- Original name:
- Ali Gauhar
- Born:
- June 15, 1728, Delhi [India]
- Died:
- Nov. 10, 1806, Delhi (aged 78)
- House / Dynasty:
- Mughal dynasty
- Notable Family Members:
- father ʿĀlamgīr II
Shah Alam II
Shah Alam II (born June 15, 1728, Delhi [India]—died Nov. 10, 1806, Delhi) was the nominal Mughal emperor of India from 1759 to 1806.
Son of the emperor Alamgir II, he was forced to flee Delhi in 1758 by the minister Imad al-Mulk, who kept the emperor a virtual prisoner. He took refuge with Shuja ud-Dawlah, nawab of Oudh (Ayodhya), and after his father’s assassination in 1759 he proclaimed himself emperor. With the intention of seeking to capture Delhi, he demanded tribute from Bihar and Bengal and thereby came into conflict with the East India Company. After Shuja ud-Dawlah’s defeat at Buxar (in modern Bihar state) in 1764, however, Shah Alam became the company’s pensioner, in return for which he legalized the company’s positions in Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa (now Odisha) in 1765 by granting the right to collect revenue. Comfortably settled at the city of Allahabad (now Prayagraj), he sought Delhi, and in 1771 an agreement with the Maratha people of western India returned it to him. During 1772–82 his minister, Najaf Khan, asserted imperial authority over the Delhi territory from the Sutlej to the Chambal river and from the state of Jaipur to the Ganges (Ganga) River. In 1788, however, the chief of the Rohillas (warlike Afghan tribes settled in India), Ghulam Qadir, seized Delhi and, enraged at his failure to find treasure, blinded Shah Alam.
Shah Alam spent his last years under the protection of the Maratha chief Sindhia, and, after the Second Maratha War (1803–05), of the British. With power only inside his palace, he saved more than a million rupees in his treasury. He was called “King of Delhi” by the British, who issued coins bearing his name for 30 years after his death.
