Alzheimer disease: Genetic variants: …of a gene known as TOMM40 (translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 homolog [yeast]) can be used to provide additional information about the risk of Alzheimer disease and to predict the age of onset. There are several forms of this gene, which differ in their length due to variations that…

chromosomal disorder: …be transferred to another (translocation), which has no effect on the person in which it occurs but generally causes a deletion or duplication syndrome in his or her children. Changes in chromosome number occur during sperm or egg formation or in the early development of the embryo. In the…

Down syndrome: Types of Down syndrome: The third type, translocation Down syndrome, occurs when the extra chromosome in the 21 pair breaks off and attaches itself to another chromosome. Translocation Down syndrome is the only type that may be inherited. A parent who possesses a balanced translocation—a chromosome rearrangement with no extra genetic material…

media convergence: Transmedia storytelling: One way that professional media has engaged with media convergence is through transmedia storytelling, in which stories are told across multiple platforms. Although it is intimately connected to brands and franchises being spread across media by corporate conglomerates (e.g., Star Wars, The Matrix,…

chemoreception: Signal transduction: …is said to have seven transmembrane domains. The sequence of amino acids forming these proteins is critically important. It is thought that stimulation occurs when a molecule with a particular shape fits into a corresponding “pocket” in the receptor molecule, rather as a key fits into a lock. A change…

reincarnation, in religion and philosophy, rebirth of the aspect of an individual that persists after bodily death—whether it be consciousness, mind, the soul, or some other entity—in one or more successive existences. Depending upon the tradition, these existences may be human, animal, spiritual,

prion: …of animals, including humans, called transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

materials science: Optical switching: …optical fibre has very low transmission loss.

transmission, in mechanical engineering, a device interposed between a source of power and a specific application for the purpose of adapting one to the other. Most mechanical transmissions function as rotary speed changers; the ratio of the output speed to the input speed may be constant (as in a

nervous system: Transmission of information in the nervous system: In the nervous system of animals at all levels of the evolutionary scale, the signals containing information about a particular stimulus are electrical in nature. In the past the nerve fibre and its contents were compared to metal…

TCP/IP, standard Internet communications protocols that allow digital computers to communicate over long distances. The Internet is a packet-switched network, in which information is broken down into small packets, sent individually over many different routes at the same time, and then reassembled

dynamometer: Power-measuring dynamometers may be transmission dynamometers or absorption dynamometers. The former utilize devices that measure torque, in terms of the elastic twist of the shaft or of a special torquemeter inserted between sections of the shaft. The torque is produced by the useful load that the prime mover, motor,…

transmission electron microscope (TEM), type of electron microscope that has three essential systems: (1) an electron gun, which produces the electron beam, and the condenser system, which focuses the beam onto the object, (2) the image-producing system, consisting of the objective lens, movable

lighthouse: Geographic range and luminous range: …defined in terms of a transmission factor, which is expressed as a percentage up to a maximum of 100 percent (representing a perfectly clear atmosphere, never attained in practice). Clear weather in the British Isles corresponds to about 80 percent transmission, but in tropical regions it can rise to 90…

diffraction grating: …is said to be a transmission or reflection grating according to whether it is transparent or mirrored—that is, whether it is ruled on glass or on a thin metal film deposited on a glass blank. Reflection gratings are further classified as plane or concave, the latter being a spherical surface…

coal mining: Electric wire: The world’s highest-voltage transmission line (1,150 kilovolts) transports electricity from Siberia to consumers in the western republics of the former Soviet Union—a distance of more than 3,000 kilometres. In the United States, coal-fired plants account for 50 percent of electricity generation. The U.S. electrical grid consists of three…

information theory: Historical background: Hartley, whose paper “Transmission of Information” (1928) established the first mathematical foundations for information theory.

textual criticism: …of the processes of their transmission is necessary for understanding and control of the scholar’s basic materials. For the advanced student the criticism and editing of texts offers an unrivalled philological training and a uniquely instructive avenue to the history of scholarship; it is broadly true that all advances in…

communication: Linear models: …five elements—an information source, a transmitter, a channel of transmission, a receiver, and a destination—all arranged in linear order. Messages (electronic messages, initially) were supposed to travel along this path, to be changed into electric energy by the transmitter, and to be reconstituted into intelligible language by the receiver. In…

antenna: A transmitting antenna, in general, must be able to handle much more electrical energy than a receiving antenna. An antenna also may be designed to transmit at specific frequencies. In the United States, amplitude modulation (AM) radio broadcasting, for instance, is done at frequencies between 535…

transmutation, conversion of one chemical element into another. A transmutation entails a change in the structure of atomic nuclei and hence may be induced by a nuclear reaction (q.v.), such as neutron capture, or occur spontaneously by radioactive decay, such as alpha decay and beta decay (qq.v.).

multinational corporation (MNC), any corporation that is registered and operates in more than one country at a time. Generally the corporation has its headquarters in one country and operates wholly or partially owned subsidiaries in other countries. Its subsidiaries report to the corporation’s

hegemony: …political economy, via the so-called transnational historical materialism. Scholars within this tradition have been careful to distinguish their project from the way hegemony has been used within orthodox (predominantly) realist international relations, or IR. In state-centred IR analysis, hegemony denotes the existence within the international system of a dominant state…

Transnational media corporations (TNMCs) play a central role in shaping media systems around the world. While TNMCs are distinguished from other transnational corporations (TNCs) by their involvement in the production and distribution of media and cultural commodities central to the networked media

transnational social movement, a collectivity of groups with adherents in more than one country that is committed to sustained contentious action for a common cause or a common constellation of causes, often against governments, international institutions, or private firms. Prominent examples of

transnational threats, security threats that do not originate in and are not confined to a single country. Terrorism, organized international crime, and the possible acquisition of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) by nongovernmental groups are commonly cited as examples of transnational threats.

cultural globalization: Transnational workers: Another group stems from the rise of a transnational workforce. Indian-born anthropologist Arjun Appadurai has studied English-speaking professionals who trace their origins to South Asia but who live and work elsewhere. They circulate in a social world that has multiple home bases, and…

transnationalism, economic, political, and cultural processes that extend beyond the boundaries of nation-states. The concept of transnationalism suggests a weakening of the control a nation-state has over its borders, inhabitants, and territory. Increased immigration to developed countries in

Maria Ramos: …her move in 2004 to Transnet—an operator of ports and shipping operations, bus and other passenger transit systems, rail systems, and fuel-transport lines—appeared to be an unlikely choice. However, the size of the firm and its near monopoly on transportation within South Africa allowed Ramos an opportunity to transform the…

Transdniestria, separatist enclave in Moldova, located on the east bank of the Dniester River. Loosely occupying some 1,350 square miles (3,500 square km), the self-proclaimed (1990) Pridnestrovskaia Moldavskaia Republic is not recognized by any state. It has a national bank, national currency (the

Deepwater Horizon oil spill: The explosion: …and operated by offshore-oil-drilling company Transocean and leased by oil company BP, was situated in the Macondo oil prospect in the Mississippi Canyon, a valley in the continental shelf. The oil well over which it was positioned was located on the seabed 4,993 feet (1,522 metres) below the surface and…

undersea cable, fiber-optic cable laid across the ocean floor that transmits information and enables worldwide communications. More than 600 cables with a combined distance of some 1,480,000 km (920,000 miles) stretch across the world. Cables use fiber-optic technology to operate most efficiently.

Great Trek: …trekkers in the Transvaal and Transorangia regions, respectively. In Transvaal several warring little polities were established, and factional strife ended only in the 1860s. In Transorangia the trekkers established the Orange Free State, which, under the double threat posed by the Sotho and the proximity of imperial power, settled down…

Walter Jackson Freeman II: Development of transorbital lobotomy: By 1945 Freeman had begun to lose confidence in the effectiveness of standard lobotomy, and thus he set to work on refining a procedure known as transorbital lobotomy, which was not only less expensive and faster than standard lobotomy but also, Freeman believed,…

Transoxania, (“That Which Lies Beyond the River”), historical region of Turkistan in Central Asia east of the Amu Darya (Oxus River) and west of the Syr Darya (Jaxartes River), roughly corresponding to present-day Uzbekistan and parts of Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. A great centre of

Transoxania, (“That Which Lies Beyond the River”), historical region of Turkistan in Central Asia east of the Amu Darya (Oxus River) and west of the Syr Darya (Jaxartes River), roughly corresponding to present-day Uzbekistan and parts of Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Kazakhstan. A great centre of

Transpacific Race, one of the world’s oldest major ocean races for sailing yachts, a 2,225-mile (3,580-kilometre) event run from various California harbours to Honolulu, Hawaii. It was first held in 1906 and made a biennial event in 1939 to alternate with the Bermuda Race. Since 1941 the race has

transparency, capacity of outsiders to obtain valid and timely information about the activities of government or private organizations. While related to political concepts such as accountability, openness, and responsiveness, the concept of transparency originated in the financial world, referring

industrial glass: Transparency, opacity, and colour: Because electrons in glass molecules are confined to particular energy levels, they cannot absorb and reemit photons (the basic units of light energy) by skipping from one energy band to another and back again. As a consequence, light energy travels through…

history of photography: Color photography: Because Autochrome was a color transparency and could be viewed only by reflected light, however, researchers continued to look for improvements and alternative color processes.

history of photography: Color photography: With this reversal (slide) film, color transparencies could be obtained that were suitable both for projection and for reproduction. A year later the Agfa Company of Germany developed the Agfacolor negative-positive process, but owing to World War II the film did not become available until 1949. Meanwhile,…

Transparency International (TI), a nonpartisan, nonprofit nongovernmental organization (NGO) founded in Berlin in 1993 to expose corruption and reduce its harmful effects around the world, especially on the poor and underprivileged. TI consists of a global network of approximately 100 national

Anjelica Huston: …recurring role on the show Transparent, and during this time she did voice work on the animated children’s series All Hail King Julien and Trollhunter: Tales of Arcadia. In 2019 she made several films, including John Wick: Chapter 3—Parabellum and the animated Arctic Dogs, for which she voiced a reindeer.…

Churrigueresque: The “Transparente” (completed 1732), designed by Narciso Tomé for the cathedral in Toledo, is among the masterpieces of Churrigueresque. Tomé created an arrangement in which the Holy Sacrament could be placed within a transparent vessel that was visible from both the high altar and the ambulatory,…

Jacques Lipchitz: …sculptures collectively known as “transparents.” In these curvilinear bronzes, he incorporated open space into the design, depicting mass by integrating solid with void. Many of the transparents, such as Harpist (1928), were cast from small, fragile cardboard-and-wax constructions. Lipchitz translated some of these smaller pieces into sculptures on a…

Baja California Sur: …completion in 1973 of the Transpeninsular Highway, which connects Tijuana at the U.S.-Mexico border with Cabo San Lucas at the peninsula’s southern tip. Ferry services also link the peninsula to the Mexican mainland. There are more than 20 ports, the most important of which are at San Carlos and Pichilingue…

mysticism: The goal of mysticism: For example, transpersonal psychology, which developed from humanistic psychology in the 1970s, proceeds from the assumption that, because some mystics have demonstrably enjoyed superlative mental health, selected uses of classical mystical techniques may facilitate the therapeutic goal of self-actualization. Westerners who engage in Buddhist forms of meditation…

transpiration, in botany, a plant’s loss of water, mainly through the stomata of leaves. Stomatal openings are necessary to admit carbon dioxide to the leaf interior and to allow oxygen to escape during photosynthesis. Hence, transpiration is generally considered to be merely an unavoidable

cohesion hypothesis, in botany, a generally accepted explanation of the rise of sap in vascular plants by means of intermolecular attractions. Calculation and experiment indicate that the forces of cohesion between water molecules and the forces of adhesion between water molecules and the walls of

cohesion hypothesis: …for by a mechanism, called transpiration pull, that involves the evaporation of water from leaves. Thus, the explanation for the upward movement of sap in trees and other plants is also called the transpiration-cohesion hypothesis. It accounts for the observed rise of sap and agrees with observed tensions (pressures below…

gas: Thermal transpiration: Suppose that two containers of the same gas but at different temperatures are connected by a tiny hole and that the gas is brought to a steady state. If the hole is small enough and the gas density is low enough that only…

transplant, in medicine, a section of tissue or a complete organ that is removed from its original natural site and transferred to a new position in the same person or in a separate individual. The term, like the synonym graft, was borrowed from horticulture. Both words imply that success will

transplant, in horticulture, plant or tree removed from one location and reset in the ground at another. Most small deciduous trees may be moved with no soil attached to their roots. Trees of more than 7.5 cm (3 inches) in trunk diameter, however, are best moved balled and burlapped, that is, with

transplant: Selection of donor and tissue matching: …rejection are called transplantation, or histocompatibility, antigens. If donor and recipient have the same antigens, as do identical twins, there can be no rejection. All cells in the body have transplantation antigens except the red blood cells, which carry their own system of blood-group (ABO) antigens. The main human transplantation…

regenerative medicine: Cell and bioartificial tissue transplantation: …and allogeneic cell and bioartificial tissue transplantations have been performed. Examples of autogeneic transplants using differentiated cells include blood transfusion with frozen stores of the patient’s own blood and repair of the articular cartilage of the knee with the patient’s own articular chondrocytes (cartilage cells) that have been expanded in…

transplant, in horticulture, plant or tree removed from one location and reset in the ground at another. Most small deciduous trees may be moved with no soil attached to their roots. Trees of more than 7.5 cm (3 inches) in trunk diameter, however, are best moved balled and burlapped, that is, with

Cynthia Macdonald: …subjects of her poems in Transplants (1976) in threatening strange environments. (W)holes (1980) also focuses on grotesques and incongruous surroundings. Her later poetic works include Alternate Means of Transport (1985), Living Wills (1991), and I Can’t Remember (1997). She also wrote the libretto for The Rehearsal (1978), an opera by…

sea ice: Pack ice drift and thickness: …North American Arctic) and the Transpolar Drift (the major current flowing into the Atlantic Ocean from the eastern or Eurasian Arctic). The clockwise rotation of the Beaufort Gyre and the movement of the Transpolar Drift, the result of large-scale atmospheric circulation, are dominated by a high-pressure centre over the western…

satellite communication: How satellites work: …with the use of a transponder—an integrated receiver and transmitter of radio signals. A satellite has to withstand the shock of being accelerated during launch up to the orbital velocity of 28,100 km (17,500 miles) an hour and a hostile space environment where it can be subject to radiation and…

angiosperm: Evolution of the transport process: This internal circulation, usually called transport, is present in all vascular plants, even the most primitive ones.

carriage of goods: Roads, railways, and inland waterways: …to the railways, and the Transport Act of 1962 enacted that the Railways Board shall not be regarded as a common carrier. Consequently, carriage by railways was regulated by the contract between the British Railways Board and the shipper or other contracting party, as laid down in the Book of…

Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU), labour union that was the largest in Great Britain throughout much of the 20th century. It originated in 1889 with the formation of the Dockers’ Union. In 1922 that union led the merger of 14 unions to form an organization representing more than 300,000

computer science: Networking and communication: The network and transport layers break messages into the standard-size packets and route them to their destinations. The session layer supports interactions between applications on two communicating machines. For example, it provides a mechanism with which to insert checkpoints (saving the current status of a task) into a…

computer science: Networking and communication: The network and transport layers break messages into the standard-size packets and route them to their destinations. The session layer supports interactions between applications on two communicating machines. For example, it provides a mechanism with which to insert checkpoints (saving the current status of a task) into a…

transport phenomenon, in physics, any of the phenomena involving the movement of various entities, such as mass, momentum, or energy, through a medium, fluid or solid, by virtue of nonuniform conditions existing within the medium. Variations of concentration in a medium, for example, lead to the

airplane, any of a class of fixed-wing aircraft that is heavier than air, propelled by a screw propeller or a high-velocity jet, and supported by the dynamic reaction of the air against its wings. For an account of the development of the airplane and the advent of civil aviation see history of

angiosperm: Structural basis of transport: …group of enzymelike compounds called permeases. Plasmodesmata may penetrate neighboring cell walls at areas called primary pit fields. Also, some substances pass out of cells into the apoplast and are transported by energy-requiring processes into the protoplast of another cell.

canals and inland waterways: Modern waterway engineering: …economics are based on the transport unit (x tons moved y miles in 1 person-hour), waterways must provide larger tonnage units than those possible on road or rail in order to be competitive.

valley: Hillslopes: Transport-limited slopes occur where weathering processes are efficient at producing debris but where transport processes are inefficient at removing it from the slope. Such slopes lack free faces and faceted appearances, and they are generally covered with a soil mantle. The profile of this type…

transportation, the movement of goods and persons from place to place and the various means by which such movement is accomplished. The growth of the ability—and the need—to transport large quantities of goods or numbers of people over long distances at high speeds in comfort and safety has been an

parole: …power to pronounce sentences of transportation themselves, usually for a period specified in the sentence, though most sentences of transportation were modified by executive action. England developed a system of “ticket of leave,” in which convicts detained under a sentence of transportation were allowed a measure of freedom or the…

apport: …human beings is sometimes called transportation. Spiritualists explain apport as a process involving dematerialization and subsequent reintegration of the objects. Although numerous instances of apport have been reported, many have been proven to be fraudulent.

Louis Sullivan: Work in association with Adler: …and Sullivan contribution was the Transportation Building, which stood apart and was painted in various strong colours as if in protest. It was a long, low arcaded building with a large polychromed archway entrance (the so-called Golden Door). Not all visitors were impressed by the neo-Roman grandeur of the fair.…

transportation economics, the study of the allocation of transportation resources in order to meet the needs of a society. In a macroeconomic sense, transportation activities form a portion of a nation’s total economic product and play a role in building or strengthening a national or regional

transportation in India, networks that facilitate mobility and commerce at a national scale. Transportation systems enable the seamless movement of people and goods via roads, railways, waterways, airways, and other modes. These networks are crucial for driving economic activity and integrating

marketing: Transportation firms: As a product moves from producer to consumer, it must often travel long distances. Many products consumed in the United States have been manufactured in another area of the world, such as Asia or Mexico. In addition, if the channel of distribution includes…

transportation economics: Transportation regulation and deregulation: For many years, the economic practices of much of the transportation system in the United States were regulated. Today, interstate pipeline and some interstate railroad traffic is regulated, as is intrastate motor carriage in most states. At one time, nearly all…

Transportation Security Administration (TSA), U.S. agency created following the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks that is mandated with developing and implementing policies to ensure the safety of the nation’s transportation systems. It was established by the Aviation and Transportation

history of Europe: Economic effects: …production heightened demands on the transportation system to move raw materials and finished products. Massive road and canal building programs were one response, but steam engines also were directly applied as a result of inventions in Britain and the United States. Steam shipping plied major waterways soon after 1800 and…

U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), executive agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for programs and policies relating to transportation. Established in 1966, it controls the Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Highway Administration, Federal Motor Carrier Safety

movable bridge: …bridges include drawbridges, vertical-lift bridges, transporter bridges, and swing (pivot) bridges.

airport: Transporter designs: In the early 1960s the transporter concept originated as a method of reducing aircraft maneuvering on the apron and of eliminating the need for passengers to climb up and down stairways in order to enter or exit the aircraft. In a concept derived…

Jason Statham: Acting career: …assumed the title role in The Transporter, about a former special forces soldier who delivers items for criminals. The movie was a box-office success, and two sequels (2005 and 2008) followed. During this time, Statham also starred in The Italian Job (2003), a heist dramedy that featured Mark Wahlberg and…

Mozambique: Transportation and telecommunications: …but after World War II Portugal’s national airline opened a route between Beira and Maputo. Eventually colonial Mozambique developed its own airline. It was replaced in 1980 by Mozambique Airlines (Linhas Aéreas de Moçambique; LAM), the national carrier, which also provides international service. Mozambique has a number of domestic airports…

transposon, class of genetic elements that can “jump” to different locations within a genome. Although these elements are frequently called “jumping genes,” they are always maintained in an integrated site in the genome. In addition, most transposons eventually become inactive and no longer move.

nucleic acid: Site-specific recombination: …transposons encode an enzyme called transposase that acts much like λ-integrase by cleaving the ends of the transposon as well as its target site.

transposing musical instrument, instrument that produces a higher or lower pitch than indicated in music written for it. Examples include clarinets, the English horn, and saxophones. Musical notation written for transposing instruments shows the relative pitches, rather than the exact pitches,

animal learning: Discrimination of relational and abstract stimuli: The phenomenon of transposition, first studied in chicks by the Gestalt psychologist Wolfgang Köhler, suggests that animals may solve even simple discriminations in ways more complex than the experimenter had imagined. Köhler trained his chicks to perform simple discriminations—say, to choose a large white circle (five centimetres in…

transposition cipher, simple data encryption scheme in which plaintext characters are shifted in some regular pattern to form ciphertext. In manual systems transpositions are generally carried out with the aid of an easily remembered mnemonic. For example, a popular schoolboy cipher is the “rail

congenital heart disease: …the complex abnormality known as transposition of the great arteries, the aorta, the great conduit of blood to the organs and tissues of the body, rises from the right ventricle, which under normal anatomic configurations pumps blood to the lungs; at the same time, the pulmonary artery, the conduit of…

formal logic: Logical manipulations in LPC: …follow from these by the law of transposition; e.g., since (a) ⊃ (b) is valid, so is ∼(b) ⊃ ∼(a). The quantification of wffs containing three, four, etc., variables can be dealt with by the same rules.

transposon, class of genetic elements that can “jump” to different locations within a genome. Although these elements are frequently called “jumping genes,” they are always maintained in an integrated site in the genome. In addition, most transposons eventually become inactive and no longer move.

railroad: Maglev: The German system, known as Transrapid, achieves levitation by magnetic attraction; deep skirtings on its vehicles, wrapping around the outer rims of the guideway, contain levitation and guidance electromagnets which, when energized, are attracted to ferromagnetic armature rails at the guideway’s extremities and lift the vehicle. The Japanese technology is…

Harry Benjamin: In 1966 he published The Transsexual Phenomenon, which drew on his work with clients who had a variety of “sexual disorders.” He argued that transsexuals were a group distinct from transvestites (heterosexual men who derived sexual pleasure from dressing in women’s clothing but who did not wish to become…

transsexuality, variant of gender identity in which the affected person believes that he or she should belong to the opposite sex. The transsexual male, for example, was born with normal female genitalia and other secondary characteristics of the feminine sex; very early in life, however, he

Ben Kingsley: Impactful roles: Schindler’s List and Sexy Beast: …You Kill Me (2007), and Transsiberian (2008). He subsequently took supporting roles in the Martin Scorsese films Shutter Island (2010) and Hugo (2011), in the latter portraying French film pioneer Georges Méliès.

Trans-Siberian Railroad, the longest single rail system in the world, stretching 5,771 miles (9,288 km) across Russia between Moscow and Vladivostok. If its connection to the port station of Nakhodka is also included, the system reaches a total of 5,867 miles (9,441 km). The Trans-Siberian Railroad

transubstantiation: …meaning, they coined the terms transsignification and transfinalization to be used in preference to transubstantiation. But, in his encyclical Mysterium fidei in 1965, Pope Paul VI called for a retention of the dogma of real presence together with the terminology of transubstantiation in which it had been expressed.

addiction recovery: Transtheoretical model: The recovery process is often framed in terms of the transtheoretical, or stages of change, model (TTM)—a theoretical construct introduced in the late 1970s by researchers James Prochaska and Carlo DiClemente. The model proposed that changes in behaviors develop through a series of…

amyloidosis: …mutations in a gene designated TTR (transthyretin). Transthyretin protein, produced by the TTR gene, normally circulates in the blood and plays an important role in the transport and tissue delivery of thyroid hormone and retinol. FAP primarily affects the nervous system, resulting in abnormal nerve sensation, pain, and limb weakness.…