rubber: Shaping: Extruders are used to produce long continuous products such as tubing, tire treads, and wire coverings. They are also used to produce various profiles that can later be cut to length. Multiroll calenders are used to make wide sheeting. In transfer and injection molds, the…

extrusion, process in which metal or other material is forced through a series of dies to create desired shapes. Many ceramics are manufactured by extrusion, because the process allows efficient, continuous production. In a commercial screw-type extruder, a screw auger continuously forces the

papermaking: Finishing and converting: The extrusion-coating process, a relatively new development in the application of functional coating, has gained major importance in the past 20 years. The process is used to apply polyethylene plastic coatings to all grades of paper and paperboard. Polyethylene resin has ideal properties for use with…

extrusive rock, any rock derived from magma (molten silicate material) that was poured out or ejected at Earth’s surface. By contrast, intrusive rocks are formed from magma that was forced into older rocks at depth within Earth’s crust; the molten material then slowly solidifies below Earth’s

extrusive rock, any rock derived from magma (molten silicate material) that was poured out or ejected at Earth’s surface. By contrast, intrusive rocks are formed from magma that was forced into older rocks at depth within Earth’s crust; the molten material then slowly solidifies below Earth’s

protozoan: Mechanisms of food ingestion: …prey with special structures called extrusomes. Among the various types of extrusomes are the toxicysts, which are found in the oral region and release toxins that paralyze the prey.

inflammation: Vascular changes: Protein-rich fluid, called exudate, is now able to exit into the tissues. Substances in the exudate include clotting factors, which help prevent the spread of infectious agents throughout the body. Other proteins include antibodies that help destroy invading microorganisms.

angiosperm: Process of phloem transport: The phenomenon of exudation from injured sieve tubes supports the first possibility, which has been further supported by a discovery involving aphids (phloem-feeding insects): when aphids are removed from plants while feeding, their mouthparts remain embedded in the phloem. Exudate continues to flow through the mouthparts; the magnitude…

Easter: Liturgical observances: …of lights focused on the Paschal candle; the service of lessons called the prophecies; the administration of the sacraments of baptism and confirmation to adult converts; and the Easter mass. The use of the Paschal candle, to denote the appearance of light out of darkness through the Resurrection, was first…

Exuma Cays, group of some 365 cays and islands, part of The Bahamas, West Indies, situated in the Atlantic Ocean. The Exuma Cays begin some 35 miles (56 km) east-southeast of Nassau and stretch southeast in a gently curving arc for about 90 miles (145 km). Most of the inhabitants live on the

Exuma Cays: Exuma Cays Land and Sea Park, which includes many islands, islets, and cays and covers some 176 square miles (456 square km), was established in 1958 to preserve the many underwater reefs and uninhabited cays for exploration.

urban sprawl: Environmental costs: Exurban low-density neighbourhoods consume more energy per capita than their high-density counterparts closer to the city’s core. (An exurb is an affluent residential community located beyond the suburbs in a metropolitan area.) Energy for heating, cooking, cooling, lighting, and transportation is largely produced by burning…

dragonfly: Life cycle and reproduction: …behind a cast skin (exuvia).

dragonfly: Life cycle and reproduction: …behind a cast skin (exuvia).

Exxon Corporation, former oil and natural resources company that merged with Mobil Corporation as Exxon Mobil in 1999. The former Exxon company was founded in 1882 as part of the Standard Oil trust (see Standard Oil Company and Trust), which in 1899 became the holding company for all companies

Exxon Mobil Corporation, U.S.-based oil and gas company formed in 1999 through the merger of Exxon Corporation and Mobil Corporation. As one of the world’s top three oil and energy concerns, it has investments and operations in petroleum and natural gas, coal, nuclear fuels, chemicals, and mineral

oil spill: Largest oil-tanker spills in history: In North America the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 in Prince William Sound, Alaska, caused great ecological and economic damage, though it ranks well below the largest oil-tanker spills in history if measured by the amount of oil spilled (37,000 metric tons).

Exxon Valdez oil spill, massive oil spill that occurred on March 24, 1989, in Prince William Sound, an inlet in the Gulf of Alaska, Alaska, U.S. The incident happened after an Exxon Corporation tanker, the Exxon Valdez, ran aground on Bligh Reef during a voyage from Valdez, Alaska, to California.

Exxon Mobil Corporation, U.S.-based oil and gas company formed in 1999 through the merger of Exxon Corporation and Mobil Corporation. As one of the world’s top three oil and energy concerns, it has investments and operations in petroleum and natural gas, coal, nuclear fuels, chemicals, and mineral

Gnassingbé Eyadéma was a soldier who became president of Togo after a military takeover in January 1967. Eyadéma joined the French army in 1953, served in Indochina, Dahomey, Niger, and Algeria (1953–61), and had attained the rank of sergeant when he returned to Togo in 1962. When President

Gnassingbé Eyadéma was a soldier who became president of Togo after a military takeover in January 1967. Eyadéma joined the French army in 1953, served in Indochina, Dahomey, Niger, and Algeria (1953–61), and had attained the rank of sergeant when he returned to Togo in 1962. When President

Bosnia and Herzegovina: Ottoman Bosnia: …the full status of an eyalet, or constituent province of the empire. Bosnia enjoyed this status as a distinct entity throughout the rest of the Ottoman period. The Bosnian eyalet was governed by a vizier and administered through a network of junior pashas and local judges. Land was distributed according…

falconry: Terms and equipment: …captivity is known as an eyas. A hawk trapped during its first year in the wild is called a passager, and a hawk trapped in its adult plumage is termed a haggard. The female peregrine falcon is properly called a falcon, and the male—which, in common with most species of…

Lake Eyasi, lake, northern Tanzania. It lies west of Lake Manyara and approximately 95 miles (155 km) southwest of Arusha. At an elevation of about 3,400 feet (1,040 m), the lake covers an area of about 400 square miles (1,050 square km) and occupies the bottom of a bowllike depression in a region

South African literature: In Afrikaans: …poet of the 1930s was Elisabeth Eybers, whose verse dealt initially with the intimate confessions of women but broadened out to a penetrating, objective approach to love, exile, old age, and the poetical craft. Besides writing vivid romantic poetry, Uys Krige was also a short-story writer and playwright and a…

Jonathan Eybeschütz was a rabbi and religious scholar noted for his bitter quarrel with Rabbi Jacob Emden, a dispute that split European Jewry and ended the effectiveness of rabbinic excommunication during Eybeschütz’s time. As a rabbi in a number of European towns, Eybeschütz became a celebrated

Ghent Altarpiece: …van Eyck and his brother Hubert van Eyck and was completed in 1432. It has been called “the first major oil painting” and is regarded as marking the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance.

Jan van Eyck was a Netherlandish painter who perfected the newly developed technique of oil painting. His naturalistic panel paintings, mostly portraits and religious subjects, made extensive use of disguised religious symbols. His masterpiece is the altarpiece in the cathedral at Ghent, The

tropical cyclone: The eye: A characteristic feature of tropical cyclones is the eye, a central region of clear skies, warm temperatures, and low atmospheric pressure. Typically, atmospheric pressure at the surface of Earth is about 1,000 millibars. At the centre of a tropical cyclone, however, it is typically…

amphibian: Common features: The eye of the modern amphibian (or lissamphibian) has a lid, associated glands, and ducts. It also has muscles that allow its accommodation within or on top of the head, depth perception, and true colour vision. These adaptations are regarded as the first evolutionary improvements in…

eye colour, heritable phenotypic (observable) trait determined by pigmentation and light scattering in the iris of the eye. The iris, the coloured part of the eye, is the ring of muscle and collagen fibres around the central black opening of the eye known as the pupil, through which light passes.

eye dialect, the use of misspellings that are based on standard pronunciations (such as sez for says or kow for cow) but are usually intended to suggest a speaker’s illiteracy or his use of generally nonstandard pronunciations. It is sometimes used in literature for comic

eye disease, any of the diseases or disorders that affect the human eye. Some conditions that affect the eye are mild and easily treatable, whereas others can lead to serious vision loss in the absence of prompt or proper treatment. Treatment for eye diseases often depends on the type and severity

eye for an eye, in law and custom, the principle of retaliation for injuries or damages. In ancient Babylonian, biblical, Roman, and Islāmic law, it was a principle operative in private and familial settlements, intended to limit retaliation, and often satisfied by a money payment or other

John Schlesinger: Films of the 1990s and final work: …films were the intense drama Eye for an Eye (1996), about a revenge-driven mother (Sally Field) whose daughter was the victim of rape, and The Next Best Thing (2000), in which Madonna played a yoga instructor who decides to have a baby with her gay best friend (Rupert Everett).

Denys Arcand: …Règne de la beauté (2014; An Eye for Beauty), about a married architect who has an affair; and La Chute de l’empire américain (2018; The Fall of the American Empire), a satiric crime thriller that explores greed in modern society.

frit fly, any small fly of the family Chloropidae (order Diptera), destructive to oats, rye, barley, wheat, and other cereal grains. Frit flies, often bright yellow and black, are usually found in grassy areas. The larvae are maggots and live in developing grain heads and within stems, causing the

Regeneration Trilogy: The Eye in the Door (1993) deals chiefly with the bisexual Billy Prior, who has been assigned to investigate a plot to assassinate the prime minister. During the investigation he has a sexual encounter with a male government official, and he suffers increasingly from episodes…

Helen Mirren: Later films: Eye in the Sky (2015) featured Mirren as a British colonel who faces a moral dilemma while remotely commanding a military operation in Kenya intended to apprehend a terrorist.

microscope: Principles: …are generally referred to as eye loupes or jewelers’ lenses. The traditional simple microscope was made with a single magnifying lens, which was often of sufficient optical quality to allow the study of microscopical organisms including Hydra and protists.

photoreception: Eye movements and active vision: There are four main types of eye movement: saccades, reflex stabilizing movements, pursuit movements, and vergence movements. Saccades are fast movements that redirect gaze. They may involve the eyes alone or, more commonly, the eyes and the head. Their function…

eye movement and desensitization reprocessing therapy (EMDR), psychotherapy technique using visual bilateral stimulation—such as watching a light or an object move in a rhythmic pattern that triggers activity in both sides of the brain—to reduce distress associated with traumatic memories and life

Richat Structure, large geographic feature with a diameter of about 50 km (30 miles), consisting of a series of concentric rings located in the Sahara near the town of Ouadane, Mauritania. Named for a Berber term for “feather,” the Richat Structure was originally thought to be an impact crater

Eye of Horus, in ancient Egypt, symbol representing protection, health, and restoration. According to Egyptian myth, Horus lost his left eye in a struggle with Seth. The eye was magically restored by Hathor, and this restoration came to symbolize the process of making whole and healing. For this

Kuruman: …known for a local spring—the Eye of Kuruman—which rises in a cave in this otherwise semidesert thornveld area and supplies at least 4,500,000 gallons (17,000,000 l) daily. Kuruman is also known for its dairy cattle and trade in butter. Pop. (2001) 9,823.

k.d. lang: …the films Salmonberries (1991) and Eye of the Beholder (1999). She also made guest appearances on the TV shows Ellen and Portlandia in 1997 and 2014, respectively.

Fleur Adcock: Adcock’s first collection of poetry, The Eye of the Hurricane, appeared the following year. In that and subsequent volumes—including Tigers (1967), High Tide in the Garden (1971), The Incident Book (1986), Time Zones (1991), and Looking Back (1997)—Adcock brought a measured, Classical

Donald Sutherland: …Nazi spy in the thriller Eye of the Needle (1981). Another classic dramatic role for Sutherland was as the tormented father in the Academy Award-winning film Ordinary People (1980). He played other paternal or avuncular film roles in A Dry White Season (1989), Cold Mountain (2003), The Italian

Richat Structure, large geographic feature with a diameter of about 50 km (30 miles), consisting of a series of concentric rings located in the Sahara near the town of Ouadane, Mauritania. Named for a Berber term for “feather,” the Richat Structure was originally thought to be an impact crater

Eudora Welty: …collections of short stories, and The Eye of the Story (1978) is a volume of essays. The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty was published in 1980.

eye rhyme, in poetry, an imperfect rhyme in which two words are spelled similarly but pronounced differently (such as move and love, bough and though, come and home, and laughter and daughter). Some of these (such as flood and brood) are referred to as historical rhymes because at one time they

cosmetic: Eye makeup: …mascara to emphasize the eyelashes; eye shadow for the eyelids, available in many shades; and eyebrow pencils and eyeliner to pick out the edges of the lids. Because eye cosmetics are used adjacent to a very sensitive area, innocuity of ingredients is essential.

splice: …in a single rope, the eye splice, in which the free end is unlayed and interwoven at some point in the standing part of the rope, is employed, especially on sailing vessels.

Tall Birāk: …discoveries at Birāk was the Eye Temple (c. 3000), so named because of the thousands of small stone “eye idols” found there. These curious objects have almost square bodies and thin heads carved with two to six large eyes. The temple itself is important for its use of typically southern…

canine tooth, in mammals, any of the single-cusped (pointed), usually single-rooted teeth adapted for tearing food, and occurring behind or beside the incisors (front teeth). Often the largest teeth in the mouth, the canines project beyond the level of the other teeth and may interlock when the

eye worm, (species Loa loa), common parasite of humans and other primates in central and western Africa, a member of the phylum Nematoda. It is transmitted to humans by the deerfly, Chrysops (the intermediate host), which feeds on primate blood. When the fly alights on a human victim, the worm

human eye, in humans, specialized sense organ capable of receiving visual images, which are then carried to the brain. The eye is protected from mechanical injury by being enclosed in a socket, or orbit, which is made up of portions of several of the bones of the skull to form a four-sided pyramid,

eyeball, spheroidal structure containing sense receptors for vision, found in all vertebrates and constructed much like a simple camera. The eyeball houses the retina—an extremely metabolically active layer of nerve tissue made up of millions of light receptors (photoreceptors)—and all of the

bridge: Suspension bridges: …reinforced concrete with embedded steel eyebars to which the cables will be fastened. An eyebar is a length of metal with a hole (or “eye”) at the ends. Cables for the first suspension bridges were made of linked wrought-iron eyebars; now, however, cables are generally made of thousands of steel…

Why Do Humans Have Eyebrows?: Eyebrows act as a barrier, diverting moisture away from the eyes toward the sides of the face through their shape and the direction of their hairs and capturing small particles before they reach the eye. Moreover, eyebrows can shield the eyes from the glare of…

folly, (from French folie, “foolishness”), also called Eyecatcher, in architecture, a costly, generally nonfunctional building that was erected to enhance a natural landscape. Follies first gained popularity in England, and they were particularly in vogue during the 18th and early 19th centuries,

click beetle: Major genera and species: The eyed elator (Alaus oculatus), a North American click beetle, grows to 45 mm (over 1.75 inches) long and has two large black-and-white eyelike spots on the prothorax, a region behind the head.

eyeglasses, lenses set in frames for wearing in front of the eyes to aid vision or to correct such defects of vision as myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. In 1268 Roger Bacon made the earliest recorded comment on the use of lenses for optical purposes, but magnifying lenses inserted in frames were

camel: Natural history: Heavy eyelashes protect the eyes from blowing sand, and the nostrils can be squeezed shut. The dromedary has horny pads on the chest and knees that protect it from searing desert sand when it lies down, but the Bactrian camel lacks these callosities. Camels are generally…

Eyeless in Gaza, novel of ideas by Aldous Huxley, published in 1936. This semiautobiographical novel criticizes the dearth of spiritual values in contemporary society. In nonchronological fashion the novel covers more than 30 years in the lives of a group of upper-middle-class English friends,

broderie anglaise, (French: “English embroidery”), form of whitework embroidery in which round or oval holes are pierced in the material (such as cotton), and the cut edges then overcast; these holes, or eyelets, are grouped in a pattern that is further delineated by simple embroidery stitches on

eyelid, movable tissue, consisting primarily of skin and muscle, that shields and protects the eyeball from mechanical injury and helps to provide the moist chamber essential for the normal functioning of the conjunctiva and cornea. The conjunctiva is the mucous membrane that lines the eyelid and

crocodile: Form and function: …upper and lower eyelids, the nictitating membrane (that is, a thin, translucent eyelid) may be drawn over the eye from the inner corner while the lids are open. The delicate eyeball surface is thus protected under the water, while a certain degree of vision is still possible. Unlike the ears…

cosmetic: Eye makeup: …shades; and eyebrow pencils and eyeliner to pick out the edges of the lids. Because eye cosmetics are used adjacent to a very sensitive area, innocuity of ingredients is essential.

John Churchill, 1st duke of Marlborough was one of England’s greatest generals, who led British and allied armies to important victories over Louis XIV of France, notably at Blenheim (1704), Ramillies (1706), and Oudenaarde (1708). John Churchill was the son of Sir Winston Churchill, member of

microscope: The compound microscope: …of the second lens, the eyepiece or ocular. The eyepiece forms an enlarged virtual image that can be viewed by the observer. The magnifying power of the compound microscope is the product of the magnification of the objective lens and that of the eyepiece.

telescope: Refracting telescopes: …lens, referred to as the eyepiece lens, is placed behind the focal plane and enables the observer to view the enlarged, or magnified, image. Thus, the simplest form of refractor consists of an objective and an eyepiece, as illustrated in the diagram.

Bloomsburg, town, seat (1846) of Columbia county, east-central Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Susquehanna River and Fishing Creek, 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Wilkes-Barre. Susquehannock (Susquehanna) peoples inhabited the area when settlers began arriving in the mid-18th century. The settlement was

Bloomsburg, town, seat (1846) of Columbia county, east-central Pennsylvania, U.S., on the Susquehanna River and Fishing Creek, 40 miles (64 km) southwest of Wilkes-Barre. Susquehannock (Susquehanna) peoples inhabited the area when settlers began arriving in the mid-18th century. The settlement was

Mari Evans: … (produced 1977) and the musical Eyes (produced 1979), an adaptation of Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God. She edited the anthology Black Women Writers (1950–1980): A Critical Evaluation (1984) and published Clarity as Concept: A Poet’s Perspective (2006), a collection of essays commenting on African American politics and…

Irvin Kershner: From B-24s to Laura Mars: The erotic thriller Eyes of Laura Mars (1978) would develop a minor cult following that counterbalanced its initial tepid reception; it featured Faye Dunaway as a photographer specializing in sexually provocative fashion layouts.

Tammy Faye Messner: In popular culture: …Faye Bakker in the biopic The Eyes of Tammy Faye (2021).

Sabrina Carpenter: Childhood and early career: Carpenter released her debut album, Eyes Wide Open, the following year. The album peaked at number 43 on the Billboard 200. Her next album, EVOLution (2016), peaked at 28 on the charts. Carpenter was credited as a co-writer in all but one track of the album. That year, she also…

Stanley Kubrick: Last films: …his attention to another project, Eyes Wide Shut (1999), which would be his final film, released only a few months after his death. Based on Arthur Schnitzler’s 1926 novella Traumnovelle (“Dream Story”), it became yet another controversial entry in Kubrick’s oeuvre. Tom Cruise and Nicole Kidman, then married to each…

vision, physiological process of distinguishing, usually by means of an organ such as the eye, the shapes and colours of objects. See eye;

eyespot, a heavily pigmented region in certain one-celled organisms that apparently functions in light reception. The term is also applied to certain light-sensitive cells in the epidermis (skin) of some invertebrate animals (e.g., worms, starfishes). In the green one-celled organism Euglena, the

sugarcane: Diseases: Eyespot, characterized by yellowish oval lesions on leaves and stems, is a disease caused by the fungus Helminthosporium sacchari.

crustacean: Hormones: The X-organ–sinus-gland complex is located in the eyestalk. The X-organ passes its secretions to the sinus gland, which acts as a release centre into the blood. Hormones liberated from the sinus gland have been shown to influence molting, gonad development, water balance, blood glucose, and the…

asthenopia, condition in which the eyes are weak and tire easily. It may be brought on by disorders in any of the various complicated functions involved in the visual act. Imbalance between the muscles that keep the eyes parallel leads to fatigue in the constant effort to prevent double vision.

tropical cyclone: Anatomy of a cyclone: …at the second region, the eyewall, which is typically 15 to 30 km (10 to 20 miles) from the centre of the storm. The eyewall in turn surrounds the interior region, called the eye, where wind speeds decrease rapidly and the air is often calm. These main structural regions are…

memory: Eyewitness memory: Conflicting accounts by eyewitnesses demonstrate that memory is not a perfect recording of events from the past; indeed, it is actually a reconstruction of past events. A particularly striking demonstration of the inaccuracy of eyewitness testimony comes from dozens of cases in which…

Ayşenur Eygi was a Turkish-American citizen and longtime activist for multiple causes. While participating in a protest on September 6, 2024, in the occupied West Bank, she was fatally shot by an Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) sniper. The Israeli government conceded that it was “highly likely” that

Ayşenur Eygi was a Turkish-American citizen and longtime activist for multiple causes. While participating in a protest on September 6, 2024, in the occupied West Bank, she was fatally shot by an Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) sniper. The Israeli government conceded that it was “highly likely” that

Akureyri: …at the southern end of Eyja Fjord. Akureyri is the chief centre of the north and is one of the island’s most populous urban centres outside the Reykjavík metropolitan area. While primarily a commercial and distributing centre, Akureyri is also a fishing port, agricultural market, and manufacturing centre for fish…

Eyjafjallajökull, glacier, southern Iceland. The former western extension of Mýrdalsjökull (Mýrdals Glacier), from which it is now separated by the small ice-free Fimmvörduháls Pass, Eyjafjallajökull covers an area of about 40 square miles (100 square km). At its highest point Eyjafjallajökull

Eyjafjallajökull volcano, subglacial volcano, southern Iceland, lying within the country’s East Volcanic Zone. Its name is derived from an Icelandic phrase meaning “the island’s mountain glacier,” and the volcano itself lies beneath Eyjafjallajökull (Eyjafjalla Glacier). Its highest point rises to

Eyjafjallajökull volcano, subglacial volcano, southern Iceland, lying within the country’s East Volcanic Zone. Its name is derived from an Icelandic phrase meaning “the island’s mountain glacier,” and the volcano itself lies beneath Eyjafjallajökull (Eyjafjalla Glacier). Its highest point rises to

Eyjafjallajökull, glacier, southern Iceland. The former western extension of Mýrdalsjökull (Mýrdals Glacier), from which it is now separated by the small ice-free Fimmvörduháls Pass, Eyjafjallajökull covers an area of about 40 square miles (100 square km). At its highest point Eyjafjallajökull

Eyjafjallajökull volcano, subglacial volcano, southern Iceland, lying within the country’s East Volcanic Zone. Its name is derived from an Icelandic phrase meaning “the island’s mountain glacier,” and the volcano itself lies beneath Eyjafjallajökull (Eyjafjalla Glacier). Its highest point rises to

Eyjafjallajökull volcano, subglacial volcano, southern Iceland, lying within the country’s East Volcanic Zone. Its name is derived from an Icelandic phrase meaning “the island’s mountain glacier,” and the volcano itself lies beneath Eyjafjallajökull (Eyjafjalla Glacier). Its highest point rises to

Battle of Eylau, an engagement of the War of the Third Coalition, fought February 7–8, 1807, during the Napoleonic Wars. The first major deadlock suffered by Napoleon, the battle was fought around the East Prussian town of Eylau (modern Bagrationovsk, Russia), 23 miles (37 km) south of Königsberg

Nicholas Eymeric was a Roman Catholic theologian, grand inquisitor at Aragon, and supporter of the Avignon papacy. After joining the Dominican Order in 1334, Eymeric wrote on theology and philosophy. Appointed grand inquisitor about 1357, he performed his duties zealously and made so many enemies

Nicholas Eymeric was a Roman Catholic theologian, grand inquisitor at Aragon, and supporter of the Avignon papacy. After joining the Dominican Order in 1334, Eymeric wrote on theology and philosophy. Appointed grand inquisitor about 1357, he performed his duties zealously and made so many enemies

French literature: The Decadents: Though Rachilde is sometimes considered to belong to the Symbolist movement—mostly for her connections with its journal, the Mercure de France, edited by her husband—her novels are best understood as productions of the Decadent ethos: for example, Monsieur Vénus (1884; Eng. trans. Monsieur Venus), reversing gender…

Easter Island: History: In 1864 Brother Eugène Eyraud, a French Catholic missionary, became the first foreigner to settle on the island; as a result, the population became converted to Christianity by 1868. Settlers from Tahiti began to raise sheep in 1870.