Global Exploration, SOU-TRI
Follow the navigators, expeditions, and encounters that expanded maps, connected continents, and transformed how people understood the wider world.
Global Exploration Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Sousa, Martim Afonso de
Martim Afonso de Sousa was a Portuguese admiral who commanded the first colonizing expedition to Brazil (1530â33).......
Sousa, Tomé de
TomĂ© de Sousa was a Portuguese nobleman and soldier who became the first governor-general (1549â53) of the Portuguese......
South Africa
South Africa, the southernmost country on the African continent, renowned for its varied topography, great natural......
- Introduction
- Plateau, Mountains, Coast
- Soil Types, Climate, Regions
- Conservation, Wildlife, Parks
- Languages, Dialects, Afrikaans
- Urbanization, Diversity, Economy
- Economy, Mining, Manufacturing
- Resources, Power, Economy
- Rail, Road, Telecom
- Local Gov, Provinces, Municipalities
- Security, Politics, Economy
- Housing, Urbanization, Apartheid
- Diversity, Wildlife, Cuisine
- Art, Culture, History
- Afrikaans Lit, Poetry, Novels
- Cultural Institutions
- Apartheid, Colonization, Freedom
- Late Stone Age, Archaeology, San People
- Iron Age, Bantu, Khoisan
- Colonial Economy, Resources, Trade
- British Occupation, Colonization, Boer War
- Delagoa Bay, Slave Trade
- Boer Consolidation, Union, Apartheid
- Zulu, Shaka, Apartheid
- Diamonds, Gold, Imperialism
- Gold Mining, Economy, History
- Reconstruct, Union, Segregation
- Black, Coloured, Indian
- Apartheid, Colonization, Inequality
- WWII, Apartheid, Mandela
- Apartheid, National Party, Segregation
- Resistance, Activism, Liberation
- Apartheid, Democracy, Equality
- Postapartheid South Africa
South Africa Act
South Africa Act, act of 1909 that unified the British colonies of the Cape Colony, Natal, Transvaal, and Orange......
South African War
South African War, war fought from October 11, 1899, to May 31, 1902, between Great Britain and the two Boer (Afrikaner)......
South America
South America, fourth largest of the worldâs continents. It is the southern portion of the landmass generally referred......
- Introduction
- Geology, Plate Tectonics, Fossils
- Paleozoic, Fossils, Plate Tectonics
- Andes, Amazon, Galapagos
- Andes, Peaks, Glaciers
- Rivers, Amazon, Andes
- Lakes, Rivers, Wetlands
- Climate, Geography, Altitude
- Rainforest, Flora, Fauna
- Rainforests, Biodiversity, Ecosystems
- Tropical Forests, Biodiversity, Climate
- Wildlife, Ecosystems, Biodiversity
- Amazon Rainforest, Guianan Shield, Biodiversity
- Plains, Agriculture, Wildlife
- Indigenous, Cultures, Diversity
- Iberians, Indigenous, Colonization
- Population, Ecology, Distribution
- Languages, Dialects, Indigenous
- Demography, Fertility, Transition
- Population Growth, Migration, Poverty
- Oil, Gas, Coal
- Precious Metals, Gemstones, Mining
- Forestry, Fishing, Biodiversity
- Food Crops, Agriculture, Diversity
- Mining, Agriculture, Manufacturing
- Trade, Resources, Markets
- Transportation, Infrastructure, Trade
- Culture, Diversity, Traditions
South Carolina
South Carolina, constituent state of the United States of America, one of the 13 original colonies. It lies on......
Sovereign Council
Sovereign Council, governmental body established by France in April 1663 for administering New France, its colony......
Spalatin, Georg
Georg Spalatin was a humanist friend of Martin Luther and a prolific writer whose capacity for diplomacy helped......
Spanish language
Spanish language, Romance language (Indo-European family) spoken as a first language by some 360 million people......
Speelman, Cornelis Janszoon
Cornelis Janszoon Speelman was a Dutch military leader and governor-general of the Dutch East Indies (1681â84)......
Speke, John Hanning
John Hanning Speke was a British explorer who was the first European to reach Lake Victoria in East Africa, which......
Squanto
Squanto was a Native American interpreter and guide. Squanto was born into the Pawtuxet people who occupied lands......
Squarcione, Francesco
Francesco Squarcione was an early Renaissance painter who founded the Paduan school and is known for being the......
Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, island country lying in the Indian Ocean and separated from peninsular India by the Palk Strait. It......
- Introduction
- Indian Ocean, Tropical Climate, Wildlife
- Wildlife, Flora, Fauna
- Population, Migration, Density
- Tea, Rubber, Tourism
- Culture, Religion, Cuisine
- Ancient, Colonial, Civil War
- Buddhism, Conversion, History
- Ancient Kingdoms, Polonnaruwa, Decline
- Agriculture, Irrigation, Yields
- Portuguese, Colonial, Trade
- Kandy, European Powers
- Dutch Rule, Colonialism, Trade
- British Rule, Colonialism, Independence
- Independence, Ethnic Conflict, Buddhism
- Island Nation, Culture, History
- Island, Culture, History
- Reconstruction, Economy, Tourism
Stamp Act
Stamp Act, (1765), in U.S. colonial history, first British parliamentary attempt to raise revenue through direct......
Stamp Act Congress
Stamp Act Congress, meeting convened in New York City (October 1765) by representatives of nine of the American......
Standish, Myles
Myles Standish was a British-American colonist and military leader of the Plymouth colony. As a young man, Standish......
Stanley, Henry Morton
Henry Morton Stanley was a British American explorer of central Africa, famous for his rescue of the Scottish missionary......
Staël, Germaine de
Germaine de Staël was a French-Swiss woman of letters, political propagandist, and conversationalist, who epitomized......
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur
Vilhjalmur Stefansson was a Canadian-born American explorer and ethnologist who spent five consecutive record-making......
Steudner, Hermann
Hermann Steudner was a German physician and explorer who investigated the Nile tributaries in the western Sudan......
Stirling, William Alexander, 1st Earl of, Viscount Of Canada, Viscount Of Stirling, Lord Alexander Of Tullibody
William Alexander, 1st earl of Stirling was a Scottish courtier, statesman, and poet who founded and colonized......
Stolen Generations
Stolen Generations, the generations of Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islander peoples who, as children,......
Straits Settlements
Straits Settlements, former British crown colony on the Strait of Malacca, comprising four trade centres, Penang,......
Stroganov Family
Stroganov Family, wealthy Russian family of merchants, probably of Tatar origin, famous for their colonizing activities......
Stumpf, Johannes
Johannes Stumpf was a Swiss chronicler and theologian, one of the most important personalities of the Swiss Reformation.......
Sturt, Charles
Charles Sturt was an Australian explorer whose expedition down the Murrumbidgee and Murray rivers (1829â30) is......
Stuyvesant, Peter
Peter Stuyvesant was a Dutch colonial governor who tried to resist the English seizure of New York. Stuyvesant......
submarine
submarine, any naval vessel that is capable of propelling itself beneath the water as well as on the waterâs surface.......
Sudan
Sudan, country located in northeastern Africa. The name Sudan derives from the Arabic expression bilÄd al-sĆ«dÄn......
- Introduction
- Wildlife, Deserts, Savannahs
- Islam, Christianity, Animism
- Crops, Livestock, Fisheries
- Manufacturing, Textiles, Oil
- Politics, Governance, Conflict
- Culture, Traditions, Religion
- Agriculture, Trade, Industry
- Cultural Institutions
- Ancient Kingdom, Nubia, Nile Valley
- Islamic Encroachments
- Islam, Spread, Africa
- Ismail Pasha, European Influence
- Mahdiyyah, Islamic State, Revolt
- British Conquest, Colonization, Resistance
- Nationalism, Independence, Unity
- Addis Ababa, Agreement, Peace
- Civil War, Dictatorship, Conflict
- Darfur Conflict, Genocide, War Crimes
- Conflict, South, Secession
- Bashir's Rule, Military Coup, 2019
Sugar Act
Sugar Act, (1764), in U.S. colonial history, British legislation aimed at ending the smuggling trade in sugar and......
Sullivan, John
John Sullivan was an early U.S. political leader and officer in the American Revolution who won distinction for......
Suriname
Suriname, country located on the northern coast of South America. Suriname is one of the smallest countries in......
Surji-Arjungaon, Treaty of
Treaty of Surji-Arjungaon, (Dec. 30, 1803), settlement between the Maratha chief Daulat Rao Sindhia and the British,......
surveying
surveying, a means of making relatively large-scale, accurate measurements of the Earthâs surfaces. It includes......
surveyorâs chain
surveyorâs chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still widely used for surveying in English-speaking......
surveyorâs level
surveyorâs level, instrument used in surveying to measure the height of distant points in relation to a bench mark......
Swan, Robert
Robert Swan is a British explorer and global environmental activist who became the first person to successfully......
Swettenham, Sir Frank
Sir Frank Swettenham was a British colonial official in Malaya who was highly influential in shaping British policy......
Symonds, John Addington
John Addington Symonds was an English essayist, poet, and biographer best known for his cultural history of the......
Tallmadge, Benjamin
Benjamin Tallmadge was an American Continental Army officer who oversaw the Culper Spy Ring during the American......
Talon, Jean, count dâOrsainville
Jean Talon, count dâOrsainville was a French statesman and the first intendant of New France (Canada), who tried......
Tasman, Abel
Abel Tasman was the greatest of the Dutch navigators and explorers, who was the first European to sight Tasmania,......
Tausen, Hans
Hans Tausen was a religious Reformer known as âthe Danish Lutherâ for his major role in bringing the Reformation......
Te Tiriti o Waitangi
Te Tiriti o Waitangi , (February 6, 1840), historic pact between Great Britain and a number of New Zealand MÄori......
Tea Act
Tea Act, (1773), in British American colonial history, legislative maneuver by the British ministry of Lord North......
Teleki, SĂĄmuel, GrĂłf
SĂĄmuel, Count Teleki was a Hungarian explorer who discovered and named Lake Rudolf (now also called Lake Turkana)......
Tempio Malatestiano
Tempio Malatestiano, burial chapel in Rimini, Italy, for Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, the lord of the city, together......
TenochtitlĂĄn, Battle of
Battle of TenochtitlĂĄn, (May 22âAugust 13, 1521), military engagement between the Aztecs and a coalition of Spanish......
The Argentine Menâs Basketball Team: Gold for the Golden Generation
To reclaim its longtime dominance of Olympic menâs basketball, the United States, beginning with the 1992 Games......
The Darwin-Lincoln Double Bicentennial
Abraham Lincoln and Charles Darwin, two of the 19th centuryâs most enduring thinkers and figures, share more than......
The Mughal Family Tree
The Mughal dynasty was a line of Muslim rulers of Turkic-Mongol origin who reigned over much of northern India......
The role of Nigerian women
From precolonial times to the early 21st century, the role and status of women in Nigeria have continuously evolved.......
The Spanish Conquest of the Aztecs, 1519â21
Reports of riches discovered by Spanish expeditions to YucatĂĄn in 1517 played a role in turning the attention of......
theodolite
theodolite, basic surveying instrument of unknown origin but going back to the 16th-century English mathematician......
theology
theology, philosophically oriented discipline of religious speculation and apologetics that is traditionally restricted,......
Thesiger, Wilfred
Wilfred Thesiger was a British soldier and travel writer who was a colonial explorer in the tradition of Sir Richard......
Third Cinema
Third Cinema, aesthetic and political cinematic movement in Third World countries (mainly in Latin America and......
Thomason, James
James Thomason was a British lieutenant governor of the North-Western Provinces in India and founder of a system......
Thompson, David
David Thompson was an English explorer, geographer, and fur trader in the western parts of what are now Canada......
Thomson, Joseph
Joseph Thomson was a Scottish geologist, naturalist, and explorer who was the first European to enter several regions......
Thomson, Sir C. Wyville
Sir C. Wyville Thomson was a Scottish naturalist who was one of the first marine biologists to describe life in......
Thorfinn Karlsefni
Thorfinn Karlsefni was an Icelandic-born Scandinavian leader of an early colonizing expedition to North America.......
ThorlĂĄksson, Gudbrandur
Gudbrandur ThorlĂĄksson was a Reformation scholar and Lutheran bishop who was responsible for the success of Lutheranism......
Tinné, Alexandrine-Pieternella-Françoise
Alexandrine-Pieternella-Françoise Tinné was a Dutch explorer best known for her investigations of the course of......
Tintoretto
Tintoretto was a great Italian Mannerist painter of the Venetian school and one of the most important artists of......
Tippu Tib
Tippu Tib was the most famous late 19th-century Arab trader in central and eastern Africa. His ambitious plans......
Tiradentes Conspiracy
Tiradentes Conspiracy, (1789), plot organized in the captaincy of Minas Gerais, Brazil, against the Portuguese......
Titian
Titian was the greatest Italian Renaissance painter of the Venetian school. He was recognized early in his own......
Today in HistoryâAugust 27: The Anglo-Zanzibar War StartsâŠand Ends
On this day in 1896, the shortest war in history happened. Youâd be forgiven for missing the Anglo-Zanzibar War......
Today in HistoryâAugust 30: The Mystery of the Golden Blob Begins
Find blob? Check. Poke blob? Uh-huh. ID blob? That oneâs gonna take a while. On this day in 2023, a remotely operated......
Today in HistoryâAugust 3: Columbus Sets Sail
On this day in 1492, Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue. After that, things get considerably more complicated.......
Today in HistoryâFebruary 3: When Rebellion Was the Mother of Invention
On this day in 1690 (or possibly 1691, depending on which historical records you trust), the Massachusetts Bay......
Today in HistoryâFebruary 5: The Life and Disappearance of George Bass
On this day in 1803, 32-year-old English explorer George Bass set sail from Sydney aboard the Venus with a crew......
Today in HistoryâJuly 11: The Balloon-Based Polar Expedition Launches
No one had ever laid eyes on the North Pole, but many had died trying. Swedish engineer Salomon August Andrée had......
Today in HistoryâMarch 5: The Expedition That Summited Mt. Erebus
Today in 1908 a group of men set out to climb a volcano. They were part of Ernest Shackletonâs British Antarctic......
Today in HistoryâMay 1: The Discovery of Remains on Everest Raises More Questions
It is 1999, and Everest is experiencing its driest season in years. For nine climbers, this means a rare opportunity.......
Today in HistoryâNovember 10: The Search for Dr. Livingstone
âDr. Livingstone, I presume?â With those words, journalist Henry Morton Stanley ended years of speculation concerning......
Today in HistoryâOctober 21: Magellan Finds a Route to the Pacific
Ferdinand Magellan was not the first European to sight the Pacific Ocean; he wasnât the first to name it either,......
Today in HistoryâOctober 31: A Reformation Ignites
In 1517 a Roman Catholic monk and theologian named Martin Luther did something that would eventually split Western......
Today in HistoryâSeptember 15: Charles Darwin Visits the Galapagos Islands
Somewhere out there was a turtle and a mockingbird that changed human understanding of how life on Earth evolved.......
Today in HistoryâSeptember 1: The Secret Story of the Titanicâs Discovery
What do the Titanic and two nuclear submarines have in common? All three sank in the Atlantic. And all were part......
Today in HistoryâSeptember 23: Welcome Back, Lewis and Clark!
On this day in 1806, the Lewis and Clark expedition arrived in St. Louis, Missouri, near where they had set out......
Tonga
Tonga, country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of some 170 islands divided into three main island......
Tonty, Henri de
Henri de Tonty was an Italian-born explorer and colonizer, companion of the Sieur de La Salle during his North......
Tordesillas, Treaty of
Treaty of Tordesillas, (June 7, 1494), agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over lands......
Torrigiani, Pietro
Pietro Torrigiani was a Florentine sculptor and painter who became the first exponent of the Italian Renaissance......
Tory, Geoffroy
Geoffroy Tory was a publisher, printer, author, orthographic reformer, and prolific engraver who was mainly responsible......
Townshend Acts
Townshend Acts, (June 15âJuly 2, 1767), in colonial U.S. history, series of four acts passed by the British Parliament......
Townshend, Charles
Charles Townshend was a British chancellor of the Exchequer whose measures for the taxation of the British American......
Trade, Board of
Board of Trade, English governmental advisory body established by William III in May 1696 to replace the Lords......
Transit
Transit, any of the first series of U.S. navigation satellites. Launched by the U.S. Navy from 1960 to 1988, the......
Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope
Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope, one of the confessional writings of Lutheranism, prepared in 1537......
Trebonius, Gaius
Gaius Trebonius was a Roman general and politician who had been one of Caesarâs most trusted lieutenants before......
triangulation
triangulation, in navigation, surveying, and civil engineering, a technique for precise determination of a shipâs......
Trieste
Trieste, bathyscaphe (q.v.) launched by Auguste Piccard in...
trilateration
trilateration, method of surveying in which the lengths of the sides of a triangle are measured, usually by electronic......
Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago, island country of the southeastern West Indies. It consists of two main islandsâTrinidad and......
Tristan da Cunha
Tristan da Cunha, island and group of islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, about midway between southern Africa......