marine ecosystem: Geography, oceanography, and topography: The sublittoral is the environment beyond the low-tide mark and is often used to refer to substrata of the continental shelf, which reaches depths of between 150 and 300 metres. Sediments of the continental shelf that influence marine organisms generally originate from the land, particularly in…

submachine gun, lightweight automatic small-arms weapon chambered for relatively low-energy pistol cartridges and fired from the hip or shoulder. Most types utilize simple blowback actions. Using cartridges of such calibres as .45 inch or 9 mm, they usually have box-type magazines that hold from 10

coal mining: Ground control and roof support: Submain entries can be regarded as feeders from the mains that subdivide each major area. From the submains, panel entries take off to subdivide further a block of coal into panels for orderly coal extraction.

human nervous system: Facial nerve (CN VII or 7): …facial nerve) and to the submandibular ganglion by way of the chorda tympani nerve (another branch of the facial nerve, which joins the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve). Postganglionic fibers from the pterygopalatine ganglion innervate the nasal and palatine glands and the lacrimal gland, while those from the submandibular…

human digestive system: Salivary glands: …serous type; those of the submandibular glands, of both serous and mucous types, with the serous cells outnumbering the mucous cells by four to one. The acini of the sublingual glands are composed primarily of mucous cells.

Gemma Chan: Early roles on television, stage, and film: …movies as Exam (2009) and Submarine (2010).

submarine, any naval vessel that is capable of propelling itself beneath the water as well as on the water’s surface. This is a unique capability among warships, and submarines are quite different in design and appearance from surface ships. Submarines first became a major factor in naval warfare

undersea cable, fiber-optic cable laid across the ocean floor that transmits information and enables worldwide communications. More than 600 cables with a combined distance of some 1,480,000 km (920,000 miles) stretch across the world. Cables use fiber-optic technology to operate most efficiently.

submarine canyon, any of a class of narrow steep-sided valleys that cut into continental slopes and continental rises of the oceans. Submarine canyons originate either within continental slopes or on a continental shelf. They are rare on continental margins that have extremely steep continental

submarine fan, accumulation of land-derived sediment on the deep seafloor; in configuration, a fan is like the section of a very low cone, with its apex at the lower mouth of a submarine canyon incised into a continental slope. Submarine canyons have steep courses with high walls and funnel

submarine fracture zone, long, narrow, and mountainous submarine lineation that generally separates ocean-floor ridges that differ in depth by as much as 1.5 km (0.9 mile). The largest fracture zones, in the eastern Pacific, are several thousand kilometres long, 100 to 200 km (60 to 125 miles)

submarine gap, steep-sided furrow that cuts transversely across a ridge or rise; such a passageway has a steeper slope than either of the two abyssal plains it connects. Grooves known as interplain channels exist in many submarine gaps; the sediments in these channels are continuously graded. The

Francis P. Shepard: Among his principal works are Submarine Geology (1948) and, with R.F. Dill, Submarine Canyons and Other Sea Valleys (1966).

mountain: Mid-ocean ridges and rises: Thus, such submarine landforms comprise very long, narrow volcanic centres. Although volcanoes do form as isolated seamounts along the axes of mid-ocean ridges, they constitute only a small fraction of the erupted material. Moreover, areas along the ridges and rises where volcanism is particularly abundant are considered…

submarine mine, underwater weapon designed to explode when a target presents itself. See

undersea exploration: Collection of biological samples: …transparency and absorption include the submarine photometer, the hydrophotometer, and the Secchi disk. The submarine photometer records directly to depths of about 150 metres the infrared, visible, and ultraviolet portions of the spectrum. The hydrophotometer has a self-contained light source that allows greater latitude in observation because it can be…

oceanic plateau, large submarine elevation rising sharply at least 200 m (660 feet) above the surrounding deep-sea floor and characterized principally by an extensive, relatively flat or gently tilted summit. Most oceanic plateaus were named early in the 20th century prior to the invention of sonic

tactical weapons system: Surface-to-surface systems: Subroc and the Soviet SS-N-15. These missiles break the ocean surface, streak through the air at supersonic speed for about 30 miles (50 km), and then release a nuclear depth bomb that drops back into the water and sinks to the level of the target…

hoagie, submarine sandwich containing Italian meats, cheeses, and other fillings and condiments. The name likely comes from the Philadelphia area where, during World War I, Italian immigrants who worked at the Hog Island shipyard began making sandwiches; they were originally called “hoggies” before

submarine slump, in a submarine canyon or on a continental slope, relatively rapid and sporadic downslope composed of sediment and organic debris that has built up slowly into an unstable or marginally stable mass. The greatest documented distance that an individual slump has transported sediment

seamount, large submarine volcanic mountain rising at least 1,000 m (3,300 feet) above the surrounding deep-sea floor; smaller submarine volcanoes are called sea knolls, and flat-topped seamounts are called guyots. Great Meteor Tablemount in the northeast Atlantic, standing more than 4,000 m

volcano: Submarine volcanoes: These structures occur in various forms, but many are cone-shaped seamounts. Some ancient island volcanoes were eroded flat or covered with a coral cap at sea level before they sank below the sea surface as they and the crust supporting them cooled and…

arms control: The Cold War: Soviet and U.S.-led arms-control agreements: …of each side’s ICBMs and submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) at current levels. The SALT II agreement (1979) set limits on each side’s store of multiple independent reentry vehicles (MIRVs), which were strategic missiles equipped with multiple nuclear warheads capable of hitting different targets on the ground. This agreement placed limits…

sedimentary rock: Texture: Submature sandstones are created by the removal of the clay matrix by current action. The sand grains are, however, still poorly sorted in these rocks. Submature sandstones are common as river-channel sands, tidal-channel sands, and shallow submarine sands swept by unidirectional currents. Mature sandstones are…

human digestive system: Salivary glands: …serous type; those of the submandibular glands, of both serous and mucous types, with the serous cells outnumbering the mucous cells by four to one. The acini of the sublingual glands are composed primarily of mucous cells.

lead processing: Direct smelting: …divided into two categories: (1) submerged smelting, as in the QSL and Isasmelt processes, in which the refining reactions occur in a liquid (i.e., molten metal, matte, or slag), and (2) suspension smelting, as in the KIVCET process, in which the reactions occur between gases and solids.

Alicia Vikander: …on a holiday together; and Submergence, Wim Wenders’s romance about a bio-mathematician and an undercover MI6 agent (played by James McAvoy). She later starred as Lara Croft in the 2018 film adaptation of the rebooted video game franchise Tomb Raider.

hydrologic sciences: Remote sensing of the oceans: …on special surface vessels and submersibles for direct measurements. It can be very costly to operate either type of vessel on long deep-sea expeditions. Moreover, observations from such craft can provide only a partial picture of oceanic phenomena and processes in terms of both space and time. Consequently, there has…

radio telescope: Radio telescope arrays: …Sinica of Taiwan, completed the Submillimeter Array (SMA), located near the summit of Mauna Kea, Hawaii, at an elevation of 4,080 metres (13,385 feet). This is an eight-element array of 6-metre (20-foot) dishes designed to work at wavelengths as short as 0.3 mm (0.01 inch). A major new international facility—managed…

technology of photography: The ultraminiature or subminiature: This camera takes narrow roll film (16-mm or 9.5-mm) in special cartridges or film disks. The picture size ranges from 8 × 10 mm to 13 × 17 mm. These formats are used for making millions of snapshooting pocket-size cameras; special versions may be…

Michel Houellebecq: Writing career and books: Soumission (2015; Submission) is a dystopian work of speculative fiction in which France has become an Islamic state. The novel was published on the day of the attacks on the Paris offices of satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, which had that week published an issue featuring a caricature…

submissive behaviour, form of animal behaviour in which one individual attempts through appeasement displays to avoid injury by a dominant member of its own species. Appeasement displays are commonly found in species that are well armed (e.g., carnivores) and social. The displays, even when

Ayaan Hirsi Ali: …Theo van Gogh to create Submission, a jarring, incendiary film depicting Islam as a religion that sanctions the abuse of women. Several weeks after the film aired on Dutch television, van Gogh was murdered—shot and stabbed, with a knife pinning to his body a letter that called for the death…

Convocations of Canterbury and York: At the Reformation, the Act of Submission of the Clergy (1533) provided that convocation was not to meet without the permission of the king. For the next 140 years the convocations were busy with the Reformation settlement, working with the monarch and Parliament. After the Restoration of Charles II…

submissive behaviour, form of animal behaviour in which one individual attempts through appeasement displays to avoid injury by a dominant member of its own species. Appeasement displays are commonly found in species that are well armed (e.g., carnivores) and social. The displays, even when

Pakistan: The submontane plateau: Lying south of the northern mountain rampart, the submontane plateau has four distinct divisions—the Trans-Indus plains, the Potwar Plateau, the Salt Range, and the Sialkot region.

digestive nerve plexus: …and the submucous plexus (Meissner’s plexus). The myenteric plexus is situated between the circular muscle layer and the longitudinal muscle layer in the lower esophagus, stomach, and intestines. The submucous plexus, as its name implies, is located in the submucosal tissue, which connects the surface mucous membrane lining to…

bursa: Submuscular bursas are located between muscles and bony prominences and, in some instances, between neighbouring muscles.

Subnautica, an open-world survival adventure video game developed and published by the San Francisco–based studio Unknown Worlds Entertainment. After years of early-access development (a stage in which players can buy and play a game still in progress to provide feedback), it had its full-feature

systems engineering: A design example: …a framework is called the error of suboptimization.

space tourism: Suborbital space tourism: Although the orbital space tourism industry garnered much media attention following Tito’s flight, other companies were also hard at work trying to make space tourism a profitable proposition by developing suborbital vehicles designed to take passengers to an altitude of 100 km…

business finance: Long-term debt: …more junior lien is the subordinated debenture, which is secondary (in terms of ability to reclaim capital in the event of a business liquidation) to all other debentures and specifically to short-term bank loans.

linguistics: Syntax: …constructions fall into two types: subordinating and coordinating. If attention is confined, for simplicity, to constructions composed of no more than two immediate constituents, it can be said that subordinating constructions are those in which only one immediate constituent is of the same form class as the whole construction, whereas…

patristic literature: Late 2nd to early 4th century: …final restoration, and a deeply subordinationist doctrine of the Trinity—i.e., one in which the Son is subordinate to the Father. For his spiritual teaching, with its emphasis on the battle against sin, on freedom from passions, and on the soul’s mystical marriage with the Logos, his Commentary on Canticles provides…

suboscine, in general, any bird of the suborder Tyranni of the order Passeriformes (perching birds, or passerines) as distinguished from an oscine, or songbird, a member of the suborder Passeri. The term suboscine implies, perhaps rightly, that birds of this group are more primitive in anatomy and

Subotica, town in the northern part of the autonomous province of Vojvodina in northern Serbia. It lies along the Belgrade-Budapest railway line near the Hungarian border. Subotica was first mentioned in 1391, and it was included in Austria’s military frontier after the defeat of the Turks in the

electronic music: Music synthesizers: …closely associated with synthesizers is Morton Subotnik, who has produced a series of extended electronic music compositions, starting with Silver Apples of the Moon (1967). These pieces were created on the Buchla synthesizer, and any one of them demonstrates in relatively unmodified form the types of sounds one may obtain…

Slovenia: Relief: …the country) is the fertile Subpannonia; it is located in eastern and northeastern Slovenia and includes the valleys of the Sava, Drava, and Mura rivers. Its basins contain the cities of Maribor (on the Drava) and Celje (on the Savinja River, a tributary of the Sava). Subpannonia corresponds in part…

nervous system: Annelids: …the most anterior ganglion, the subpharyngeal ganglion, being the most prominent. Two to five pairs of lateral nerves leave each ganglion to innervate the body wall of that segment. A subepidermal nerve plexus occurs over the whole body. Another plexus, called the enteric, stomodaeal, or sympathetic system, is found in…

subpoena, formal instrument issued by a court, grand jury, legislative body or committee, or duly authorized administrative agency commanding an individual to appear before it at a specific time to give testimony, oral or written, in the matter identified in the document. The subpoena is used only

evidence: Documentary evidence: …court for a writ of sub poena duces tecum compelling the third party to produce the document in court. If the original is not produced after this, secondhand evidence of its existence is then permitted. In Continental law there is no similar obligation to produce documents. The adversary or third…

glacier: Mass balance: …for the entire year; a subpolar (or polythermal) glacier contains ice below the freezing temperature, except for surface melting in the summer and a basal layer of temperate ice; and a temperate glacier is at the melting temperature throughout its mass, but surface freezing occurs in winter. A polar or…

subpolar gyre, an area of cyclonic ocean circulation that sits beneath a persistent region of low atmospheric pressure. In contrast to subtropical gyres, the movement of ocean water within the Ekman layer of subpolar gyres forces upwelling and surface water divergence. In the North Atlantic the

China: Unification: …there were district magistrates (subprefects) in charge of areas corresponding roughly in size to counties. The duties of these subprefects were catholic, for they were supposed to see to all aspects of the welfare of the people in their area. This was the lowest level of major direct imperial…

subprime lending, the practice of extending credit to borrowers with low incomes or poor, incomplete, or nonexistent credit histories. Subprime mortgage loans, the most common form of subprime lending, are characterized by higher interest rates and more-stringent requirements to compensate lenders

subprime mortgage, a type of home loan extended to individuals with poor, incomplete, or nonexistent credit histories. Because the borrowers in that case present a higher risk for lenders, subprime mortgages typically charge higher interest rates than standard (prime) mortgages. The most common

computer programming language: Control structures: …is an example of a subprogram (also called a procedure, subroutine, or function). A subprogram is like a sauce recipe given once and used as part of many other recipes. Subprograms take inputs (the quantity needed) and produce results (the sauce). Commonly used subprograms are generally in a collection or…

Skanda, Hindu god of war who was the firstborn son of Shiva. The many legends giving the circumstances of his birth are often at variance with one another. In Kalidasa’s epic poem Kumarasambhava (“The Birth of the War God”; 5th century ce), as in most versions of the story, the gods wished for

Indian Women in STEM: Annapurni Subramaniam: Astronomy—stellar populations, star clusters, and space-based observatories

Mani Ratnam is an Indian filmmaker noted for his popular films, especially in Tamil- and Hindi-language (commonly called Bollywood) cinema. His work within the conventional parameters of commercial cinema is characterized by experimentation in imagery, use of color and lighting, camera movement,

Padma Awards: 2025 and 2026 Padma Awards: …Rajnikant Lakhia, and violin maestro L. Subramaniam.

terrorism: Types of terrorism: Subrevolutionary terrorism is rather less common. It is used not to overthrow an existing regime but to modify the existing sociopolitical structure. Since this modification is often accomplished through the threat of deposing the existing regime, subrevolutionary groups are somewhat more difficult to identify. An…

tactical weapons system: Surface-to-surface systems: Subroc and the Soviet SS-N-15. These missiles break the ocean surface, streak through the air at supersonic speed for about 30 miles (50 km), and then release a nuclear depth bomb that drops back into the water and sinks to the level of the target…

insurance: Limits of liability: …element in liability policies is subrogation: the insurer retains the right to bring an action against a liable third party for any loss this third party has caused.

computer programming language: Control structures: …is an example of a subprogram (also called a procedure, subroutine, or function). A subprogram is like a sauce recipe given once and used as part of many other recipes. Subprograms take inputs (the quantity needed) and produce results (the sauce). Commonly used subprograms are generally in a collection or…

computer: Central processing unit: A related instruction is the subroutine call, which transfers execution to a subprogram and then, after the subprogram finishes, returns to the main program where it left off.

human nervous system: Brachial plexus: thoracodorsal (to latissimus dorsi), and subscapular (to teres major and subscapular). The axillary nerve carries motor fibers to the deltoid and teres minor muscles as well as sensory fibers to the lateral surface of the shoulder and upper arm. The biceps, brachialis, and coracobrachialis muscles, as well as the lateral…

muscle: Tetrapod musculature: …reptiles, and birds and as subscapularis in mammals. It runs from the deep surface of the shoulder girdle to the humerus. In amphibians the dorsalis scapulae arise from the anterior edge of the scapula. The same muscle is known as the deltoideus in reptiles and mammals; in the latter, part…

history of publishing: Sales methods: …as works of reference, by subscription was another technique that rapidly developed and grew into a business worth millions of dollars in the United States and elsewhere. It involved securing an undertaking to buy on installments over many months an already published set of books; it could also be used…

library: Subscription libraries: Part public, part private, these libraries enjoyed much popularity from the late 17th to the 19th century. Many of them were set up by associations of scholarly professional groups for the benefit of academies, colleges, and institutions, but their membership was also open…

permafrost: Permafrost zones: …is known as subsea or offshore permafrost.

marketing: Market niches: Segments can be divided into even smaller groups, called subsegments or niches. A niche is defined as a small target group that has special requirements. For example, a bank may specialize in serving the investment needs of not only senior citizens but also senior…

Megan Fox: Later career: …in the science fiction thriller Subservience (2024).

set theory: Equivalent sets: …included in, or is a subset of, a set A (symbolized by B ⊆ A) if every element of B is an element of A. So defined, a subset may possibly include all of the elements of A, so that A can be a subset of itself. Furthermore, the empty…

spectroscopy: Angular momentum quantum numbers: … divides each shell into n subshells consisting of all electrons of the same principal and orbital quantum numbers.

subsidence, sinking of the Earth’s surface in response to geologic or man-induced causes. When subsidence occurs in great belts, providing troughs for the accumulation of sediments, the resulting features are termed geosynclines; nonlinear subsidence produces basins and irregular depressions.

temperature inversion: A subsidence inversion develops when a widespread layer of air descends. The layer is compressed and heated by the resulting increase in atmospheric pressure, and, as a result, the lapse rate of temperature is reduced. If the air mass sinks low enough, the air at higher…

subsidiary, a company that is at least 51 percent owned by another business firm, known as a parent company or holding company. A parent company is generally understood to be one that conducts its own business operations apart from those of its subsidiary or subsidiaries, while a holding company is

parliamentary procedure: Rules of parliamentary procedure: Subsidiary motions are applicable to other motions for the purpose of modifying the main question or affecting its consideration and disposition. The subsidiary motion to lay on the table is, in American usage, a motion to suspend consideration of the question until such time as…

history of publishing: Forms of copyright: These subsidiary rights may be briefly summarized. American rights for a British book and British rights for a book of American origin can prove to be exceptionally profitable. Though a book normally has its greatest sale in its country of origin, there are cases in which…

India: The government of Lord Wellesley: …to Wellesley’s development of the subsidiary system. In the hands of Clive and Hastings, it was a defensive instrument to safeguard the company’s possessions; in the hands of Wellesley, it became an offensive device with which to subject independent states to British control. The essence of the system was that…

international trade: The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: Most notably, a Code on Subsidies and Countervailing Duties was negotiated. This code had two main features: it listed a number of unacceptable subsidy practices, and it introduced a requirement that formal procedures be followed before the imposition of countervailing duties on imports subsidized by foreign nations. Specifically,…

subsidy, a direct or indirect payment, economic concession, or privilege granted by a government to private firms, households, or other governmental units in order to promote a public objective. Identification of a subsidy is often complicated because of the variety of subsidy instruments, the

Rhaetian dialects: …are two dialects, Sursilvan and Sutsilvan, that constitute the main dialects of the Romansh language. Other Rhaetian dialects are Engadine, Ladin, and Friulian.

economic system: Prehistoric and preliterate economic systems: …first concerns their level of subsistence, long deemed to have been one of chronic scarcity and want. According to the still controversial findings of the American anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, this notion of scarcity is not true. His studies of several preliterate peoples found that they could easily increase their provisioning…

subsistence farming, form of farming in which nearly all of the crops or livestock raised are used to maintain the farmer and the farmer’s family, leaving little, if any, surplus for sale or trade. Preindustrial agricultural peoples throughout the world have traditionally practiced subsistence

subsistence theory, in labour economics, a theory of the factors that determine the level of wages in a capitalist society, according to which changes in the supply of workers constitute a basic force that drives real wages to the minimum required for subsistence (that is, for basic needs such as

subsistence theory, in labour economics, a theory of the factors that determine the level of wages in a capitalist society, according to which changes in the supply of workers constitute a basic force that drives real wages to the minimum required for subsistence (that is, for basic needs such as

animal social behavior: Categorizing the diversity of social behavior: …the parasocial sequence and the subsocial sequence. This classification is based primarily on the involvement of insect parents with their young, whereas classifications of vertebrate sociality are frequently based on spacing behavior or mating system. Both routes culminate in “eusociality,” a system in which the young are cared for cooperatively…

subsoil, Layer (stratum) of earth immediately below the surface soil, consisting predominantly of minerals and leached materials such as iron and aluminum compounds. Humus remains and clay accumulate in subsoil, but the teeming macroscopic and microscopic organisms that make the topsoil rich with

plow: Plow types: …and packed soils, include the subsoiler and the chisel plow. The subsoiler must be pulled by a heavy tractor, for its steel-pointed shank is capable of penetrating the subsoil to a depth of nearly one metre (three feet). The chisel plow, or ripper, has several rigid or spring-toothed shanks with…

plow: Plow types: …and packed soils, include the subsoiler and the chisel plow. The subsoiler must be pulled by a heavy tractor, for its steel-pointed shank is capable of penetrating the subsoil to a depth of nearly one metre (three feet). The chisel plow, or ripper, has several rigid or spring-toothed shanks with…

race: The many meanings of race: …used the term race for subspecies, subdivisions of the human species which were presumed sufficiently different biologically that they might later evolve into separate species.

Substack, online platform that allows content creators to make newsletters and to send them by email through free or paid subscriptions. The platform provides creators with distribution tools and with various post formats, including written pieces and videos. Since its launch, several high-profile

substance, in the history of Western philosophy, a thing whose existence is independent of that of all other things, or a thing from which or out of which other things are made or in which other things inhere. Although substance is one of the most important ideas in metaphysics, philosophers

Ernst Cassirer: …work, Substanzbegriff und Funktionsbegriff (1910; Substance and Function), he treated the related topic of concept formation. Attacking the view that a concept is formed by abstracting from a number of particular instances, he argued that the concept, as an instrument in organizing human knowledge, is already pre-existent before any task…

philosophy of mind: Substance dualism and property dualism: Confronted with the problems about identity and explanatory gaps, some philosophers have opted for one version or another of mind-body dualism, the view that mental phenomena cannot in any way be reduced to physical phenomena. In its most radical form,…

human nervous system: Basal ganglia: …in spiny striatal neurons include substance P and enkephalin.

substance use disorder, recurrent use of drugs or alcohol that impairs psychological and physical function and undermines the affected individual’s ability to perform day-to-day activities and fulfill personal, family, or work responsibilities. Substance use disorders typically affect adolescents

Demi Moore: Later roles and other projects: …starred with Margaret Qualley in The Substance, a body horror film centering on an aging actress who discovers a medical treatment that will make her appear younger, though at a great cost. While the movie was polarizing, Moore received widespread acclaim for her performance, and she won a Golden Globe…