Diplomats, A C-BAL
Meet the diplomats whose negotiation, tact, and statecraft helped manage conflict, forge alliances, and shape relations between nations.
Diplomats Encyclopedia Articles By Title
A Call to Compassion
When we are concerned mainly with our own interests, inevitably we tend to neglect othersâ interests. Because of......
Abd ar-Rahman
Abd ar-Rahman was the sultan of Morocco (1822â59) who was the 24th ruler of the ÊżAlawÄ« dynasty. His reign was marked......
Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj, Tunku
Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj was the first prime minister of independent Malaya (1957â63) and then of Malaysia......
Abdul Razak bin Hussein, Tun Haji
Tun Haji Abdul Razak bin Hussein was the prime minister, foreign minister, and defense minister of Malaysia from......
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi
Abdullah Ahmad Badawi is a Malay politician who was the prime minister of Malaysia (2003â09). In 1964 Abdullah......
Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
Abdullah of Saudi Arabia was the king of Saudi Arabia from 2005 to 2015. As crown prince (1982â2005), he had served......
AbdĂŒlhamid II
AbdĂŒlhamid II was an Ottoman sultan from 1876 to 1909, under whose autocratic rule the reform movement of Tanzimat......
Abel, Rudolf
Rudolf Abel was a Soviet intelligence officer, convicted in the United States in 1957 for conspiring to transmit......
Aberdeen, George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th earl of, Viscount Gordon of Aberdeen, Viscount of Formartine, Lord Haddo, Methlick, Tarves, and Kellie
George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th earl of Aberdeen was a British foreign secretary and prime minister (1852â55) whose......
AbĆ« al-កasan ÊżAlÄ«
AbĆ« al-កasan ÊżAlÄ« was a MarÄ«nid sultan of Morocco (reigned 1331â51) who increased the territories of his dynasty......
AbĆ« RÄ«shah, ÊżUmar
ÊżUmar AbĆ« RÄ«shah was a Syrian poet and diplomat, noted for his early poetry, which broke with the traditions of......
Acheson, Dean
Dean Acheson was the U.S. secretary of state (1949â53) and adviser to four presidents. He became the principal......
Adams, Charles Francis
Charles Francis Adams was a U.S. diplomat who played an important role in keeping Britain neutral during the U.S.......
Adams, John
John Adams was an early advocate of American independence from Great Britain, a major figure in the Continental......
Adams, John Quincy
John Quincy Adams was the sixth president of the United States (1825â29) and eldest son of President John Adams.......
Addams, Jane
Jane Addams was an American social reformer and pacifist, co-winner (with Nicholas Murray Butler) of the Nobel......
Adenauer, Konrad
Konrad Adenauer was the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany; 1949â63), presiding......
Aehrenthal, Alois, Graf Lexa von
Alois, Graf Lexa von Aehrenthal was the foreign minister (1906â12) of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy, whose......
Agaja
Agaja was the third ruler of the West African kingdom of Dahomey (1708â40), who was able to extend his kingdom......
Agesilaus II
Agesilaus II was the king of Sparta from 399 to 360 who commanded the Spartan army throughout most of the period......
Agung
Agung was the third sultan of the Mataram dynasty of central Java who brought his domain to its greatest territorial......
Ahmed Vefik PaĆa
Ahmed Vefik PaĆa was an Ottoman statesman and scholar who presided over the first Ottoman Parliament (1877) and......
Ahmose I
Ahmose I, was king of ancient Egypt (reigned c. 1539â15 bce) and founder of the 18th dynasty who completed the......
Ahtisaari, Martti
Martti Ahtisaari was a Finnish politician and noted mediator who was president of Finland (1994â2000). In 2008......
Ahuitzotl
Ahuitzotl was the eighth king of the Aztecs, under whose reign (1486â1502) the Aztec empire reached its greatest......
Aiguillon, Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duc dâ
Emmanuel-Armand de Richelieu, duke dâAiguillon was a French statesman, whose career illustrates the difficulties......
Akbar
Akbar was the greatest of the Mughal emperors of India. He reigned from 1556 to 1605 and extended Mughal power......
AlamĂĄn, Lucas
Lucas AlamĂĄn was a politician and historian, the leader of Mexican conservatives for nearly 30 years and the spokesman......
Alaungpaya
Alaungpaya was a king (1752â60) who unified Myanmar (Burma) and founded the Alaungpaya, or Konbaung, dynasty, which......
Alberoni, Giulio
Giulio Alberoni was a statesman who as de facto premier of Spain (1716â19) played a major role in the revival of......
Albright, Madeleine
Madeleine Albright was a Czech-born American public official who served as U.S. ambassador to the United Nations......
Alecsandri, Vasile
Vasile Alecsandri was a lyric poet and dramatist, the first collector of Romanian popular songs to emphasize their......
Alexander I
Alexander I was the emperor of Russia (1801â25), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic......
Alexander II
Alexander II was the emperor of Russia (1855â81). His liberal education and distress at the outcome of the Crimean......
Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great was the king of Macedonia (336â323 bce), who overthrew the Achaemenid Empire, carried Macedonian......
Alexius I Comnenus
Alexius I Comnenus was the Byzantine emperor (1081â1118) at the time of the First Crusade who founded the Comnenian......
Alfred
Alfred was the king of Wessex (871â899), a Saxon kingdom in southwestern England. He prevented England from falling......
Algirdas
Algirdas was the grand duke of Lithuania from 1345 to 1377, who made Lithuania one of the largest European states......
Allen, Sir James
Sir James Allen was a statesman, leader of the New Zealand Reform Party, and minister of defense (1912â20) who......
Alp-Arslan
Alp-Arslan was the second sultan of the Seljuq Turks (1063â72), who inherited the Seljuq territories of KhorÄsÄn......
Alvear, Marcelo T de
Marcelo T. de Alvear was a statesman and political leader who served as president of Argentina from 1922 until......
Alyattes
Alyattes was the king of Lydia, in west-central Anatolia (reigned c. 610âc. 560 bc), whose conquest created the......
Amadeus VI
Amadeus VI was the count of Savoy (1343â83) who significantly extended Savoyâs territory and power. Son of Aimone......
Amalric I
Amalric I was the king of Jerusalem from 1163 to 1174. He was a strong ruler who protected the rights of vassals......
Amano, Yukiya
Yukiya Amano was a Japanese expert in nuclear disarmament and nonproliferation who was director general (2009â19)......
Amasis
Amasis was a king (reigned 570â526 bce) of the 26th dynasty (664â525 bce; see ancient Egypt: The Late period [664â332......
Amenemhet II
Amenemhet II, was a king of ancient Egypt (reigned c. 1878â43 bce), grandson of Amenemhet I (founder of the 12th......
Amenhotep I
Amenhotep I, was the king of ancient Egypt (reigned 1514â1494 bce), son of Ahmose I, the founder of the 18th dynasty......
Amenhotep II
Amenhotep II, was the king of ancient Egypt (reigned c. 1425â00 bce), son of Thutmose III. Ruling at the height......
Amery, L.S.
L.S. Amery was a British politician who was a persistent advocate of imperial preference and tariff reform and......
Amherst, William Pitt Amherst, lst Earl, Viscount Holmesdale, Baron Amherst Of Montreal
William Pitt Amherst, lst Earl Amherst was a diplomat who, as British governor-general of India (1823â28), played......
Amos, Valerie
Valerie Amos is a British politician, the first woman of African descent to serve in a British cabinet and as leader......
Ampthill, Odo William Leopold Russell, 1st Baron
Odo William Leopold Russell, 1st Baron Ampthill was a British diplomat, the first British ambassador to the German......
Anawrahta
Anawrahta was the first king of all of Myanmar, or Burma (reigned 1044â77), who introduced his people to TheravÄda......
Ancillon, Johann Peter Friedrich
Johann Peter Friedrich Ancillon was a Prussian statesman, foreign minister, historian, and political philosopher......
Anderson, Helen Eugenie Moore
Eugenie Anderson was a woman ahead of her time. In 1949 Pres. Harry Truman appointed her ambassador to Denmark,......
Andreotti, Giulio
Giulio Andreotti was an Italian politician who was one of the countryâs most skillful and powerful politicians......
Andrew Of Lonjumel
Andrew Of Lonjumel was a French Dominican friar who, as an ambassador of Louis IX (St. Louis) of France, led a......
Andrews, Fannie Fern Phillips
Fannie Fern Phillips Andrews was a Canadian-born American pacifist and writer, a tireless advocate, nationally......
Andropov, Yury
Yury Andropov was the head of the Soviet Unionâs KGB (State Security Committee) from 1967 to 1982 and his countryâs......
AndrĂĄssy, Gyula, Count
Gyula, Count AndrĂĄssy was a Hungarian prime minister and Austro-Hungarian foreign minister (1871â79), who helped......
André, John
John André was a British army officer who negotiated with the American general Benedict Arnold and was executed......
Angell, James Burrill
James Burrill Angell was an educator and diplomat who elevated the University of Michigan to academic prominence......
Angell, Sir Norman
Sir Norman Angell was an English economist and worker for international peace, who was awarded the Nobel Prize......
Annan, Kofi
Kofi Annan was a Ghanaian international civil servant, who was the secretary-general of the United Nations (UN)......
Ansari, Mohammad Hamid
Mohammad Hamid Ansari is an Indian diplomat, politician, educator, and writer who served as vice president of India......
Antigonus II Gonatas
Antigonus II Gonatas was the king of Macedonia from 276 bc who rebuilt his kingdomâs power and established its......
Antiochus III the Great
Antiochus III the Great was a Seleucid king of the Hellenistic Syrian Empire from 223 bce to 187, who rebuilt the......
Anwar Sadat on international affairs
Anwar Sadat was the president of Egypt from 1970 until his assassination by Muslim extremists in 1981. In the year......
Arafat, Yasser
Yasser Arafat was the president (1996â2004) of the Palestinian Authority (PA), chairman (1969â2004) of the Palestine......
Araghchi, Abbas
Abbas Araghchi is a senior diplomat of Iran, noted for his hard-line stances but extensive engagement with the......
Aranda, Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, conde de
Pedro Pablo Abarca de Bolea, count de Aranda was a Spanish general, diplomat, and minister, one of the most prominent......
Arbour, Louise
Louise Arbour is a Canadian attorney and judge who served as the chief prosecutor of war crimes before the International......
Arciniegas, GermĂĄn
GermĂĄn Arciniegas was a Colombian historian, essayist, diplomat, and statesman whose long career in journalism......
Ardashīr I
ArdashÄ«r I was the founder of the SÄsÄnian empire in ancient Persia (reigned ad 224â241). ArdashÄ«r was the son......
Argenson, RenĂ©-Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, marquis dâ
RenĂ©-Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, marquis dâArgenson was a French minister of foreign affairs under King Louis XV......
Arias SĂĄnchez, Ăscar
Ăscar Arias SĂĄnchez is a Costa Rican politician who served as president of Costa Rica from 1986 to 1990 and again......
Arlington, Henry Bennet, 1st earl of
Henry Bennet, 1st earl of Arlington was the secretary of state under King Charles II of England from 1662 to 1674......
Armfelt, Gustaf Mauritz
Gustaf Mauritz Armfelt was a Swedish statesman prominent in diplomacy and military affairs. Appointed gentleman......
Arnim, Harry, Graf von
Harry, count von Arnim was a Prussian diplomat whose indiscreetly expressed opposition to German chancellor Otto......
Arnoldson, Klas Pontus
Klas Pontus Arnoldson was a politician who figured prominently in solving the problems of the Norwegian-Swedish......
ArzĂș, Ălvaro
Ălvaro ArzĂș was a Guatemalan businessman and politician who served as president of Guatemala (1996â2000). He helped......
Arévalo, Juan José
Juan JosĂ© ArĂ©valo was the president of Guatemala (1945â51), who pursued a nationalistic foreign policy while internally......
Ashur-uballit I
Ashur-uballit I, (reigned c. 1365â30 bc), king of Assyria during Mesopotamiaâs feudal age, who created the first......
Ashurbanipal
Ashurbanipal was the last of the great kings of Assyria (reigned 668 to 627 bce), who assembled in Nineveh the......
Assad, Hafez al-
Hafez al-Assad was the president of Syria (1971â2000) who brought stability to the country and established it as......
Asser, Tobias Michael Carel
Tobias Michael Carel Asser was a Dutch jurist, cowinner (with Alfred Fried) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1911......
Asturias, Miguel Ăngel
Miguel Ăngel Asturias was a Guatemalan poet, novelist, and diplomat, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature in......
AtatĂŒrk, Kemal
Kemal AtatĂŒrk was a soldier, statesman, and reformer who was the founder and first president (1923â38) of the Republic......
Auersperg, Johann Weikhart, Prince von
Johann Weikhart, prince von Auersperg was an Austrian diplomat and statesman, head of the Aulic Council (Reichshofrat)......
Augustus
Augustus was the first Roman emperor, following the republic, which had been finally destroyed by the dictatorship......
Augustus II
Augustus II was the king of Poland and elector of Saxony (as Frederick Augustus I). Though he regained Polandâs......
Aung San Suu Kyi
Aung San Suu Kyi is a politician and opposition leader of Myanmar, daughter of Aung San (a martyred national hero......
Aurangzeb
Aurangzeb was the emperor of the Mughal Empire from 1658 to 1707, the last of the great Mughals. Under him, the......
Avitus
Avitus was the Western Roman emperor (455â456). Born of a distinguished Gallic family, Avitus was a son-in-law......
Aziz, Tariq
Tariq Aziz was an Iraqi public official who served as foreign minister (1983â91) and deputy prime minister (1979â2003)......
Bachelet, Michelle
Michelle Bachelet is a Chilean politician who served as president of Chile (2006â10; 2014â18). She was the first......
Bajer, Fredrik
Fredrik Bajer was a Danish reformer and politician, who was a co-winner (with Klas Pontus Arnoldson) of the Nobel......
Balch, Emily Greene
Emily Greene Balch was an American sociologist, political scientist, economist, and pacifist, a leader of the womenâs......
Baldwin IV
Baldwin IV was the count of Flanders (988â1035) who greatly expanded the Flemish dominions. He fought successfully......