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Follow the navigators, expeditions, and encounters that expanded maps, connected continents, and transformed how people understood the wider world.
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navigation
navigation, science of directing a craft by determining its position, course, and distance traveled. Navigation......
Navigation Acts
Navigation Acts, in English history, a series of laws designed to restrict England’s carrying trade to English......
navigation chart
navigation chart, map designed and used primarily for navigation. A nautical chart presents most of the information......
Nederburgh, Sebastian Cornelius
Sebastian Cornelius Nederburgh was a conservative Dutch statesman who was chiefly responsible for the Charter of......
neocolonialism
neocolonialism, the control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect means. The term......
New Caledonia
New Caledonia, French unique collectivity in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, about 900 miles (1,500 km) east of......
New England Confederation
New England Confederation, in British American colonial history, a federation of Massachusetts, Connecticut, New......
New England, Council for
Council for New England, in British American colonial history, joint stock company organized in 1620 by a charter......
New Hampshire
New Hampshire, constituent state of the United States of America. One of the 13 original U.S. states, it is located......
New Haven
New Haven, city, coextensive with the town (township) of New Haven, New Haven county, south-central Connecticut,......
New Imperialism
New Imperialism, period of intensified imperialistic expansion from the latter half of the 19th century until the......
New Jersey
New Jersey, constituent state of the United States of America. One of the original 13 states, it is bounded by......
New York
New York, constituent state of the United States of America, one of the 13 original colonies and states. New York......
New Zealand
New Zealand, island country in the South Pacific Ocean, the southwesternmost part of Polynesia. New Zealand is......
New Zealand Company
New Zealand Company, (1839–58), British joint-stock company responsible for much of the early settlement of New......
Newport, Christopher
Christopher Newport was a British sea captain who was one of the founders of the Jamestown Colony. Newport went......
Newton, Alfred
Alfred Newton was a British zoologist, one of the foremost ornithologists of his day. Newton studied at Magdalene......
Nicaragua
Nicaragua, country of Central America. It is the largest of the Central American republics. Nicaragua can be characterized......
NiccolĂČ dell’Arca
NiccolĂČ dell’Arca was an early Renaissance sculptor famed for his intensely expressionistic use of realism combined......
Nicolai, Friedrich
Friedrich Nicolai was a writer and bookseller who, with Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Moses Mendelssohn, was a leader......
Nicolet, Jean
Jean Nicolet was a French North American explorer who was the first known European to discover Lake Michigan and......
Nicollet, Joseph Nicolas
Joseph Nicolas Nicollet was a French mathematician and explorer. Nicollet showed promise in mathematics and astronomy......
Nicolls, Richard
Richard Nicolls was the first English governor of the province of New York in the American colonies. The son of......
Niebuhr, Carsten
Carsten Niebuhr was a German traveler who was the sole survivor of the first scientific expedition to Arabia and......
Nigeria
Nigeria, country located on the western coast of Africa. Nigeria has a diverse geography, with climates ranging......
Ninety-five Theses
Ninety-five Theses, a work of 95 one- or two-sentence propositions for debate, written in Latin by Martin Luther......
Niza, Marcos de
Marcos de Niza was a Franciscan friar who claimed to have sighted the legendary “Seven Golden Cities of Cibola”......
Nobile, Umberto
Umberto Nobile was an Italian aeronautical engineer and pioneer in Arctic aviation who in 1926, with the Norwegian......
Nonimportation Agreements
Nonimportation Agreements, (1765–75), in U.S. colonial history, attempts to force British recognition of political......
Nootka Sound controversy
Nootka Sound controversy, (1790), dispute over the seizure of vessels at Nootka Sound, an inlet on the western......
Nordenskiöld, Adolf Erik, Baron
Adolf Erik, Baron Nordenskiöld was a Swedish geologist, mineralogist, geographer, and explorer who sailed from......
Nordenskjöld, Otto
Otto Nordenskjöld was a Swedish geographer and explorer whose expedition to the Antarctic was distinguished by......
Norfolk Island
Norfolk Island, external territory of Australia, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, 1,041 miles (1,676 km) northeast......
Norodom
Norodom was the king of Cambodia (1860–1904) who, under duress, placed his country under the control of the French......
North Africa campaigns
North Africa campaigns, (1940–43), in World War II, series of battles for control of North Africa. At stake was......
North America
North America, third largest of the world’s continents, lying for the most part between the Arctic Circle and the......
North Carolina
North Carolina, constituent state of the United States of America. One of the 13 original states, it lies on the......
North, Frederick North, Lord
Frederick North, Lord North was the prime minister from 1770 to 1782, whose vacillating leadership contributed......
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, lying in the northeastern quadrant of the island of Ireland, on the......
Nova, JoĂŁo da
JoĂŁo da Nova was a Spanish navigator who in the service of Portugal discovered the islands of Ascension and St.......
Numbered Treaties
Numbered Treaties, (1871–1921), in Canadian history, a series of 11 treaties negotiated between the dominion and......
Nur Jahan
Nur Jahan was the de facto ruler of India during the later years of the reign of her husband Jahangir, who was......
NĂșñez Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar
Álvar NĂșñez Cabeza de Vaca was a Spanish explorer who spent eight years in the Gulf region of present-day Texas.......
Nādir Shāh
Nādir Shāh was an Iranian ruler and conqueror who created an Iranian empire that stretched from the Indus River......
Ochino, Bernardino
Bernardino Ochino was a Protestant convert from Roman Catholicism who became an itinerant Reformer and influenced......
Oecolampadius, Johann
Johann Oecolampadius was a German humanist, preacher, and patristic scholar who, as a close friend of the Swiss......
Ogden, Peter Skene
Peter Skene Ogden was a Canadian fur trader and a major explorer of the American West—the Great Basin, Oregon and......
Oglethorpe, James Edward
James Edward Oglethorpe was an English army officer, philanthropist, and founder of the British colony of Georgia......
Ohio Company
Ohio Company, in U.S. colonial history, organization of Englishmen and Virginians, established in 1748, to promote......
Ordóñez, Bartolomé
Bartolomé Ordóñez was a sculptor who was one of the originators of the Spanish school of Renaissance sculpture.......
Orellana, Francisco de
Francisco de Orellana was a Spanish soldier and the first European explorer of the Amazon River. After participating......
Osiander, Andreas
Andreas Osiander was a German theologian who helped introduce the Protestant Reformation to NĂŒrnberg. The son of......
Otis, James
James Otis was an American political activist during the period leading up to the American Revolution. He helped......
Ovando, NicolĂĄs de
NicolĂĄs de Ovando was a Spanish military leader and the first royal governor of the West Indies. He was the first......
Overweg, Adolf
Adolf Overweg was a German geologist, astronomer, and traveler who was the first European to circumnavigate and......
Oxley, John
John Oxley was a surveyor-general and explorer who played an important part in the exploration of eastern Australia......
Oñate, Juan de
Juan de Oñate was a conquistador who established the colony of New Mexico for Spain. During his despotic governorship,......
Pacheco Pereira, Duarte
Duarte Pacheco Pereira was a Portuguese seafarer and compiler of sailing directions. The Portuguese poet LuĂ­s de......
Pacher, Michael
Michael Pacher was a late Gothic painter and wood-carver, one of the earliest artists to introduce the principles......
Padri War
Padri War, (1821–37), armed conflict in Minangkabau (Sumatra) between reformist Muslims, known as Padris, and local......
Paine, Thomas
Thomas Paine was an English-American writer and political pamphleteer whose Common Sense pamphlet and Crisis papers......
Pakistan
Pakistan, populous multiethnic country of South Asia. Having a predominately Indo-Iranian speaking population,......
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da
Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina was an Italian Renaissance composer of more than 105 masses and 250 motets, a......
Palmer, Nathaniel
Nathaniel Palmer was an American sea captain and explorer after whom Palmer Land, a stretch of western Antarctic......
Palomino De Castro Y Velasco
Palomino De Castro Y Velasco was a Spanish painter, scholar, and author, the last court painter to King Charles......
Pan-American Union
Pan-American Union, Organization formed in 1890 to promote cooperation among the countries of Latin America and......
Panama
Panama, country of Central America located on the Isthmus of Panama, the narrow bridge of land that connects North......
Pangkor Engagement
Pangkor Engagement, (1874), treaty between the British government and Malay chiefs in Perak, the first step in......
Panipat, Battles of
Battles of Panipat, three battles (1526, 1556, and 1761) that took place at Panipat (in present-day Haryana, India),......
Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea, island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It encompasses the eastern half of New Guinea,......
Paraguay
Paraguay, landlocked country in south-central South America. Paraguay’s recent history has been characterized by......
Paris, Treaty of
Treaty of Paris, (1763), treaty concluding the Franco-British conflicts of the Seven Years’ War (called the French......
Park, Mungo
Mungo Park was a Scottish explorer of the Niger. Educated as a surgeon at the University of Edinburgh, Park was......
Parker, Matthew
Matthew Parker was an Anglican archbishop of Canterbury (1559–75) who presided over the Elizabethan religious settlement......
Parkman, Francis
Francis Parkman was an American historian noted for his classic seven-volume history of France and England in North......
Parliament, Admonition to
Admonition to Parliament, Puritan manifesto, published in 1572 and written by the London clergymen John Field and......
Parmigianino
Parmigianino was an Italian painter who was one of the first artists to develop the elegant and sophisticated version......
Passchendaele, Battle of
Battle of Passchendaele, (July 31–November 6, 1917), World War I battle that served as a vivid symbol of the mud,......
Pastorius, Francis Daniel
Francis Daniel Pastorius was a German educator, humanitarian, author, and public official who helped settle Pennsylvania......
Pater, Walter
Walter Pater was an English critic, essayist, and humanist whose advocacy of “art for art’s sake” became a cardinal......
Paterson, William
William Paterson was a Scottish founder of the Bank of England, writer on economic issues, and the prime mover......
Patiño, José Patiño, marqués de
José Patiño, marquis de Patiño was a Spanish statesman who was one of the most outstanding ministers of the Spanish......
Pavie, Auguste
Auguste Pavie was a French explorer and diplomat, who is best known for his explorations of the upper Mekong River......
Peary, Robert
Robert Peary was a U.S. Arctic explorer usually credited with leading the first expedition to reach the North Pole......
Pedersen, Christiern
Christiern Pedersen was a Danish humanist who was among the first to rediscover Denmark’s national literary and......
Penang
Penang, island of Malaysia, lying in the Strait of Malacca off the northwest coast of peninsular Malaya, from which......
Pendleton, Edmund
Edmund Pendleton was a Virginia patriot during the American Revolution. Pendleton’s father and grandfather died......
Penn, William
William Penn was an English Quaker leader and advocate of religious freedom, who oversaw the founding of the American......
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania, constituent state of the United States of America, one of the original 13 American colonies. The......
Pequot War
Pequot War, war fought in 1636–37 by the Pequot people against a coalition of English settlers from the Massachusetts......
Perak War
Perak War, (c. 1874–76), rebellion against the British by a group of dissident Malay chiefs that culminated in......
Peralta, Pedro de
Pedro de Peralta was a Spanish colonial official who established Santa Fe as the capital of New Mexico. Peralta......
Perrin, Ami
Ami Perrin was a Swiss opponent of the religious Reformer John Calvin at Geneva and leader of the anti-Calvinist......
Perrot, Nicolas
Nicolas Perrot was a French fur trader, North American colonial official, and explorer. Perrot immigrated to New......
Perrot, Sir John
Sir John Perrot was the lord deputy of Ireland from 1584 to 1588, who established an English colony in Munster......
Peru
Peru, country in western South America. Except for the Lake Titicaca basin in the southeast, its borders lie in......
Perugino
Perugino was an Italian Renaissance painter of the Umbria school and the teacher of Raphael. His work (e.g., Christ......
Pesellino
Pesellino was an Italian artist of the early Renaissance who excelled in the execution of small-scale paintings.......
Peter Martyr d’Anghiera
Peter Martyr d’Anghiera was a chaplain to the court of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile,......
Peters, Carl
Carl Peters was a German explorer who advanced the establishment of the German East African protectorate of Tanganyika,......

Global Exploration Encyclopedia Articles By Title

12 -BAL
BAL-BRU
BRĂ»-CON
CON-DUV
DYN-GAU
GEN-HOM
HON-LA
LA -MAI
MAI-NAT
NAV-PET
PET-ROL
ROM-SOT
SOU-TRI
TUC-ZWI