Social Movements & Trends, LIZ-MIL
The rules and cultural norms of an organized society may not be written in stone, but often it does take a dedicated collective effort to disrupt and revise them. Throughout history, people have come together in group campaigns to effect change in the structure or values of a society. Movements such as abolitionism, the women's rights movement, the American civil rights movement, and the gay rights movement illustrate how common citizens can influence legislative action and modify cultural norms when they unite with the shared goal of bringing about a certain social change. Societal change can also take place naturally as a result of the accumulation of many smaller changes within a society. Large-scale trends such as industrialization, modernization, and urbanization provide examples of this more passive process of change.
Social Movements & Trends Encyclopedia Articles By Title
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Lloyd George, David
David Lloyd George was a British prime minister (1916â22) who dominated the British political scene in the latter......
Lobbying
Lobbying is the practice by individuals, organizations, or interest groups of trying to influence government decisions......
Lofthuus, Christian Jensen
Christian Jensen Lofthuus was a leader of a reform movement who sought redress for the grievances of Norwayâs peasantry......
Lohia, Ram Manohar
Ram Manohar Lohia was an Indian politician and activist who was a prominent figure in socialist politics and in......
Lomonosov, Mikhail
Mikhail Lomonosov was a Russian poet, scientist, and grammarian who is often considered the first great Russian......
Lordâs Resistance Army
Lordâs Resistance Army (LRA), militant group led by Joseph Kony that has waged a war of attrition against the government......
Loubet, Ămile
Ămile Loubet was a statesman and the seventh president of the French Third Republic, who contributed to the break......
Louvois, François-Michel Le Tellier, marquis de
François-Michel Le Tellier, marquis de Louvois was the secretary of state for war under Louis XIV of France and......
Lovejoy, Elijah P.
Elijah P. Lovejoy was an American newspaper editor and martyred abolitionist who died in defense of his right to......
Lowell, A. Lawrence
A. Lawrence Lowell was an American lawyer and educator, president of Harvard University from 1909 to 1933, who......
Lowell, Francis Cabot
Francis Cabot Lowell was an American businessman, a member of the gifted Lowell family of Massachusetts and the......
Lowell, Josephine Shaw
Josephine Shaw Lowell was an American charity worker and social reformer, an advocate of the doctrine that charity......
Lowenstein, Allard K.
Allard K. Lowenstein was an American scholar, political activist, and diplomat who was known for his unceasing......
Lubecki, Ksawery Drucki
Ksawery Drucki Lubecki was a Polish statesman who restored the finances of the remnant of Poland that was constituted......
Luddite
Luddite, member of the organized bands of 19th-century English handicraftsmen who rioted for the destruction of......
Lueger, Karl
Karl Lueger was a politician, cofounder and leader of the Austrian Christian Social Party, and mayor of Vienna......
Luitpold
Luitpold was the prince regent of Bavaria from 1886 to 1912, in whose reign Bavaria prospered under a liberal government......
Lumumba, Patrice
Patrice Lumumba was an African nationalist leader, the first prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo......
Lundy, Benjamin
Benjamin Lundy was an American publisher and leading abolitionist in the 1820s and â30s. Born to Quaker parents,......
Luther, Hans
Hans Luther was a German statesman who was twice chancellor (1925, 1926) of the Weimar Republic and who helped......
Lutyens, Sir Edwin
Sir Edwin Lutyens was an English architect noted for his versatility and range of invention along traditional lines.......
Lycurgus
Lycurgus was traditionally the lawgiver who founded most of the institutions of ancient Sparta. Scholars have been......
Lévesque, René
RenĂ© LĂ©vesque was the premier of the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec (1976â85) and a leading advocate......
López Portillo, José
José López Portillo was a Mexican lawyer, economist, and writer, who was president of Mexico from 1976 to 1982.......
LâEnfant, Pierre Charles
Pierre Charles LâEnfant was a French-born American engineer, architect, and urban designer who designed the basic......
Ma Yansong
Ma Yansong is a Chinese architect whose designs reflect his âShanshui Cityâ concept, which calls for balancing......
Mabini, Apolinario
Apolinario Mabini was a Filipino theoretician and spokesman of the Philippine Revolution, who wrote the constitution......
Macapagal, Diosdado
Diosdado Macapagal was a reformist president of the Philippines from 1961 to 1965. After receiving his law degree,......
Machado y Morales, Gerardo
Gerardo Machado y Morales was a hero in the Cuban War of Independence (1895â98) who was later elected president......
Mackenzie, John
John Mackenzie was a British missionary who was a constant champion of the rights of Africans in Southern Africa......
Macquarie, Lachlan
Lachlan Macquarie was an early governor of New South Wales, Australia (1810â21), who expanded opportunities for......
Madikizela-Mandela, Winnie
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela was a South African social worker and activist considered by many Black South Africans......
Magsaysay, Ramon
Ramon Magsaysay was the president of the Philippines (1953â57), best known for successfully defeating the communist-led......
Maguire, MĂĄiread
MĂĄiread Maguire is a Northern Irish peace activist who, with Betty Williams and Ciaran McKeown, founded the Peace......
Mahmud II
Mahmud II was an Ottoman sultan (1808â39) whose westernizing reforms helped to consolidate the Ottoman Empire despite......
Makarios III
Makarios III was the archbishop and primate of the Orthodox Church of Cyprus. He was a leader in the struggle for......
Malachy, St
St. Malachy ; canonized 1190; feast day November 3) was a celebrated archbishop and papal legate who became a dominant......
Malcolm X
Malcolm X was an African American leader and prominent figure in the Nation of Islam who articulated concepts of......
Malesherbes, Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de
Chrétien Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes was a lawyer and royal administrator who attempted, with limited......
Malik, Adam
Adam Malik was an Indonesian statesman and nationalist political leader. Malik was jailed by the Dutch in the 1930s......
Mameli, Goffredo
Goffredo Mameli was an Italian poet and patriot of the Risorgimento and author of the Italian national anthem,......
Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao
Pasquale Stanislao Mancini was a leader of the Risorgimento in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, who played a prominent......
Mandela, Nelson
Nelson Mandela was a Black nationalist and the first Black president of South Africa (1994â99). His negotiations......
Mangunkusumo, Tjipto
Tjipto Mangunkusumo was an early 20th-century Indonesian nationalist leader whose resistance to Dutch colonial......
Manin, Daniele
Daniele Manin was the leader of the Risorgimento in Venice. The son of a converted Jewish lawyer (who had taken......
Mann, Horace
Horace Mann was an American educator, the first great American advocate of public education who believed that,......
Mannix, Daniel
Daniel Mannix was a Roman Catholic prelate who became one of Australiaâs most controversial political figures during......
Mansart, Jules Hardouin-
Jules Hardouin-Mansart was a French architect and city planner to King Louis XIV who completed the design of Versailles.......
March 23 Movement
March 23 Movement (M23), rebel group primarily based in North Kivu, a mineral-rich province in eastern Democratic......
March First Movement
March First Movement, series of demonstrations for Korean national independence from Japan that began on March......
March on Washington
March on Washington, political demonstration held in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963, that was attended by......
Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa was the archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740â80), wife and empress of the......
Maritz, Salomon Gerhardus
Salomon Gerhardus Maritz was a general and rebel who was an ardent believer in the Boer nationalist cause in South......
Markievicz, Constance
Constance Markievicz was an Anglo-Irish countess and political activist who was the first woman elected to the......
Martin Luther King, Jr., 1929â68
Minister and social activist Martin Luther King, Jr., was the preeminent leader of the American civil rights movement......
Masaryk, TomĂĄĆĄ
TomĂĄĆĄ Masaryk was the chief founder and first president (1918â35) of Czechoslovakia. Masarykâs father was a Slovak......
Matthias I
Matthias I was the king of Hungary (1458â90), who attempted to reconstruct the Hungarian state after decades of......
Mau Mau
Mau Mau, militant African nationalist movement that originated by the 1950s, primarily among the Kikuyu people......
Maupeou, René-Nicolas-Charles-Augustin de
RenĂ©-Nicolas-Charles-Augustin de Maupeou was the chancellor of France who succeeded in temporarily (1771â74) depriving......
Maura y Montaner, Antonio
Antonio Maura y Montaner was a statesman and five-time prime minister of Spain whose vision led him to undertake......
Maurice
Maurice was an outstanding general and emperor (582â602) who helped transform the shattered late Roman Empire into......
Mavrokordåtos, Aléxandros
Aléxandros Mavrokordåtos was a statesman, one of the founders and first political leaders of independent Greece.......
Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, Sayyid
Sayyid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan was a Somali religious and nationalist leader (called the âMad Mullahâ by the British)......
Maximilian I
Maximilian I was the last Wittelsbach prince-elector of Bavaria (1799â1806) and first king of Bavaria (1806â25).......
May Fourth Movement
May Fourth Movement, intellectual revolution and sociopolitical reform movement that occurred in China in 1917â21.......
May Thirtieth Incident
May Thirtieth Incident, (1925), in China, a nationwide series of strikes and demonstrations precipitated by the......
Mayo, Mary Anne Bryant
Mary Anne Bryant Mayo was an American farm organizer, noted for her efforts toward farm-community improvement as......
Mazzini, Giuseppe
Giuseppe Mazzini was a Genoese propagandist and revolutionary, founder of the secret revolutionary society Young......
MaĆachowski, StanisĆaw
StanisĆaw MaĆachowski was a Polish statesman who presided over Polandâs historic Four Yearsâ Sejm, a constituent......
Mboya, Tom
Tom Mboya was a major political leader in Kenya until his assassination six years after his country had achieved......
McClung, Nellie
Nellie McClung was a Canadian writer and reformer. After marrying in 1896, she became prominent in the temperance......
McConnell, Francis John
Francis John McConnell was an American Methodist bishop, college president, and social reformer. McConnell entered......
Me Too movement
Me Too movement, awareness movement around the issue of sexual harassment and sexual abuse of women in the workplace......
mechanization
mechanization, Use of machines, either wholly or in part, to replace human or animal labour. Unlike automation,......
Meeker, Nathan Cook
Nathan Cook Meeker was an American journalist and social reformer who founded the utopian Union Colony at Greeley,......
Megan Thee Stallion
Megan Thee Stallion is an American rapper who rose to prominence in the 2010s as part of a growing cohort of women......
Mehmed II
Mehmed II was an Ottoman sultan from 1444 to 1446 and from 1451 to 1481. A great military leader, he captured Constantinople......
Meiji
Meiji was the emperor of Japan from 1867 to 1912, during whose reign Japan was dramatically transformed from a......
Meir, Golda
Golda Meir was an Israeli politician who helped found (1948) the State of Israel and later served as its fourth......
Mellon, Andrew
Andrew Mellon was an American financier, philanthropist, and secretary of the treasury (1921â32) who reformed the......
Melville, Andrew
Andrew Melville was a scholar and Reformer who succeeded John Knox as a leader of the Scottish Reformed Church,......
MenchĂș, Rigoberta
Rigoberta MenchĂș is a Guatemalan Indigenous-rights activist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1992 for......
Menilek II
Menilek II was the king of Shewa (or Shoa; 1865â89) and emperor of Ethiopia (1889â1913). One of Ethiopiaâs greatest......
Menon, V.K. Krishna
V.K. Krishna Menon was an Indian nationalist and champion of Indiaâs anticolonialism and neutralism. After studying......
Mercier, Honoré
Honoré Mercier was a statesman and champion of French-Canadian interests who served as the Liberal prime minister......
Merenre
Merenre, fourth king of the 6th dynasty (c. 2325âc. 2150 bce) in ancient Egypt, who extended the authority of one......
meritocracy
meritocracy, political, social, or economic system in which individuals are assigned to positions of power, influence,......
Meshaal, Khaled
Khaled Meshaal is an exiled Palestinian politician who served as the head of the political bureau of the Palestinian......
Messali Hadj, Ahmed
Ahmed Messali Hadj was a revolutionary Algerian nationalist leader. Messali emerged in 1927 as the head of an Algerian......
Miaoulis, Andreas Vokos
Andreas Vokos Miaoulis was a patriot who successfully commanded the Greek revolutionary naval forces during the......
Michael III
Michael III was the prince of Serbia (1839â42, 1860â68) and modern Serbiaâs most enlightened ruler, who instituted......
Midhat Pasha
Midhat Pasha was twice the Ottoman grand vizier who was known for his honest ability, his administrative reforms,......
Mikulski, Barbara
Barbara Mikulski is an American politician who was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. Senate in 1986 and represented......
Military League
Military League, group of young Greek army officers who, emulating the Young Turk Committee of Union and Progress,......
militia movement
militia movement, in the United States, movement of private, generally right-wing paramilitary organizations whose......
Millenary Petition
Millenary Petition, moderate request for changes in certain practices within the Church of England, presented to......
Millerand, Alexandre
Alexandre Millerand was a French lawyer and statesman who, as president of the Republic (1920â1924), was noted......
Million Man March
Million Man March, political demonstration in Washington, D.C., on October 16, 1995, to promote African American......
Mills, C. Wright
C. Wright Mills was an American sociologist who, with Hans H. Gerth, applied and popularized Max Weberâs theories......