one of the most......
Napoleon III
Napoleon III was the nephew of Napoleon I, president of the Second Republic of France (1850–52), and then emperor......
Napoleon’s major battles
From the Siege of Toulon (August 28–December 19, 1793) to the Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815), Napoleon shaped......
Narayan, Jayaprakash
Jayaprakash Narayan was an Indian political leader, socialist thinker, and independence activist. Widely regarded......
Narodna Odbrana
Narodna Odbrana, Serbian nationalist organization, founded in 1908, that gathered recruits from Bosnia-Herzegovina,......
Narodnaya Volya
Narodnaya Volya, 19th-century Russian revolutionary organization that regarded terrorist activities as the best......
Narodnik
Narodnik, member of a 19th-century socialist movement in Russia who believed that political propaganda among the......
narodnost
narodnost, doctrine or national principle, the meaning of which has changed over the course of Russian literary......
Nash, Diane
Diane Nash is an American civil rights activist who was a leading figure in the civil rights movement of the 1950s......
Nash, John
John Nash was an English architect and city planner best known for his development of Regent’s Park and Regent......
Nathan, Maud
Maud Nathan was an American social welfare leader who helped to found the National Consumers League. Nathan was......
Nation, Carry
Carry Nation was an American temperance advocate famous for using a hatchet to demolish barrooms. Carry Moore as......
National Bloc
National Bloc, a coalition of Syrian nationalist parties that opposed the French mandate and demanded independence,......
National Consumers League
National Consumers League (NCL), American organization founded in 1899 to fight for the welfare of consumers and......
National Democratic Party of Germany
National Democratic Party of Germany (NPD), right-wing German nationalist party that called for German unification......
National Liberation Front
National Liberation Front, the only constitutionally legal party in Algeria from 1962 to 1989. The party was a......
National Liberation Front
National Liberation Front, title used by nationalist, usually socialist, movements in various countries since World......
National Rally
National Rally, far right French political party founded in 1972 by François Duprat and François Brigneau. It is......
nationalism
nationalism, ideology based on the premise that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass......
Nationalism vs. patriotism: What’s the difference?
Nationalism and patriotism, while often used interchangeably, have distinct origins, meanings, and implications.......
Nationalist Party
Nationalist Party, political party that governed all or part of mainland China from 1928 to 1949 and subsequently......
Native American mascot controversy
Native American mascot controversy, conflict arising from the use of Native American-themed logos, mascots, and......
Naumann, Friedrich
Friedrich Naumann was a political and social theorist, publicist, and reformer who became one of the most influential......
Naxalite
Naxalite, general designation given to several Maoist-oriented and militant insurgent and separatist groups that......
Nazi Party
Nazi Party, political party of the mass movement known as National Socialism. Under the leadership of Adolf Hitler,......
Nazism
Nazism, totalitarian movement led by Adolf Hitler as head of the Nazi Party in Germany. In its intense nationalism,......
Ne Win, U
U Ne Win was a Burmese general who was the leader of Burma (now Myanmar) from 1962 to 1988. Shu Maung studied at......
Necker, Jacques
Jacques Necker was a Swiss banker and director general of finance (1771–81, 1788–89, 1789–90) under Louis XVI of......
Nehemiah
Nehemiah was a Jewish leader who supervised the rebuilding of Jerusalem in the mid-5th century bce after his release......
Nehru, Jawaharlal
Jawaharlal Nehru was the first prime minister of independent India (1947–64), who established parliamentary government......
Nehru, Motilal
Motilal Nehru was a leader of the Indian independence movement, cofounder of the Swaraj (“Self-rule”) Party, and......
Neoevolutionism
Neoevolutionism, school of anthropology concerned with long-term culture change and with the similar patterns of......
neoliberal globalization
neoliberal globalization, an approach to economic globalization, or the integration of the world’s economies, based......
Nestor, Agnes
Agnes Nestor was an American labour leader and reformer, remembered as a powerful force in unionizing women workers......
Neto, Agostinho
Agostinho Neto was an Angolan poet, physician, and politician who served as the first president (1975–79) of the......
Neutra, Richard Joseph
Richard Joseph Neutra was an Austrian-born American architect known for his role in introducing the International......
New Economic Policy
New Economic Policy (NEP), the economic policy of the government of the Soviet Union from 1921 to 1928, representing......
New Left
New Left, a broad range of left-wing activist movements and intellectual currents that arose in western Europe......
Newton, John
John Newton was an English slave trader who became an Anglican minister, a hymn writer, and later a noted abolitionist,......
Nicholas Of Clémanges
Nicholas Of Clémanges was a theologian, humanist, and educator who denounced the corruption of institutional Christianity,......
Nikon
Nikon was a religious leader who unsuccessfully attempted to establish the primacy of the Orthodox church over......
NIMBY
NIMBY, a colloquialism signifying one’s opposition to the locating of something considered undesirable in one’s......
Ninomiya Sontoku
Ninomiya Sontoku was a Japanese agrarian reformer who helped improve agricultural techniques and whose writings......
Nixon, Pat
Pat Nixon was an American first lady (1969–74), the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th president of the United States,......
nizam-ı cedid
nizam-ı cedid, (Turkish: “new order”), originally a program of westernizing reforms undertaken by the Ottoman sultan......
Nkomo, Joshua
Joshua Nkomo was a Black nationalist in Zimbabwe (formerly Rhodesia), who, as leader of the Zimbabwe African People’s......

Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title