Diplomats, MAC-MOR
Meet the diplomats whose negotiation, tact, and statecraft helped manage conflict, forge alliances, and shape relations between nations.
Diplomats Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Macartney, George Macartney, Earl, Viscount Macartney of Dervock, baron of Lissanoure, Baron Macartney of Parkhurst and of Auchinleck, Lord Macartney
George Macartney, Earl Macartney, Viscount Macartney of Dervock, baron of Lissanoure, Baron Macartney of Parkhurst......
MacBride, SeĂĄn
SeĂĄn MacBride was an Irish statesman who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1974 for his efforts on behalf......
MacDonald, Ramsay
Ramsay MacDonald was the first Labour Party prime minister of Great Britain, in the Labour governments of 1924......
Machado, Bernardino LuĂs
Bernardino LuĂs Machado was a Brazilian-born political leader who was twice president of Portugal (1915â17, 1925â26).......
Machiavelli, NiccolĂČ
NiccolĂČ Machiavelli was an Italian Renaissance political philosopher and statesman, secretary of the Florentine......
Mackinder, Halford
Halford Mackinder was a British political geographer noted for his work as an educator and for his geopolitical......
Maclean, Donald
Donald Maclean was a British diplomat who spied for the Soviet Union in World War II and early in the Cold War......
Macnaghten, Sir William Hay, Baronet
Sir William Hay Macnaghten, Baronet was a British interventionist agent in Afghanistan during the First Anglo-Afghan......
Madariaga y Rojo, Salvador de
Salvador de Madariaga y Rojo was a Spanish writer, diplomat, and historian, noted for his service at the League......
Maduro, NicolĂĄs
NicolĂĄs Maduro is a Venezuelan leader who won the special election held in April 2013 to choose a replacement to......
Maguire, MĂĄiread
MĂĄiread Maguire is a Northern Irish peace activist who, with Betty Williams and Ciaran McKeown, founded the Peace......
Mahmud II
Mahmud II was an Ottoman sultan (1808â39) whose westernizing reforms helped to consolidate the Ottoman Empire despite......
Maistre, Joseph de
Joseph de Maistre was a French polemical author, moralist, and diplomat who, after being uprooted by the French......
Maklakov, Vasily Alekseyevich
Vasily Alekseyevich Maklakov was a liberal Russian political figure and a leading advocate of a constitutional......
Malik, Adam
Adam Malik was an Indonesian statesman and nationalist political leader. Malik was jailed by the Dutch in the 1930s......
Mancini, Pasquale Stanislao
Pasquale Stanislao Mancini was a leader of the Risorgimento in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, who played a prominent......
Mandel, Georges
Georges Mandel was a French political leader noted for his hostility toward Nazi Germany. A member of a prosperous......
Mandela, Nelson
Nelson Mandela was a Black nationalist and the first Black president of South Africa (1994â99). His negotiations......
Manley, John
John Manley is a Canadian politician who held various ministerial positions in the Liberal governments of Prime......
Manning, Chelsea
Chelsea Manning is a U.S. Army intelligence analyst who provided the Web site WikiLeaks with hundreds of thousands......
Mansfield, Michael
Michael Mansfield was a Democratic politician who was the longest-serving majority leader in the U.S. Senate (1961â77).......
Manteuffel, Edwin, Freiherr von
Edwin, Freiherr von Manteuffel was a Prussian field marshal, a victorious general and able diplomat of the Bismarck......
Manuel I Comnenus
Manuel I Comnenus was a military leader, statesman, and Byzantine emperor (1143â80) whose policies failed to fulfill......
Manuel II Palaeologus
Manuel II Palaeologus was a soldier, statesman, and Byzantine emperor (1391â1425) whose diplomacy enabled him to......
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong was the principal Chinese Marxist theorist, soldier, and statesman who led his countryâs communist revolution.......
Maret, Hugues-Bernard, Duc De Bassano
Hugues-Bernard Maret, duke de Bassano was a French diplomat and statesman of the Napoleonic period. A journalist......
Maria Carolina
Maria Carolina was the queen of Naples and wife of King Ferdinand IV of Naples. She held the real power in Naples,......
Maria Theresa
Maria Theresa was the archduchess of Austria and queen of Hungary and Bohemia (1740â80), wife and empress of the......
Marigny, Enguerrand de
Enguerrand de Marigny was a powerful chamberlain to the French king Philip IV the Fair, who depended heavily on......
MarinkoviÄ, Vojislav
Vojislav MarinkoviÄ was an influential statesman and eloquent spokesman for Serbia and later Yugoslavia in the......
Marsh, George Perkins
George Perkins Marsh was a U.S. diplomat, scholar, and conservationist whose greatest work, Man and Nature (1864),......
Marshall, David Saul
David Saul Marshall was a politician, lawyer, and diplomat who was the chief minister (1955â56) of Singaporeâs......
Marshall, George C.
George C. Marshall was a general of the army and U.S. Army chief of staff during World War II (1939â45) and later......
Martens, Fyodor Fyodorovich
Fyodor Fyodorovich Martens was a Russian jurist and diplomat, international arbitrator, and historian of European......
Martens, Georg Friedrich von
Georg Friedrich von Martens was a Hanoverian diplomat and a professor of jurisprudence at the University of Göttingen......
Martin Luther King, Jr., 1929â68
Minister and social activist Martin Luther King, Jr., was the preeminent leader of the American civil rights movement......
Martin, Paul Joseph James
Paul Joseph James Martin was a Canadian politician and diplomat who served with distinction in the cabinets of......
Martinuzzi, György
György Martinuzzi was a Hungarian statesman and later cardinal who worked to restore and maintain the national......
MartĂnez de la Rosa, Francisco de Paula
Francisco de Paula MartĂnez de la Rosa was a Spanish dramatist, poet, and conservative statesman. He became a professor......
Masaryk, Jan
Jan Masaryk was a statesman and diplomat who served as foreign minister in both the Czechoslovak émigré government......
Mason, James Murray
James Murray Mason was an antebellum U.S. senator from Virginia and, later, a Confederate diplomat taken prisoner......
Mata Hari
Mata Hari was a Dutch dancer and courtesan whose name has become a synonym for the seductive female spy. She was......
Matsudaira Tsuneo
Matsudaira Tsuneo was a Japanese diplomat and statesman who helped secure an increase in the naval strength allotted......
Matthias I
Matthias I was the king of Hungary (1458â90), who attempted to reconstruct the Hungarian state after decades of......
Matveyev, Artamon Sergeyevich
Artamon Sergeyevich Matveyev was a Russian diplomat and statesman who was a friend and influential adviser of Tsar......
Mausolus
Mausolus was a Persian satrap (governor), though virtually an independent ruler, of Caria, in southwestern Anatolia,......
Mavrokordåtos, Aléxandros
Aléxandros Mavrokordåtos was a statesman, one of the founders and first political leaders of independent Greece.......
Maximilian I
Maximilian I was the duke of Bavaria from 1597 and elector from 1623, a champion of the Roman Catholic side during......
Maximilian I
Maximilian I was the archduke of Austria, German king, and Holy Roman emperor (1493â1519) who made his family,......
Maximilian I
Maximilian I was the last Wittelsbach prince-elector of Bavaria (1799â1806) and first king of Bavaria (1806â25).......
Maximilian II
Maximilian II was the king of Bavaria from 1848 to 1864, whose attempt to create a âthird forceâ in German affairs......
Maximilian II Emanuel
Maximilian II Emanuel was the elector of Bavaria from 1679 and an able soldier whose quest for dynastic aggrandizement......
Mazarin, Jules, Cardinal
Jules, Cardinal Mazarin was the first minister of France after Cardinal de Richelieuâs death in 1642. During the......
Maïnassara, Ibrahim Baré
Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara was a soldier, diplomat, and politician who orchestrated a coup in 1996 that overthrew......
Maងmƫd
Maáž„mĆ«d was the sultan of the kingdom of Ghazna (998â1030), originally comprising what are now Afghanistan and northeastern......
McCain, Cindy
Cindy McCain is an American businesswoman and humanitarian and the wife of U.S. senator and two-time Republican......
McCloy, John J
John J. McCloy was an American diplomat and lawyer. He was an adviser to every U.S. president from Franklin D.......
McGovern, George
George McGovern was an American politician who was an unsuccessful reformist Democratic candidate for the U.S.......
McKinley, William
William McKinley was the 25th president of the United States (1897â1901). Under McKinleyâs leadership, the United......
McMahon, Sir William
Sir William McMahon was an Australian politician and lawyer who was prime minister of Australia from March 1971......
Mearsheimer, John J.
John J. Mearsheimer is a prominent American scholar of international relations best known for his theory of offensive......
Medici, Piero di Cosimo deâ
Piero di Cosimo deâ Medici was the ruler of Florence for five years (1464â69), whose successes in war helped preserve......
Mehmed Fuat KöprĂŒlĂŒ
Mehmed Fuat KöprĂŒlĂŒ was a scholar, historian, and statesman who made important contributions to the history of......
Mehmed I
Mehmed I was an Ottoman sultan who reunified the dismembered Ottoman territories following the defeat of Ankara......
Mehmed II
Mehmed II was an Ottoman sultan from 1444 to 1446 and from 1451 to 1481. A great military leader, he captured Constantinople......
Meir, Golda
Golda Meir was an Israeli politician who helped found (1948) the State of Israel and later served as its fourth......
Mellon, Andrew
Andrew Mellon was an American financier, philanthropist, and secretary of the treasury (1921â32) who reformed the......
Melo Neto, JoĂŁo Cabral de
JoĂŁo Cabral de Melo Neto was a Brazilian poet and diplomat, one of the last great figures of the golden age of......
MenchĂș, Rigoberta
Rigoberta MenchĂș is a Guatemalan Indigenous-rights activist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1992 for......
Menon, V.K. Krishna
V.K. Krishna Menon was an Indian nationalist and champion of Indiaâs anticolonialism and neutralism. After studying......
Menzies, Sir Robert
Sir Robert Menzies was a statesman who, as prime minister of Australia (1939â41, 1949â66), strengthened military......
Mercy dâArgenteau, Florimund, Graf
Florimund Mercy, Count dâArgenteau was an Austrian diplomat who, at the outset of the French Revolution, attempted......
Meri, Lennart
Lennart Meri was an Estonian scholar and political leader, who was president of Estonia from 1992 to 2001. His......
Merneptah
Merneptah was a king of Egypt (c. 1213â03 bce) of the 19th dynasty (c. 1292âc. 1191) who successfully defended......
Mesta, Perle
Perle Mesta was an American socialite and diplomat who entertained the worldâs business and political elite from......
Metternich, Klemens von
Klemens von Metternich was an Austrian statesman, minister of foreign affairs (1809â48), and a champion of conservatism,......
Michael VIII Palaeologus
Michael VIII Palaeologus was the Nicaean emperor (1259â61) and then Byzantine emperor (1261â82), who in 1261 restored......
Mieszko I
Mieszko I was a Piast prince or duke of Poland (from c. 963), who brought Poland into Christendom and expanded......
Milan IV
Milan IV (or II) was a prince (1868â82) and then king (1882â89) of Serbia. Succeeding his cousin Prince Michael......
Miliband, David
David Miliband is a British Labour Party politician who served as foreign secretary (2007â10) under Prime Minister......
Millerand, Alexandre
Alexandre Millerand was a French lawyer and statesman who, as president of the Republic (1920â1924), was noted......
Milyukov, Pavel Nikolayevich
Pavel Nikolayevich Milyukov was a Russian statesman and historian who played an important role in the events leading......
Mindaugas
Mindaugas was a ruler of Lithuania, considered the founder of the Lithuanian state. He was also the first Lithuanian......
Mistral, Gabriela
Gabriela Mistral was a Chilean poet, who in 1945 became the first Latin American to win the Nobel Prize for Literature.......
Mitchell, George
George Mitchell is an American politician and diplomat who served as a member of the U.S. Senate (1980â95), including......
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi
Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was the shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979, when he fled the Iranian Revolution and his......
Mohammadi, Narges
Narges Mohammadi is an Iranian journalist and human rights activist who received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 2023.......
Mohammed bin Salman
Mohammed bin Salman is the de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, known for his aggressive foreign policy, ambitious economic......
Mollien, Gaspard-Théodore
Gaspard-Théodore Mollien was a French explorer and diplomat who was one of the earliest European explorers of the......
Molotov, Vyacheslav
Vyacheslav Molotov was a statesman and diplomat who served as foreign minister and the major spokesman for the......
Molé, Louis-Mathieu, Comte
Louis-Mathieu, Count Molé was a French monarchist statesman who held office under Napoleon I, Louis XVIII, and......
Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta was an Italian journalist and international activist on behalf of peace (except where Italian......
Mongkut
Mongkut was the king of Siam (1851â68) who opened his country to Western influence and initiated reforms and modern......
Monroe, James
James Monroe was the fifth president of the United States (1817â25), who issued an important contribution to U.S.......
Montagu, Ralph Montagu, 1st Duke of, Marquess of Monthermer
Ralph Montagu, 1st duke of Montagu was a courtier of Charles II who became a duke under Queen Anne, after a career......
Montgelas de Garnerin, Maximilian Joseph, Graf von
Maximilian Joseph, count von Montgelas de Garnerin was a German statesman who developed modern Bavaria. The son......
MontĂșfar y Rivera Maestre, Lorenzo
Lorenzo MontĂșfar y Rivera Maestre was a Central American statesman, diplomat, and historian whose liberal political......
Moore, Mike
Mike Moore was a New Zealand politician who, while leader of the New Zealand Labour Party, served as the countryâs......
Morgenthau, Hans
Hans Morgenthau was a German-born American political scientist and historian noted as a leading analyst of the......