Global Exploration, ROM-SOT
Follow the navigators, expeditions, and encounters that expanded maps, connected continents, and transformed how people understood the wider world.
Global Exploration Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Roman Catholicism
Roman Catholicism, Christian religion that has been the decisive spiritual force in the history of Western civilization.......
- Introduction
- Emergence, Beliefs, Practices
- Early Church, Sacraments, Doctrine
- Popular Christianity, Sacraments, Beliefs
- Crusades, Papacy, Doctrine
- Monasticism, Orders, Canons
- Scholasticism, Aquinas, Theology
- Babylonian Captivity, Papal Authority, Schism
- Reformation, Beliefs, Practices
- Reformation, Counter-Reformation, Church
- Reformation, Papacy, Doctrine
- Jansenism, Papal Authority, Grace
- Suppression, Jesuits, Papal
- Pius IX, Papal States, Syllabus Errorum
- Vatican II, Ecumenism, Liturgy
- Roman Catholicism in the United States and Canada
- Hierarchy, Sacraments, Doctrine
- Papal Authority, Medieval Church, Ancient Church
- Clergy, Sacraments, Doctrine
- Monasticism, Clergy, Laity
- Sacraments, Dogma, Liturgy
- Revelation, Dogma, Sacraments
- Dogmas, Doctrines, Beliefs
- Baptism, Sacraments, Faith
- Anointing, Healing, Sacrament
- Paraliturgical Devotions
- Liturgy, Scripture, Sacraments
- Church-State Relations
Romance languages
Romance languages, group of related languages all derived from Vulgar Latin within historical times and forming......
- Introduction
- Classification, Problems, Methods
- Latin, Development, Dialects
- Religion, Culture, Latin
- Latin, Indo-European, Dialects
- Vowel Shifts, Grammar, Dialects
- Grammar, Dialects, Vocabulary
- Verbal Inflection, Grammar, Dialects
- Syntax, Grammar, Vocabulary
- Latin, French, Spanish
- Orthography, Grammar, Vocabulary
Romanino, Il
Il Romanino was an Italian painter, leading artist of the Brescia school during the Renaissance. Romanino is believed......
Rondon, CĂąndido
CĂąndido Rondon was a Brazilian explorer and protector of indigenous people. As a young soldier, he was assigned......
Ronne, Finn
Finn Ronne was a Norwegian-born American explorer and writer who visited Antarctica nine times, discovering and......
Ross, Sir James Clark
Sir James Clark Ross was a British naval officer who carried out important magnetic surveys in the Arctic and Antarctic......
Ross, Sir John
Sir John Ross was a British naval officer whose second Arctic expedition in search of the Northwest Passage, the......
Rossellino, Antonio
Antonio Rossellino was a notable and prolific Italian Renaissance sculptor who was the youngest brother of the......
Rossellino, Bernardo
Bernardo Rossellino was an influential early Italian Renaissance architect and sculptor, who established a new......
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques
Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a Swiss-born philosopher, writer, and political theorist whose treatises and novels inspired......
Royal Geographical Society
Royal Geographical Society (RGS), British group founded as the Geographical Society of London in 1830. Its headquarters......
Royal Niger Company
Royal Niger Company, 19th-century British mercantile company that operated in the lower valley of the Niger River......
Rucellai, Palazzo
Palazzo Rucellai, early Renaissance palace in Florence, designed c. 1445â70 by Leon Battista Alberti for the Rucellai,......
Rush, Benjamin
Benjamin Rush was an American physician and political leader, a member of the Continental Congress and a signer......
RĂŒppell, Eduard
Eduard RĂŒppell was a German naturalist and explorer of northeastern Africa who is remembered as much for the zoological......
Sacagawea
Sacagawea was a Shoshone Indian woman who, as an interpreter, traveled thousands of wilderness miles with the Lewis......
Sackville, George Sackville-Germain, 1st Viscount, Baron Bolebrooke of Sussex
George Sackville-Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville was an English soldier and politician. He was dismissed from the......
Sadeler, Egidius, II
Egidius Sadeler, II was a Flemish engraver, print dealer, and painter, most noted for his reproduction engravings......
Safavid dynasty
Safavid dynasty, (1501â1736), ruling dynasty of Iran whose establishment of Twelver ShiÊżism as the state religion......
Saigon, Treaty of
Treaty of Saigon, (June 1862), agreement by which France achieved its initial foothold on the Indochinese Peninsula.......
Saint Helena
Saint Helena, island and British overseas territory in the South Atlantic Ocean. It lies about 1,200 miles (1,950......
Saint Kitts and Nevis
Saint Kitts and Nevis, state composed of two islands of the Lesser Antilles in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Their......
Saint Leger, Sir Anthony
Sir Anthony Saint Leger was an English lord deputy of Ireland from 1540 to 1548, 1550 to 1551, and 1553 to 1556.......
Saint Lucia
Saint Lucia, island state in the Caribbean Sea. It is the second largest of the Windward group in the Lesser Antilles......
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, island country lying within the Lesser Antilles, in the eastern Caribbean Sea.......
Saint-Denis, Louis Juchereau de
Louis Juchereau de Saint-Denis was a French-Canadian explorer and soldier, leader of a 1714 expedition from French-held......
SaitĆ Makoto, Shishaku
Shishaku SaitĆ Makoto was a Japanese naval officer and statesman who was prime minister of Japan (1932â34) and......
Salisbury, Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd marquess of, Earl Of SalisburyViscount Cranborne, Baron Cecil Of Essendon
Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd marquess of Salisbury was a Conservative political leader who was a three-time......
Salt March
Salt March, major nonviolent protest action in India led by Mahatma Gandhi in MarchâApril 1930. The march was the......
Samugarh, Battle of
Battle of Samugarh, (May 29, 1658), decisive struggle in a contest for the throne between the sons of the Mughal......
San Lorenzo
San Lorenzo, early Renaissance-style church designed by Brunelleschi and constructed in Florence from 1421 to the......
Sancho I
Sancho I was the second king of Portugal (1185â1211), son of Afonso I. Sanchoâs reign was marked by a resettlement......
Sanders, Nicholas
Nicholas Sanders was an English Roman Catholic scholar, controversialist, and historian of the English Reformation.......
Sangallo family
Sangallo family, family of outstanding Florentine Renaissance architects. Its most prominent members were Antonio......
Sansovino, Andrea
Andrea Sansovino was an Italian architect and sculptor whose works reflect the transition from early to High Renaissance.......
Sansovino, Jacopo
Jacopo Sansovino was a sculptor and architect who introduced the style of the High Renaissance into Venice. In......
Santa MarĂa
Santa MarĂa, Christopher Columbusâ flagship on his first voyage to America. About 117 feet (36 metres) long, the......
Santhal Rebellion
Santhal Rebellion, an uprising by thousands of members of the Santhal tribe in 1855â56 in eastern India, under......
Saratoga, Battles of
Battles of Saratoga, in the American Revolution, closely related engagements in the autumn of 1777. The Battles......
Sarkar, Sir Jadunath
Sir Jadunath Sarkar was the foremost Indian historian of the Mughal dynasty (1526â1857). Educated in English literature......
Saussure, Horace Bénédict de
Horace Bénédict de Saussure was a Swiss physicist, geologist, and early Alpine explorer who developed an improved......
Savoy, Gene
Gene Savoy was an American explorer and amateur archaeologist who discovered and explored more than 40 Inca and......
Schmalkaldic Articles
Schmalkaldic Articles, one of the confessions of faith of Lutheranism, written by Martin Luther in 1536. The articles......
Schmalkaldic League
Schmalkaldic League, during the Reformation, a defensive alliance formed by Protestant territories of the Holy......
Schomburgk, Sir Robert Hermann
Sir Robert Hermann Schomburgk was a German-born British explorer and surveyor whose âSchomburgk Lineâ marked the......
Schouten, Willem
Willem Schouten was a Dutch explorer whose 1615â16 expedition discovered a new route, the Drake Passage, around......
Schuyler, Philip John
Philip John Schuyler was an American soldier, political leader, and member of the Continental Congress. Born into......
Schwabach, Articles of
Articles of Schwabach, early Lutheran confession of faith, written in 1529 by Martin Luther and other Wittenberg......
Schweinfurth, Georg August
Georg August Schweinfurth was a German botanist and traveler who explored the region of the upper Nile River basin......
Schwenckfeld, Kaspar
Kaspar Schwenckfeld von Ossig was a German theologian, writer, and preacher who led the Protestant Reformation......
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution, drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries.......
Scorel, Jan van
Jan van Scorel was a Dutch humanist, architect, engineer, and painter who established the painting style of the......
Scoresby, William
William Scoresby was an English explorer, scientist, and clergyman who pioneered in the scientific study of the......
Scotland
Scotland, most northerly of the four parts of the United Kingdom, occupying about one-third of the island of Great......
- Introduction
- Mountains, Highlands, Islands
- Climate, Rainfall, Highlands
- Celts, Vikings, Gaels
- Fishing, Whisky, Oil
- Resources, Power, Economy
- Finance, Economy, Industry
- Politics, Economy, Culture
- Politics, Devolution, Union
- Education, Universities, Literacy
- Culture, Traditions, Music
- Cultural Institutions, Museums, Universities
- Celts, Vikings, Union
- Roman Invasion, Highlands, Islands
- Unification, Kingdom, History
- Monarchy, History, Culture
- Medieval Economy, Society, Clans
- Wars, Independence, Scotland
- Medieval, Clan, Feudalism
- Clan, Feudalism, Highlands
- Mary, Reformation, Scotland
- James VI, Union, Highlands
- Revolution, Union, Jacobites
- Cromwell, Highlands, Islands
- Enlightenment, Philosophers, Culture
- Industrialization, Textiles, Shipbuilding
- Highlands, Islands, Culture
- Industrialization, Devolution, Oil
- Nicola Sturgeon, Independence, Devolution
- Sovereigns, Monarchs, Kings
Scotland 1980s overview
In the 1970s several Scottish performers, including the Average White Band and Rod Stewart (who was born in London......
Scots Confession
Scots Confession, first confession of faith of the Scottish Reformed Church, written primarily by John Knox and......
Scott, Paul
Paul Scott was a British novelist known for his chronicling of the decline of the British occupation of India,......
Scott, Robert Falcon
Robert Falcon Scott was a British naval officer and explorer who led the famed ill-fated second expedition to reach......
Scottish Enlightenment
Scottish Enlightenment, the conjunction of minds, ideas, and publications in Scotland during the whole of the second......
Scramble for Africa
Scramble for Africa, a phrase widely used to refer to the period from the late 19th to the early 20th century in......
Scylax Of Caryanda
Scylax Of Caryanda was an ancient Greek explorer who was a pioneer in geography and the first Western observer......
Sealab
Sealab, experimental program sponsored by the U.S. Navy intended to determine whether humans could live and work......
Sears, Isaac
Isaac Sears was a patriot leader in New York City before the American Revolution, who earned the nickname âKing......
Second Battle of Panipat (1556)
Second Battle of Panipat (1556), one of three conflicts that took place between 1526 and 1761 at Panipat (now in......
Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, 5th Earl of, Lord Daer And Shortcleuch
Thomas Douglas, 5th earl of Selkirk was a Scottish philanthropist who in 1812 founded the Red River Settlement......
Selous, Frederick Courteney
Frederick Courteney Selous was a hunter and explorer whose south-central African travels added substantially to......
Serpa Pinto, Alexandre Alberto da Rocha de
Alexandre Alberto da Rocha de Serpa Pinto was a Portuguese explorer and colonial administrator who crossed southern......
Service, Elman Rogers
Elman Rogers Service was an American anthropological theorist of cultural evolution and formulator of the nomenclature......
Seven Yearsâ War
Seven Yearsâ War, (1756â63), the last major conflict before the French Revolution to involve all the great powers......
Sevier, John
John Sevier was an American frontiersman, soldier, and the first governor of the state of Tennessee. In 1773 Sevier......
sextant
sextant, instrument for determining the angle between the horizon and a celestial body such as the Sun, the Moon,......
Shackleton, Ernest
Ernest Shackleton was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who attempted to reach the South Pole. Educated at Dulwich......
Shah Alam II
Shah Alam II was the nominal Mughal emperor of India from 1759 to 1806. Son of the emperor Alamgir II, he was forced......
Shah Jahan
Shah Jahan was the fifth Mughal emperor of India (1628â58) who ascended to the throne after his father Jahangir.......
Sharpe, Sir Alfred
Sir Alfred Sharpe was an English adventurer and colonial administrator who helped establish the British Nyasaland......
Shepherd, William Robert
William Robert Shepherd was an American historian known as an authority on Latin America and on European overseas......
Shepstone, Sir Theophilus
Sir Theophilus Shepstone was a British official in Southern Africa who devised a system of administering Africans......
Shmidt, Otto Yulyevich
Otto Yulyevich Shmidt was a Soviet scientist and explorer responsible for the Soviet program of exploration and......
Sibiryakov, Aleksandr Mikhaylovich
Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Sibiryakov was a Russian gold-mine proprietor, who was noted for both his financing of explorations......
Sickingen, Franz von
Franz von Sickingen was a prominent figure of the early years of the Reformation in Germany. A member of the Reichsritterschaft,......
Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone, country of western Africa. The country owes its name to the 15th-century Portuguese explorer Pedro......
Signorelli, Luca
Luca Signorelli was a Renaissance painter, best known for his nudes and for his novel compositional devices. It......
Sikh Wars
Sikh Wars, (1845â46; 1848â49), two campaigns fought between the Sikhs and the British. They resulted in the conquest......
Simon Commission
Simon Commission, group appointed in November 1927 by the British Conservative government under Stanley Baldwin......
Singapore
Singapore, city-state located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, about 85 miles (137 kilometers) north......
Sino-French War
Sino-French War, conflict between China and France in 1883â85 over Vietnam, which disclosed the inadequacy of Chinaâs......
Sir John Richardson on Sir John Franklin
When British exploration of the Arctic was at its peak during the first half of the 19th century, disasters were......
slave trade
slave trade, the capturing, selling, and buying of enslaved persons. Slavery has existed throughout the world since......
slavery
slavery, condition in which one human being was owned by another. A slave was considered by law as property, or......
- Introduction
- African, Colonial, Abolition
- Forced Labor, Oppression, Inequality
- Colonialism, Abolition, Resistance
- Transatlantic, Abolition, Trafficking
- Abolition, Resistance, Emancipation
- Legal, Social, Economic
- Master-Slave, Legal, Relationships
- Family, Property, Ownership
- Manumission, Abolition, Laws
- Forced Labor, Abolition, Resistance
- Plantation, Labor, Coercion
- Resistance, Abolition, Protest
- African Heritage, Resistance, Legacy
Smith, Jedediah
Jedediah Smith was a trader and explorer who was the first American to enter California from the east and return......
Smith, John
John Smith was an English explorer and early leader of the Jamestown Colony, the first permanent English settlement......
Smith, Preserved
Preserved Smith was an American historian noted for his scholarly works on the Protestant Reformation. The son......
Smythe, Sir Thomas
Sir Thomas Smythe was an English entrepreneur in the Virginia Company that founded the Virginia colony. He also......
Sodoma, Il
Il Sodoma was an Italian painter whose works reflect the transition from High Renaissance to Mannerist style. Sodoma......
solar compass
solar compass, type of navigational instrument that uses the position of the Sun to establish bearing. The solar......
Solari, Andrea
Andrea Solari was a Renaissance painter of the Milanese school, one of the most important followers of Leonardo......
Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands, country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of a double chain of volcanic islands and......
Somalia
Somalia, easternmost country of Africa, on the Horn of Africa. It extends from just south of the Equator northward......
sonar
sonar, (from âsound navigation rangingâ), technique for detecting and determining the distance and direction of......
Soto, Hernando de
Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who participated in the conquests of Central America and......