transportation

Exile and banishment are forms of punishment involving prolonged absence from one's country, originating from the practice of ostracizing offenders. In ancient Rome, exile (exsilium) was used to circumvent the death penalty, with different degrees of exile introduced over time.1

Historically, transportation was a significant punitive measure. Following the Transportation Act of 1717, Britain transported approximately 36,000 convicts to its American colonies. When this route closed after the American Revolution, Australia became a primary destination for transported criminals until the mid-19th century. Penal colonies, established for punishing criminals through forced labor and isolation, were also developed by France and Russia in various overseas locations. While most penal colonies have since been abolished, exile has frequently been imposed for political offenses, notably to regions like Siberia during the Soviet era.123