North Carolina
-
What is North Carolina?
North Carolina, one of the original 13 states of the United States, is located on the Atlantic coast between New York and Florida. It is bounded by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, South Carolina and Georgia to the south, and Tennessee to the west.
The state extends across three major regions: the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, and the Appalachian Mountains. Its climate varies from medium continental in the mountains to subtropical in the southeast. North Carolina's economy was historically based on tobacco and textiles, but has diversified to include manufacturing and services. The population was estimated to be 11,046,024 in 2024.
2 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
Where is North Carolina located in the United States?
North Carolina is a constituent state of the United States of America and one of the 13 original states. It is located on the Atlantic coast, approximately midway between New York and Florida.
North Carolina is bounded to the north by Virginia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by South Carolina and Georgia, and to the west by Tennessee. The state extends across three major physiographic regions of the United States: the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, and the Appalachian Mountains.
2 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
What is the capital city of North Carolina?
The capital of North Carolina is Raleigh. The city was selected as the capital in 1788 and was laid out from a tract of forest in 1792, after the American Revolution. It was originally named Wake Courthouse but was later renamed for Sir Walter Raleigh.
Raleigh is a major retail shipping and wholesale distribution point for eastern North Carolina. The city is also an educational center and part of North Carolina’s Research Triangle, a three-county area of cultural, scientific, and educational activities.
3 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
What are some major geographical features of North Carolina?
North Carolina features three major physiographic regions: the Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, and the Appalachian Mountains. The Coastal Plain has a swampy tidewater area and Outer Banks comprised of sand dunes. The Piedmont is characterized by rolling, forested hills. The western part of the state is mountainous, containing the Black Mountains, part of the Appalachian range, including Mount Mitchell, the highest peak east of the Mississippi River.
The state has a substantial amount of inland water, including Lake Mattamuskeet, the state's largest natural lake. Several rivers flow across North Carolina, including the Cape Fear, Roanoke, and Yadkin–Pee Dee Rivers.
3 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
What is North Carolina known for in history or culture?
North Carolina is known for its rich history and culture. It was the site of the first English colony in North America, the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke. The state played a significant role in the American Revolution, with victories at Kings Mountain and a defeat at Guilford Courthouse.
North Carolina is also known for its unique folk music traditions, especially in the Piedmont and Appalachian regions. The state's cultural heritage is celebrated through rural arts, historical pageantry, and various music festivals. Additionally, North Carolina is home to the first state-supported orchestra in the country, the North Carolina Symphony.
1 Britannica SourceCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
What are some important industries and resources in North Carolina today?
North Carolina has transitioned from an economy based on tobacco and textiles to one supported by diverse industries and services. While tobacco and textile manufacturing remain important, major sectors include manufacturing, agriculture, and service industries.
North Carolina leads in producing sweet potatoes, tobacco, pigs, and poultry. The state's forests support lumber and wood products. It also has nonmetallic mineral reserves, including phosphate rock and lithium. The service sector has grown rapidly since 1950, especially in banking in Charlotte and technology in the Raleigh-Durham-Chapel Hill area.
2 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.
News •
North Carolina, constituent state of the United States of America. One of the 13 original states, it lies on the Atlantic coast midway between New York and Florida and is bounded to the north by Virginia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by South Carolina and Georgia, and to the west by Tennessee. The terrain of North Carolina is among the wettest in the country, with vast marshlands in the coastal tidewater area and numerous lakes in the Piedmont and Appalachian regions. These three physical regions account for much of the diversity in lifestyles and cultures within the state’s boundaries. The capital is Raleigh.
North Carolina’s beginnings were tied closely to the earliest attempts at English colonization of North America. Roanoke Island in the northeast, a part of the heavily indented and island-fringed coast, was the site of the famous “lost colony” that vanished sometime after the original landing in 1587. This eastern region retains some of the flavor of colonial life, while the Piedmont region, centered at Charlotte and Raleigh, has become the state’s hub of industry and population. The mountains of the west remain the focus of a lively rural culture, including that of an indigenous Cherokee community that has lived in the region for centuries.
- Capital:
- Raleigh
- Population1:
- (2020) 10,439,388; (2025 est.) 11,197,968
- Governor:
- Josh Stein (Democrat)
- Date Of Admission:
- Nov. 21, 17892
- U.S. Senators:
- Ted Budd (Republican)
- Thom Tillis (Republican)
- State Nickname:
- Tar Heel State
- Old North State
- State Motto:
- "Esse Quam Videri (To Be Rather Than To Seem)"
- State Bird:
- northern cardinal
- State Flower:
- flowering dogwood
- State Song:
- “The Old North State”
- Seats In U.S. House Of Representatives:
- 14 (of 435)
- Time Zone:
- Eastern (GMT − 5 hours)
- Total Area (Sq Km):
- 139,391
- Total Area (Sq Mi):
- 53,819
- Excluding military abroad.
- Original state; date shown is that of ratification of Constitution.
Beginning in the mid-20th century, North Carolina experienced population growth at a much higher rate than the national average. This was largely attributable to its vibrant economy, which featured one of the strongest manufacturing sectors in the country—and the strongest in the South. At the same time, the state’s service sector also expanded, keeping pace with the trend of the national economy. North Carolina’s prosperity, natural beauty, and reputation for stable government have given it an image of progress and opportunity, even as it maintains its strong Southern identity. Area 53,819 square miles (139,391 square km). Population (2020) 10,439,388; (2025 est.) 11,197,968.
Land
Relief
North Carolina extends across three major physiographic regions of the United States—the Coastal Plain (or tidewater area), the Piedmont, and the Appalachian Mountains. In addition to producing a spectacular landscape, this regional variation has influenced the state’s climate, soils, plant life, and human geography.
As the land reaches westward from sea level, it rises gradually to the fall line, a zone some 30 miles (50 km) in width that separates the Coastal Plain from the Piedmont. In the latter region, the topography becomes irregular, and the land rises about 5 feet (1.5 meters) per mile to the base of the Appalachians, a distance of about 140 miles (225 km). The mountains have a worn, rounded appearance, reflecting a geologic origin earlier than that of the rugged peaks of the American West. Mount Mitchell, rising to 6,684 feet (2,037 meters), is the highest peak east of the Mississippi.
Composing nearly half the state, the Coastal Plain consists of a gently rolling, well-drained interior and a swampy tidewater area close to the coastline. The latter region was the first to be explored and settled. A long chain of islands, the Outer Banks, extends from Virginia to South Carolina, generally consisting of sand dunes that can reach 100 feet (30 meters) or more in height. Three capes—Hatteras, Lookout, and Fear, the first two within national seashores—jut into the ocean in an area known as the “graveyard of the Atlantic,” a reference to the many ships that have sunk in its dangerous waters. The elevation of the entire area averages less than 20 feet (6 meters) above sea level. Only small-craft navigation is possible, because of silting and the shallow sounds and estuaries.
The inner Coastal Plain extends 120 to 140 miles (190 to 225 km) westward to the Piedmont, which is a region of rolling, forested hills. The prominent ridges and hills of the eastern Piedmont may be the remains of an ancient mountain chain that paralleled the Appalachians, from which spurs extend into the western Piedmont. The area is well drained by rivers flowing into the Coastal Plain or South Carolina. Dams on the Catawba and Yadkin rivers are important sources of hydroelectric power.
The trusted destination for professionals, college students, and lifelong learners.
SUBSCRIBE
The mountain region comprises a plateau broken by two ranges of the southern Appalachians. On the east are the Blue Ridge Mountains, which rise steeply from the Piedmont to peaks of 3,000 to 4,000 feet (900 to 1,200 meters), with several reaching above 6,000 feet (1,800 meters). In the far west the Unaka Mountains contain the Great Smoky Mountains, which roll westward into Tennessee. This region is divided into several cross ridges and a number of smaller plateaus and basins. One of the chief ridges is made up of the Black Mountain group. Some 100 peaks rise above 5,000 feet (1,500 meters) in the western part of the state.
Drainage and soils
North Carolina has some 3,820 square miles (9,890 square km) of inland water, the third largest such area of any state. Lake Mattamuskeet, covering some 63 square miles (162 square km) in the state’s eastern tidewater area, is North Carolina’s largest natural lake. Lakes are especially abundant in the Catawaba River basin of the state’s southwest Piedmont and Appalachian region; the river itself is largely a chain of man-made reservoirs. The Catawba is the most densely populated river basin in the state. The Cape Fear River basin, which occupies much of North Carolina’s southeastern quadrant, is the largest. The Roanoke River drains the state’s northeastern corner, flowing southeast from Virginia into the ocean at Albermarle Sound. Bisecting North Carolina from north to south is the Yadkin–Pee Dee River. The Little Tennessee and French Broad rivers flow northwest from the mountains of North Carolina into Tennessee. Raleigh is drained by the Neuse River, which empties into the Atlantic at New Bern.
Soils in North Carolina are commonly grouped according to regional variations. Coastal soils are rich and humus-laden, while farther to the west the hills consist mostly of sand and have almost no organic materials. The Piedmont region is predominately clayey, and mountain soils are a combination of clay, sand, and silt, commonly called loam. All of North Carolina’s soils are affected by excessive leaching, which causes high mineral loss, and successful agriculture depends on large additions of lime and fertilizers.