inflammatory bowel disease: …variation of a gene called ECM1 (extracellular matrix protein 1) has been linked to ulcerative colitis.

virus: Latency: …cells in the form of extrachromosomal genes (genes not integrated in chromosomes). These dormant viruses can be activated by many factors, such as trauma, another infection, emotional stress, menstruation, excessive exposure to sunlight, and various illnesses.

therapeutics: Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: The use of focused shock waves to pulverize stones in the urinary tract, usually the kidney (i.e., kidney stones) or upper ureter, is called extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). The resultant stone fragments or dust particles are passed through the ureter

perfume: …as perfumes but also called extraits, extracts, or handkerchief perfumes, contain about 10–25 percent perfume concentrates. The terms toilet water and cologne are commonly used interchangeably; such products contain about 2–6 percent perfume concentrate. Originally, eau de cologne was a mixture of citrus oils from such fruits as lemons and…

Ben Affleck: Return to prominence: …Play; and the workplace satire Extract.

flavouring: Extracts, essences, and flavours employing only natural flavouring agents are called pure; those employing synthetics (in part or entirely) are called imitation, or artificial, flavourings.

discharge printing, method of applying a design to dyed fabric by printing a colour-destroying agent, such as chlorine or hydrosulfite, to bleach out a white or light pattern on the darker coloured ground. In colour-discharge printing, a dye impervious to the bleaching agent is combined with it,

alkaloid: …solution by a process called extraction, which involves dissolving some components of the mixture with reagents. Different alkaloids must then be separated and purified from the mixture. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and related techniques may be used for the efficient quantitative analysis of alkaloids. Alkaloids in crystalline form may be…

Chris Hemsworth: Other roles: …mercenary in the action movie Extraction (2020). He reprised the latter role in Extraction II (2023). Hemsworth was almost unrecognizable under a large prosthetic nose in his performance as the blowhard villain Dementus in George Miller’s Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga (2024). In 2026 he headlined the star-studded cast of…

Bruce Willis: …spy in the action flick Extraction (2015).

Chris Hemsworth: Other roles: …reprised the latter role in Extraction II (2023). Hemsworth was almost unrecognizable under a large prosthetic nose in his performance as the blowhard villain Dementus in George Miller’s Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga (2024). In 2026 he headlined the star-studded cast of Crime 101, playing a seasoned jewel thief alongside…

turbine: Steam extraction: In bleeder turbines no effort is made to control the pressure of the extracted steam, which varies in almost direct proportion to the load carried by the turbine. Extraction also reduces the steam flow to the condenser, allowing the turbine exhaust area to be reduced. Controlled-extraction…

fruit processing: Juice extraction: Fruit is prepared for juice extraction by removing unwanted parts. This may include pitting operations for stone fruit such as apricots, cherries, or plums or peeling for such fruits as pineapples. In one large class of fruit, citrus fruit, juice extraction and…

oil extraction, isolation of oil from animal by-products, fleshy fruits such as the olive and palm, and oilseeds such as cottonseed, sesame seed, soybeans, and peanuts. Oil is extracted by three general methods: rendering, used with animal products and oleaginous fruits; mechanical pressing, for

industry: Primary industry: …in the production process; and extractive industry, including the production of exhaustible raw materials that cannot be augmented through cultivation.

metallurgy: Extractive metallurgy: Following separation and concentration by mineral processing, metallic minerals are subjected to extractive metallurgy, in which their metallic elements are extracted from chemical compound form and refined of impurities.

concept formation: Experimental studies: In “extradimensional” shift, the relevant dimension is changed (e.g., from GEK = GREEN to GEK = TRIANGLE), but the classification of some objects does not change (GREEN TRIANGLE is a GEK under both rules). The relative ease with which subjects handle such problems suggests something about…

extradition, in international law, the process by which one state, upon the request of another, effects the return of a person for trial for a crime punishable by the laws of the requesting state and committed outside the state of refuge. Extraditable persons include those charged with a crime but

epidural hematoma, a type of head injury involving bleeding into the space between the skull and the dura mater, the outermost layer of the protective structures surrounding the brain. It can occur when a traumatic force applied to the head is sufficient to cause a deformity of the skull and damage

pepsin: gastroesophageal reflux disease and laryngopharyngeal reflux (or extraesophageal reflux). In the latter, pepsin and acid travel all the way up to the larynx, where they can cause damage to the laryngeal mucosa and produce symptoms ranging from hoarseness and chronic cough to laryngospasm (involuntary contraction of the vocal cords)…

sedimentary rock: Epiclastic conglomerates and breccias: …the depositional basin itself; and extraformational, derived from source rocks that lie outside the area in which the deposit occurs. Epiclastic conglomerates and breccias together probably make up no more than 1 or 2 percent of the conventional sedimentary rock record.

Edwin Hubble: …in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy and is generally regarded as the leading observational cosmologist of the 20th century.

cosmology: Steady state theory and other alternative cosmologies: astronomer Martin Ryle’s counts of extragalactic radio sources during the 1950s and ’60s. These counts involved the same methods discussed above for the star counts by Dutch astronomer Jacobus Kapteyn and the galaxy counts by Hubble except that radio telescopes were used. Ryle found more radio galaxies at large distances…

perfume: …as perfumes but also called extraits, extracts, or handkerchief perfumes, contain about 10–25 percent perfume concentrates. The terms toilet water and cologne are commonly used interchangeably; such products contain about 2–6 percent perfume concentrate. Originally, eau de cologne was a mixture of citrus oils from such fruits as lemons and…

adultery, sexual relations between a married person and someone other than the spouse. Written or customary prohibitions or taboos against adultery constitute part of the marriage code of virtually every society. Indeed, adultery seems to be as universal and, in some instances, as common as

extrametrical, in prosody, exceeding the usual or prescribed number of syllables in a given metre. Also, in reference to a syllable or syllables not counted in metrical analysis. In the following final couplet from a sonnet by William Shakespeare, the ending syllables are

Carl Spitteler: He produced, in verse, Extramundana (1883), seven cosmic myths of his own invention; Balladen (1896); Literarische Gleichnisse (1892; “Literary Parables”); and two cycles of lyrics, Schmetterlinge (1889; “Butterflies”) and Gras- und Glockenlieder (1906; “Grass and Bell Songs”). He also wrote two masterly stories—Die Mädchenfeinde (1907; Two Little Misogynists, 1922),…

university extension, division of an institution of higher learning that conducts educational activities for persons (usually adults) who are generally not full-time students. These activities are sometimes called extramural studies, continuing education, higher adult education, or university adult

e-commerce: …businesses also frequently rely on extranets that allow encrypted communication over the Internet.

Spain: Recent arrivals: …Spanish governments have passed several laws on foreigners, which have made it more difficult for people to enter Spain and easier for the authorities to deport them. Promulgated in 2000 (and subsequently modified), the Law on the Rights and Freedoms of Foreigners in Spain and Their Social Integration sought to…

heredity: Extranuclear DNA: All of the genetic information in a cell was initially thought to be confined to the DNA in the chromosomes of the cell nucleus. It is now known that small circular chromosomes, called extranuclear, or cytoplasmic, DNA, are located in two types of…

virus: Latency: …cells in the form of extrachromosomal genes (genes not integrated in chromosomes). These dormant viruses can be activated by many factors, such as trauma, another infection, emotional stress, menstruation, excessive exposure to sunlight, and various illnesses.

space perception: Cues from the eye muscles: …effort arouses activity in two eye-muscle systems called the ciliary muscles and the rectus muscles. The ciliary effect is called accommodation (focusing the lens for near or far vision), and the rectus effect is called convergence (moving the entire eyeball). Each of these muscle systems contracts as a perceived object…

ophthalmoplegia, paralysis of the extraocular muscles that control the movements of the eye. Ophthalmoplegia usually involves the third (oculomotor), fourth (trochlear), or sixth (abducens) cranial nerves. Double vision is the characteristic symptom in all three cases. In oculomotor paralysis the

Khmer Rouge: Trials and accountability: …of Cambodia (commonly called the Khmer Rouge Tribunal) was established in 2006 as a joint operation between the United Nations and the government of Cambodia. The first indictments were handed down in 2007, and the first trial—against Kaing Guek Eav (better known as Duch), the former commander of a notorious…

France: Military and financial organization: …I (1515–47) between ordinary and extraordinary finance—i.e., between revenue emanating from the king’s patrimonial rights and taxes raised throughout the kingdom. By the reign of Francis I, the king, even in times of peace, was unable to make do with his ordinary revenue from rents and seigneurial dues. In 1523…

Fiona Apple: Extraordinary Machine and The Idler Wheel…: A follow-up album was a long time in production, which led to rumors that Sony initially refused to release it, fearing that it would not be a commercial success. These rumors partly stemmed from snippets of completed songs being…

Harrison Ford: Presumed Innocent and The Fugitive: …with roles in the drama Extraordinary Measures (2010), the comedy Morning Glory (2010), the science-fiction western Cowboys & Aliens (2011), and the corporate thriller Paranoia (2013). In the inspirational 42 (2013), about the life of Jackie Robinson, Ford portrayed the pioneering baseball executive Branch Rickey

double refraction: One ray (called the extraordinary ray) is bent, or refracted, at an angle as it travels through the medium; the other ray (called the ordinary ray) passes through the medium unchanged.

extraordinary rendition, extrajudicial practice, carried out by U.S. government agencies, of transferring a prisoner to a foreign country for the purposes of detention and interrogation. Those agencies asserted that the practice exempted detainees from the legal safeguards afforded to prisoners

John Frankenheimer: Films of the 1960s: The Extraordinary Seaman was released in 1969, after having sat on the shelf for two years. It was Frankenheimer’s first comedy and one of his most poorly received films, despite a cast that included David Niven, Faye Dunaway, and Alan Alda. Far better was The…

Condoleezza Rice: Her autobiographies are Extraordinary, Ordinary People: A Memoir of Family (2010), which chronicles her life—notably her early years in segregated Alabama—before joining the Bush administration in 2001, and No Higher Honor: A Memoir of My Years in Washington (2011).

mesothelioma: Survival prediction and treatment: A more aggressive operation, extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP), may be required in more-advanced cases. EPP involves the removal of tumour, pleura, diaphragm, and pericardium, with reconstruction of the latter two structures. The tumour grows over a very large surface area, and for that reason the risk of local recurrence following…

automata theory: The automaton and its environment: …through a transformation) could be extrapolated. He saw that, if this process could be accomplished with sufficient speed, as would be possible with modern electronic circuits, then the extrapolated values would be obtained faster than the actual physically evolving process that produced the time series, and a prediction of the…

mental disorder: Antipsychotic agents: These symptoms, which are called extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), resemble those of Parkinson disease and include tremor of the limbs, bradykinesia (slowness of movement with loss of facial expression, absence of arm-swinging during walking, and a general muscular rigidity), dystonia (sudden sustained contraction of muscle groups, causing abnormal postures),

Ricky Gervais: …as a struggling actor in Extras (2005–07), another collaboration with Merchant; his performance won him an Emmy Award in 2007 for best actor in a comedy series. In 2005–06 Gervais hosted The Ricky Gervais Show, an Internet podcast in which he, Merchant, and Karl Pilkington engaged in casual (if sometimes…

extrasensory perception (ESP), perception that occurs independently of the known sensory processes. Usually included in this category of phenomena are telepathy, or thought transference between persons; clairvoyance, or supernormal awareness of objects or events not necessarily known to others; and

extrasolar planet, any planetary body that is outside the solar system and that usually orbits a star other than the Sun. Extrasolar planets were first discovered in 1992. More than 6,000 are known, and more than 8,000 await further confirmation. Because planets are much fainter than the stars they

Deep Impact: …EPOXI, consisting of two projects: Extrasolar Planet Observation and Characterization (EPOCh) and Deep Impact Extended Investigation (DIXI).

unidentified flying object: Flying saucers and Project Blue Book: … from other worlds, the so-called extraterrestrial hypothesis (ETH). Within a year, Project Sign was succeeded by Project Grudge, which in 1952 was itself replaced by the longest-lived of the official inquiries into UFOs, Project Blue Book, headquartered at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. From 1952 to 1969 Project…

extraterrestrial intelligence, hypothetical extraterrestrial life that is capable of thinking, purposeful activity. Work in the new field of astrobiology has provided some evidence that evolution of other intelligent species in the Milky Way Galaxy is not utterly improbable. In particular, more

extraterrestrial life, life that may exist or may have existed in the universe outside of Earth. The search for extraterrestrial life encompasses many fundamental scientific questions. What are the basic requirements for life? Could life have arisen elsewhere in the solar system? Are there other

unidentified flying object (UFO), any aerial object or optical phenomenon not readily identifiable to the observer. UFOs became a major subject of interest following the development of rocketry after World War II, and they were believed by some researchers to be evidence of intelligent

George Steiner: …underlies translation and multilingualism; in Extraterritorial (1971) he focuses on linguistics and authors who wrote in several languages, and After Babel: Aspects of Language and Translation (1975) is perhaps his most ambitious work. In 1996 Steiner published No Passion Spent: Essays 1978–1995, about language and its relation to both religion…

asylum: Extraterritorial asylum refers to asylum granted in embassies, legations, consulates, warships, and merchant vessels in foreign territory and is thus granted within the territory of the state from which protection is sought. Cases of extraterritorial asylum granted in embassies, legations, or consulates (generally known as…

extraterritoriality, in international law, the immunities enjoyed by foreign states or international organizations and their official representatives from the jurisdiction of the country in which they are present. Extraterritoriality extends to foreign states or international organizations as

extratropical cyclone, a type of storm system formed in middle or high latitudes, in regions of large horizontal temperature variations called frontal zones. Extratropical cyclones present a contrast to the more violent cyclones or hurricanes of the tropics, which form in regions of relatively

ectopic pregnancy, condition in which the fertilized ovum (egg) has become imbedded outside the uterine cavity. The site of implantation most commonly is a fallopian tube; however, implantation can occur in the abdomen, the ovary, or the uterine cervix. Ectopic pregnancy occurs in an estimated 1 to

extravaganza, a literary or musical work marked by extreme freedom of style and structure and usually by elements of burlesque or parody, such as Samuel Butler’s Hudibras. The term extravaganza may also refer to an elaborate and spectacular theatrical production. The term once specifically referred

life-support system: …are the pressure suits and extravehicular activity (EVA) backpacks (i.e., portable systems that contain cooling fluid, oxygen flow and recirculation equipment, waste containment unit, power source, and communications apparatus) worn by astronauts when working outside of their spacecraft; the self-contained underwater breathing equipment (scuba gear) used by divers; and the…

introvert and extravert: extravert, basic personality types according to the theories of the 20th-century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. According to these theories, an introvert is a person whose interest is generally directed inward toward his own feelings and thoughts, in contrast to an extravert, whose attention is directed…

extremum, in calculus, any point at which the value of a function is largest (a maximum) or smallest (a minimum). There are both absolute and relative (or local) maxima and minima. At a relative maximum the value of the function is larger than its value at immediately adjacent points, while at an

Extremadura, comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) and historical region of Spain encompassing the southwestern provincias (provinces) of Cáceres and Badajoz. Extremadura is bounded by the autonomous communities of Castile-León to the north, Castile–La Mancha to the east, and Andalusia to the

principles of physical science: Conservation of mass-energy: …is an example of an extremal principle—that a state of stable equilibrium is one in which the potential energy is a minimum with respect to any small changes in configuration. It may be regarded as a special case of one of the most fundamental of physical laws, the principle of…

golden ratio, in mathematics, the irrational number 1 + √ 5 2 , often denoted by the Greek letters ϕ (phi) and sometimes τ (tau). Its value is approximately 1.618. The golden ratio is defined as the proportion in which a line segment is divided into two unequal parts such that the ratio of the

Ever heard of a poisonous bird? Or a bird that mimics a snake? Birds are among the most diverse creatures on Earth, with species adapted to every continent and habitat. Some stand out for extraordinary traits that make them natural wonders in their own right. The following seven birds—each

Vince McMahon: XFL: …announced the creation of the Extreme Football League (XFL). While many questioned the move, citing the failure of past ventures to compete with the NFL, McMahon displayed his signature bravado and marketing muscle, slamming the NFL as dull and calling it the “No Fun League.” He promised a faster and…

The X Games are extreme sports competitions held twice a year. The Summer X Games typically feature skateboarding, BMX, and motocross, and the Winter X Games feature snowboarding, skiing, and snowmobiling. Athletes from around the world compete in these multiday events for a chance to win gold,

extreme sports, sporting events or pursuits characterized by high speeds and high risk. The sports most commonly placed in this group are skateboarding, snowboarding, freestyle skiing, in-line roller-skating, street lugeing, and BMX and mountain biking. Typically, extreme sports operate outside

David Cronenberg: Other work: …For (1995) and Michael Apted’s Extreme Measures (1996), and he played a reverend in the TV miniseries Alias Grace (2017), an adaptation of Margaret Atwood’s novel. In 2021 he appeared in season four of the anthology horror TV series Slasher, cast as a wealthy patriarch who makes his children compete…

obesity: Defining obesity: Morbid obesity (also known as extreme, or severe, obesity) is defined as a BMI of 40.0 or higher. (See nutritional disease: Diet and chronic disease.)

optimization: Basic ideas: …at a vertex, or “extreme point,” of the region. This will always be true for linear problems, although an optimal solution may not be unique. Thus, the solution of such problems reduces to finding which extreme point (or points) yields the largest value for the objective function.

Milky Way Galaxy: Principal population types: …to the very thin “extreme Population I” system. Each subdivision was found to contain (though not exclusively) characteristic types of stars, and it was even possible to divide some of the variable-star types into subgroups according to their population subdivision. The RR Lyrae variables of type ab, for example,…

Populations I and II: …as “extreme” Population I or II objects.

extreme sports, sporting events or pursuits characterized by high speeds and high risk. The sports most commonly placed in this group are skateboarding, snowboarding, freestyle skiing, in-line roller-skating, street lugeing, and BMX and mountain biking. Typically, extreme sports operate outside

rogue wave, a relatively unpredictable and unexpectedly high water wave arising at the water’s surface and formed from the coincidental stacking of multiple wind-driven wave crests passing through a single point or arising from a combination of waves and currents that may shorten the waves’

Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE), U.S. satellite that operated from 1992 to 2001 and surveyed the sky for the first time in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) region between 44 and 760 angstroms. (The extreme ultraviolet is defined to be between about 100 and 1,000 angstroms.) It had four telescopes

Solar Dynamics Observatory: …Imaging Assembly (AIA), and the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE). HMI studies changes in the Sun’s magnetic field by capturing images of the Sun in polarized light every 50 seconds. AIA observes the solar corona in eight wavelengths of ultraviolet light every 10 seconds. EVE determines every 10 seconds how…

anointing of the sick, in the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches, the ritual anointing of the seriously ill and the frail elderly. The sacrament is administered to give strength and comfort to the ill and to mystically unite their suffering with that of Christ during his Passion and

tuberculosis: Treatment: …researchers reported the emergence of extremely drug-resistant tuberculosis (XXDR-TB), also known as totally drug-resistant tuberculosis (TDR-TB), in a small subset of Iranian patients. This form of the disease, which has also been detected in Italy (in 2003) and India (in 2011), is resistant to all first- and second-line antituberculosis drugs.…

telecommunications media: The radio-frequency spectrum: …to extremely high frequency (EHF), ending at 300 gigahertz.

Stephen Daldry: In his next film, Extremely Loud & Incredibly Close (2011), based on a novel by American writer Jonathan Safran Foer, a precocious nine-year-old boy wanders around New York City in search of the lock to a key left behind by his father, who died in the September 11 attacks.

Stephen Daldry: …Close (2011), based on a novel by American writer Jonathan Safran Foer, a precocious nine-year-old boy wanders around New York City in search of the lock to a key left behind by his father, who died in the September 11 attacks.

electromagnetic radiation: Radio waves: Extremely low-frequency (ELF) waves are of interest for communications systems for submarines. The relatively weak absorption by seawater of electromagnetic radiation at low frequencies and the existence of prominent resonances of the natural cavity formed by Earth and the ionosphere make the range between 5…

Zac Efron: Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile and other movies from the late 2010s: …Bundy in the Netflix movie Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile, which also starred Lily Collins. The Guardian wrote of Efron, “The star’s charismatic and creepy performance as the notorious serial killer is the best thing about an otherwise pedestrian and graceless drama.”

nation-state: Religious extremism: The contemporary reinvigoration of religious extremism (which some scholars believe to be a counterreaction to globalization) poses two types of challenges to nation-states. First, within nation-states, religious extremists threaten interfaith coexistence, and they challenge the institutions that help to maintain ethnic, religious, and…

Farrah Fawcett: …as a rape survivor in Extremities (play, 1983; film,1986).

extremophile, an organism that is tolerant to environmental extremes and that has evolved to grow optimally under one or more of these extreme conditions, hence the suffix phile, meaning “one who loves.” Extremophilic organisms are primarily prokaryotic (archaea and bacteria), with few eukaryotic

extremophile, an organism that is tolerant to environmental extremes and that has evolved to grow optimally under one or more of these extreme conditions, hence the suffix phile, meaning “one who loves.” Extremophilic organisms are primarily prokaryotic (archaea and bacteria), with few eukaryotic

extremum, in calculus, any point at which the value of a function is largest (a maximum) or smallest (a minimum). There are both absolute and relative (or local) maxima and minima. At a relative maximum the value of the function is larger than its value at immediately adjacent points, while at an

respiratory disease: Asthma: …former condition is known as extrinsic asthma and the latter as intrinsic asthma. Extrinsic asthma commonly manifests first in childhood because the subject inherits an atopic characteristic: the serum contains specific antigens to pollens, mold spores, animal proteins of different kinds, and substances from a variety of insects, particularly cockroaches…

materials testing: Measurement of electrical properties: …from impurity atoms is called extrinsic.

motivation: Pull motives represent external goals that influence one’s behaviour toward them. Most motivational situations are in reality a combination of push and pull conditions. For example, hunger, in part, may be signaled by internal changes in blood glucose or fat stores, but motivation to eat…

apoptosis: Regulation of apoptosis: The extrinsic pathway is commonly associated with cellular death receptors.

coagulation: …of two separate pathways, designated extrinsic and intrinsic. Both pathways result in the production of factor X. The activation of this factor marks the beginning of the so-called common pathway of coagulation, which results in the formation of a clot.

cell membrane: Composition: One type, called the extrinsic proteins, is loosely attached by ionic bonds or calcium bridges to the electrically charged phosphoryl surface of the bilayer. They can also attach to the second type of protein, called the intrinsic proteins. The intrinsic proteins, as their name implies, are firmly embedded within…

industrial glass: Electronic conduction: In extrinsic semiconductivity, on the other hand, electrons are provided by defects in the chemical bonding and by impurity atoms. In oxide glasses containing transition-metal ions, for instance, it is believed that electronic conductivity occurs as the hopping of an electron between two transition-metal ions of…

In options trading, extrinsic value—also called time value—is the current market value of uncertainty in the option between now and the option’s expiration. If an option is in the money, the extrinsic value is the amount of the premium over and above its intrinsic value. If an option is currently

extrinsicism, in philosophy or theology or both, the tendency to place major emphasis on external matters rather than on more profound realities. In terms of morals and ethics, it tends to stress the external observance of laws and precepts, with lesser concern for the ultimate principles

introvert and extravert: extravert, basic personality types according to the theories of the 20th-century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. According to these theories, an introvert is a person whose interest is generally directed inward toward his own feelings and thoughts, in contrast to an extravert, whose attention is directed…