alt-right

alt-right, far-right white supremacist political and social movement active in the United States in the 2010s. The alt-right was a loose association of relatively young white nationalists, extreme libertarians, and neo-Nazis. Mostly active online, members employed websites and social media to effectively spread their message and harass their opponents, particularly from 2014 into 2017. After an alt-right protest turned deadly in the summer of 2017, the movement fractured and dissipated.

Like the Tea Party movement, the alt-right grew out of conservative and libertarian disenchantment with the Republican Party and the political establishment in general. However, the alt-right differed in that its members prioritized the “culture war,” virulently objecting to both the real and imagined influences of multiculturalism, feminism, and Islam in the United States. Despite counting self-identified libertarians among its members, the alt-right also broadly lacked the Tea Party’s distrust of government, believing instead that the state plays an important role in the protection and maintenance of society.

The use of the term alternative right in a relevant context is traceable to a speech titled “The Decline and Rise of the Alternative Right,” delivered in November 2008 at a meeting of the white nationalist H.L. Mencken Club by that organization’s founder, paleoconservative academic Paul Gottfried. The body of the speech did not include the phrase “alternative right”—in fact, the title itself may have been the invention of magazine editor Richard Spencer, who later reprinted the speech. Gottfried did declare in his address that a new generation of young “post-paleos” was rising to take the place of “an aging paleo” such as himself, and in the following decade Gottfried’s words would seem prophetic.

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In March 2010 Spencer launched a new online magazine named AlternativeRight.com, which featured such essays as “Is Black Genocide Right?” by Colin Liddell. The term alternative right, abbreviated to alt-right, was soon adopted by other white nationalists desiring to rebrand themselves, particularly on the political message boards of the websites 4chan, 8chan, and Reddit. In 2014 those online spaces provided the alt-right with not only a surge of new members but a template for action.

The inciting incident was Gamergate, an online harassment campaign conducted by white men against advocates for feminism and diversity in the video game industry. Gamergate politically activated a new group of young, Internet-savvy white men that was receptive to the alt-right message. In joining the alt-right, Gamergate-inspired actors altered its character: soon the same use of memes, irony, and often cruel humor used in Gamergate became common characteristics of alt-right spaces. Some of Gamergate’s more prominent voices, such as Mike Cernovich and Milo Yiannopoulos, even became new alt-right leaders.

To capture this new energy, websites in the white-nationalist media system—including the anti-immigration site VDare.com, the neo-Nazi Daily Stormer, and the neo-Confederate Occidental Dissent—began rebranding themselves as alt-right. The most successful website to associate itself with the burgeoning movement was Breitbart News, which eventually received more visitors each month than every other conservative site except for that of Fox News. The organization’s executive chairman, Steve Bannon, would later boast that he had created a “platform for the alt-right.”

All of this growth introduced a new tension in the movement, however. Some of the label’s new claimants shared a belief in the superiority of Western culture and a disdain for inclusive politics but did not consider themselves to be white supremacists. Older members of the alt-right derisively referred to these later arrivals as “alt-lite.” When Allum Bokhari and Yioannopoulos penned a sympathetic article about the alt-right for Breitbart News in March 2016, The Daily Stormer attacked the authors’ identities, calling the article “the Product of a Degenerate Homosexual and an Ethnic Mongrel.” This fault line in the movement would later prove to be a major factor in its undoing.

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Nevertheless, in 2015 the alt-right was further invigorated by the presidential campaign of Donald Trump. Though the candidate himself had little knowledge of the alt-right, Trump’s adversarial stances against immigration and the Islamic religion—as well as many of his controversial remarks about women, Mexicans, and more—convinced its members that he would champion their interests once in office. Trump’s hiring of Bannon to serve as his campaign’s chief executive in August 2016 seemed to confirm this belief. When the candidate won the presidential election a few months later, it was considered a major victory for the movement.

The ascension of the alt-right climaxed in 2017. Hoping to channel the movement’s sizable online presence into a real-world display of political strength, far-right organizers planned a “Unite the Right” rally on August 11–12 to protest the removal of a Robert E. Lee statue in Charlottesville, Virginia. However, the plan backfired; the visibility of so many neo-Nazis, Ku Klux Klan members, and other overtly racist factions at the protest, shouting slogans such as “The Jews will not replace us,” alarmed the country. The alt-right’s image among other Americans was further damaged by outbreaks of violence at the rally; one of the participants drove his car into a crowd of counterprotesters, killing one and injuring 19 others. Some of the survivors filed suit against the event’s organizers, and in 2021 Spencer was among the 17 groups and individuals found liable for millions in damages.

Trump failed to denounce the violent display of white nationalism, stating that there were “very fine people on both sides” in Charlottesville. Nevertheless, a societal backlash swiftly ensued. Internet service providers and social media sites began to crack down on alt-right sites, boards, and accounts. Alt-rightists who had attended the rally, having shed their online anonymity to participate, now found themselves identified by online activists and outed to their families, friends, and employers. In response, many members of the so-called “alt-lite” distanced themselves from or outright disavowed the movement. Trump eventually bowed to public pressure, condemning racism as evil. The alt-right once more found itself on the periphery of American politics, although versions of its ideas persisted in influential circles, including its hostility to multiculturalism and embrace of an antidemocratic, authoritarian posture.