puppetry, the making and manipulation of puppets for use in some kind of theatrical show. A puppet is a figure—human, animal, or abstract in form—that is moved by human, and not mechanical, aid. These definitions are wide enough to include an enormous variety of shows and an enormous variety of

Puppis, constellation in the southern sky at about 8 hours right ascension and 30° south in declination. Its brightest star is Zeta Puppis, the nearest and brightest blue supergiant star, with a magnitude of 2.2. The largest known emission nebula, the Gum Nebula, is found here and in the

dog: Teeth: …age, and by the time puppies are six to seven months old these deciduous teeth are all replaced by 42 adult teeth. The permanent teeth include incisors, which are used to nip and bite; canines, which tear and shred flesh; and premolars and molars, which shear and crush. In short,…

Jill Abramson: …experimented with lighter fare in The Puppy Diaries: Raising a Dog Named Scout (2011), a compilation of columns she had written for the Times about the first year of her life with a golden retriever. In 2019 Abramson published Merchants of Truth: The Business of News and the Fight for…

Denpasar: …centre of the city, named Puputan Square, commemorates the event. The population is mostly Balinese who speak a dialect of Indonesian written in Pallava script and practice a form of Islam strongly influenced by Hindu customs. In addition, there are Arab and Indian merchants who deal mainly in textiles; Chinese…

Tiglath-pileser III: Military campaigns.: The tribal lands of Puqudu, northeast of Baghdad, were joined to the Arrapkha (Kirkūk) province, thereby holding the Aramaean tribes in check. This and contiguous operations strengthened the hands of Nabonassar, the native king of Babylonia, who maintained peace until his death in 734. All this was facilitated by…

Puracé National Park, national park, southwestern Colombia. Established in 1961, its main feature is the active Puracé Volcano, which is located just southeast of the city of Popayán and reaches an elevation of 15,603 feet (4,756 metres). The park covers 320 square miles (830 square km) and is home

South Asian arts: Śaṅgam literature: …theme into akam (“interior”) and puṟam (“exterior”), the former highly structured love poems, the latter heroic poems on war, death, personal virtues, the ferocity and glory of kings, and the poverty of poets. Both the akam and the puṟam had well-defined tiṇais (genres) that paralleled one another: e.g., the kuṟiñci…

Purana, in the sacred literature of Hinduism, any of a number of popular encyclopaedic collections of myth, legend, and genealogy, varying greatly as to date and origin. Puranas were written almost entirely in narrative couplets, in much the same easy flowing style as the two great Sanskrit epic

Indian philosophy: Background: …thought: by naturalists, such as Purana (“The Old One”) Kassapa, who denied both virtue and vice (dharma and adharma) and thus all moral efficacy of human deeds; by determinists, such as the Ajivika Makkhali Gosala, who denied sin and freedom of will; and by materialists, such as Ajita Keshakambalin, who,…

Purandaradasa was an Indian saint who was a major poet and composer of Haridasa devotional song, one of the major genres of Kannada literature. Purandaradasa’s bhakti (devotional) songs on Vitthala (an avatar, or manifestation, of the deity Vishnu), which criticized divisions of caste and class and

Treaty of Purandhar, (March 1, 1776), pact between the peshwa (chief minister) of the Marāthā people and the supreme government of the British East India Company in Calcutta. It was an example of the tangled relations between the British and the Marāthās. After the death of the peshwa Narāyan Rāo

Purari River, river, Papua New Guinea, on the eastern part of the island of New Guinea in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Rising on the southern slopes of the Bismarck Range of the central highlands, it flows southwest and south for some 290 miles (470 km) to the Gulf of Papua of the Coral Sea. In

Sikhism: Guru Nanak: …version, since known as the Puratan (“Ancient”) tradition, was discovered in London, where it had arrived as a gift for the library of the East India Company. Although it too contained fantastic elements, it had far fewer miracle stories than the Bala version, and it presented a more plausible account…

Euphrates River, river, Middle East. The longest river in southwest Asia, it is 1,740 miles (2,800 km) long, and it is one of the two main constituents of the Tigris-Euphrates river system. The river rises in Turkey and flows southeast across Syria and through Iraq. Formed by the confluence of the

Purbeck, district, administrative and historic county of Dorset, southern England, lying along the English Channel in the southeastern part of the county. It includes the nearly landlocked, shallow Poole Harbour on its northeastern border and derives its name from its southeasterly peninsula, the

Purbeck Beds, unit of sedimentary rocks exposed in southern England that spans the boundary between the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods, approximately 145 million years ago. The highly varied Purbeck Beds, which overlie rocks of the Portland Beds, record a marked change in sedimentary facies,

Columbia Mountains: (Cariboo, Monashee, Selkirk, and Purcell), each rising to over 10,000 feet (3,000 m). The Cariboo Mountains, separated from the others by the North Thompson River, form the northernmost extension of the system, while the southern part consists of the three parallel ranges of Monashee, Selkirk, and Purcell, which are…

Purcell principle, a legal doctrine holding that courts should avoid changing election rules shortly before an election, as such changes may confuse voters or burden election administrators. The Purcell principle takes its name from the 2006 U.S. Supreme Court case Purcell v. Gonzalez. The Purcell

Henry Purcell: Posthumous publications: …not until 1876, when the Purcell Society was founded, was a serious attempt made to issue all of Purcell’s works. The first volume was published in 1878, the second in 1882. From 1889 to 1928 volumes appeared at intervals. Then the scheme was in abeyance until 1957, when a volume…

Purcell principle: Supreme Court case Purcell v. Gonzalez.

Henry Purcell: Life: Daniel Purcell had also been brought up as a chorister in the Chapel Royal and was organist of Magdalen College, Oxford, from 1688 to 1695. Before his brother’s death, he was little known as a composer, but from 1695 to 1707 he was in considerable…

E.M. Purcell was an American physicist who shared, with Felix Bloch of the United States, the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952 for his independent discovery (1946) of nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids and in solids. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become widely used to study the molecular

E.M. Purcell was an American physicist who shared, with Felix Bloch of the United States, the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952 for his independent discovery (1946) of nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids and in solids. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become widely used to study the molecular

E.M. Purcell was an American physicist who shared, with Felix Bloch of the United States, the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952 for his independent discovery (1946) of nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids and in solids. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become widely used to study the molecular

Henry Purcell was an English composer of the middle Baroque period, most remembered for his more than 100 songs; a tragic opera, Dido and Aeneas; and his incidental music to a version of Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream called The Fairy Queen. Purcell, the most important English composer of

Western architecture: The United States: …the Chicago School, such as William G. Purcell, George Grant Elmslie, and William Drummond, disseminated Midwestern modern architecture throughout the United States.

Samuel Purchas was an English compiler of travel and discovery writings who continued the encyclopaedic collections begun by the British geographer Richard Hakluyt in Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas his Pilgrimes; Contayning a History of the World, in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells, by Englishmen

Kentucky: Relief: The Purchase, also called Jackson Purchase, encompasses only about 2,570 square miles (6,650 square km) in the extreme western part of the state. It is bounded on the north by the Ohio River, on the east by the impounded Tennessee River, and on the west…

logistics: Purchasing: Closely related to production scheduling is purchasing, because many of the inputs needed for production must be purchased from outside vendors. The logistics staff advises as to the transportation services that must be used to ensure that the purchased materials arrive on schedule. If…

marketing: Brokers and agents: Purchasing agents, who routinely have long-term relationships with buyers, typically receive, inspect, store, and ship goods to their buyers.

accounting: Problems of measurement and the limitations of financial reporting: …units—not in units of constant purchasing power. Changes in purchasing power—that is, changes in the average level of prices of goods and services—have two effects. First, net monetary assets (essentially cash and receivables minus liabilities calling for fixed monetary payments) lose purchasing power as the general price level rises. These…

Irving Fisher: In The Purchasing Power of Money (1911), he developed the modern concept of the relationship between changes in the money supply and changes in general price levels. From 1912 to 1935, Fisher produced a total of 331 documents—including speeches, letters to newspapers, articles, reports to governmental…

purchasing power parity (PPP), a measure of the relative value of currencies that compares the prices of purchasing a fixed basket of goods and services in different countries. PPPs can be useful for estimating a more consistent and accurate comparison between different countries’ gross domestic

purdah, practice that was inaugurated by Muslims and later adopted by various Hindus, especially in India, and that involves the seclusion of women from public observation by means of concealing clothing (including the veil) and by the use of high-walled enclosures, screens, and curtains within the

Clethraceae: The genus Purdiea includes about 12 species native to the Caribbean, Central America, and northern South America. Those species are small trees or shrubs and feature alternately arranged leaves. Purdiea flowers are considerably larger and more showy than those of Clethra.

Sackler family: …owners of the pharmaceutical company Purdue Pharma. Although the family is well known for its philanthropic contributions to major institutions in the United States and Europe, its members gained notoriety in the early 21st century for their role in promulgating the U.S. opioid epidemic. Purdue Pharma had accrued billions of…

Purdue University, state system of higher education in Indiana, U.S. Its main campus is in West Lafayette, with branches in Hammond (Calumet campus) and Westville (North Central campus); Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indiana

Al Purdy was one of the leading Canadian poets of the 20th century. His erudite, colloquial verse often deals with the transitory nature of human life. Purdy attended Albert College in Belleville and Trenton Collegiate Institute (both in Ontario) and served with the Royal Canadian Air Force during

Al Purdy was one of the leading Canadian poets of the 20th century. His erudite, colloquial verse often deals with the transitory nature of human life. Purdy attended Albert College in Belleville and Trenton Collegiate Institute (both in Ontario) and served with the Royal Canadian Air Force during

Brock Purdy is an American professional football player who went from being the last player selected in the 2022 NFL draft—a pick known as “Mr. Irrelevant”—to one of the top young quarterbacks in the league. In his second season with the San Francisco 49ers, Purdy led the team to a berth in Super

James Purdy was an American novelist and short-story writer whose works explored the American way of life and presented a vision of human alienation, indifference, and cruelty. Purdy, who grew up in small Ohio towns, was educated at the Universities of Chicago and Puebla (Mexico). He served as an

Timothy Mo: …Mo returned in 2012 with Pure, about a transvestite film critic in Thailand who, in order to avoid prison following a drug arrest, returns home to spy on Islamic militants.

Xia Gui: Life: …that form is his great Pure and Remote View of Streams and Mountains in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Originally signed, it is now missing a final section that bore the signature. A colophon by a later writer, dated 1378, ascribes it to Xia. The remaining portion is about…

Qingming Festival, bittersweet Chinese festival for honoring ancestors that is celebrated on the 15th day after the spring equinox, generally falling in early April. In the Chinese calendar, the year is divided into 24 solar terms of 15 days each; Qingming (Chinese: “Clear and Bright,” also often

economics: Law and economics: …welfare economics had promoted “perfect competition” as the best of all possible economic worlds. This theoretical market structure comprised a world of many small firms whose product prices were determined by the sum of all their output decisions in relation to the independent demand of consumers. This perfect condition,…

Chinese literature: Prose: …in the new vogue of qingtan (“pure conversation”), intellectual discussions on lofty and nonmundane matters, recorded in a 5th-century collection of anecdotes titled Shishuo xinyu (“A New Account of Tales of the World”) by Liu Yiqing. Though prose writers as a whole continued to be most concerned with lyrical expression…

pure culture, in microbiology, a laboratory culture containing a single species of organism. A pure culture is usually derived from a mixed culture (one containing many species) by transferring a small sample into new, sterile growth medium in such a manner as to disperse the individual cells

direct democracy, forms of direct participation of citizens in democratic decision making, in contrast to indirect or representative democracy. Direct democracies may operate through an assembly of citizens or by means of referenda and initiatives in which citizens vote on issues instead of for

native element, any of a number of chemical elements that may occur in nature uncombined with other elements. The elements that occur as atmospheric gases are excluded. A brief treatment of native elements follows. For full treatment, see mineral: Native elements. Of the 90 chemical elements found

Nishida Kitarō: The stages of Nishida’s thought: The concept of pure experience expounded here is…

Pure Food and Drug Act, in U.S. history, legislation passed in 1906 to ensure the sanitary preparation of consumable goods. The Pure Food and Drug Act required accurate ingredient labeling and prohibited the sale of adulterated and misbranded food and drugs in interstate commerce. As the first

Margaret Drabble: The Pure Gold Baby (2013) centres on a young single woman in the 1960s who must give up her aspiration to be an anthropologist in order to raise her developmentally disabled daughter. Aging and mortality are the themes of The Dark Flood Rises (2016), which…

Lorde: The Love Club, Royals, and Pure Heroine: …debuted her first full-length album, Pure Heroine. In 2014 Lorde won Grammy Awards in the best pop solo performance and song of the year categories, both for “Royals.”

holding company: …this purpose is called a pure holding company, while one that also engages in a business of its own is called a holding-operating company. A holding company typically owns a majority of stock in a subsidiary, but if ownership of the remaining shares is widely diffused, even minority ownership may…

formal logic: Partial systems of PC: …most fully studied is the pure implicational calculus (PIC), in which the only operator is ⊃, and the wffs are precisely those wffs of PC that can be built up from variables, ⊃, and brackets alone. Formation rules 2 and 3 (see above Formation rules for PC) are therefore replaced…

foundations of mathematics: Intuitionistic type theories: …will be the case for pure intuitionistic type theory ℒ0, in which types, terms, and theorems are all defined inductively. In ℒ0 there are no types, terms, or theorems other than those that follow from the definition of type theory. ℒ0 is adequate for the constructive part of the usual…

Sukhavati, in the Pure Land schools of Mahayana Buddhism, the Western Paradise of the Buddha Amitabha, described in the Pure Land sutras (Sukhavati-vyuha-sutras). According to followers of the Pure Land schools, which are widespread throughout East Asia, rebirth in Sukhavati is ensured by invoking

Pure Land Buddhism, devotional cult of the Buddha Amitabha—“Buddha of Infinite Light,” known in China as Emituofo and in Japan as Amida. It is one of the most popular forms of Mahayana Buddhism in eastern Asia. Pure Land schools believe that rebirth in Amitabha’s Western Paradise, Sukhavati, known

Amitabha: As related in the Sukhavati-vyuha-sutras (the fundamental scriptures of the Pure Land sects), many ages ago a monk named Dharmakara made a number of vows, the 18th of which promised that, on his attaining buddhahood, all who had faith in him and who called upon his name would be…

liquid: Behaviour of pure liquids: When the temperature and pressure of a pure substance are fixed, the equilibrium state of the substance is also fixed. This is illustrated in Figure 1, which shows the phase diagram for pure argon. In the diagram…

logistics: Fundamentals: …Colonel Cyrus Thorpe, published his Pure Logistics in 1917, arguing that the logical function of logistics, as the third member of the strategy–tactics–logistics trinity, was to provide all the means, human and material, for the conduct of war, including not merely the traditional functions of supply and transportation but also…

pure poetry, message-free verse that is concerned with exploring the essential musical nature of the language rather than with conveying a narrative or having didactic purpose. The term has been associated particularly with the poems of Edgar Allan Poe. Pure poetry was also written by George Moore

reason: …priori principles Kant calls “pure reason,” as distinguished from the “practical reason,” which is specially concerned with the performance of actions. In formal logic the drawing of inferences (frequently called “ratiocination,” from Latin ratiocinari, “to use the reasoning faculty”) is classified from Aristotle on as deductive (from generals to…

research and development: Introduction and definitions: Basic research is defined as the work of scientists and others who pursue their investigations without conscious goals, other than the desire to unravel the secrets of nature. In modern programs of industrial research and development, basic research (sometimes called pure research) is usually not…

F.A. Hayek: Life and major works: Hayek’s own book, The Pure Theory of Capital, did not appear until 1941, and both World War II and the book’s opaqueness caused it to be much less noticed than Keynes’s work.

Hans Kelsen: …of positivism known as the “pure theory” of law.

sound: Dynamic range of the ear: …varying absolute intensities of a pure tone that has the same loudness to the ear at various frequencies. The determination of each curve, labeled by its loudness level in phons, involves the subjective judgment of a large number of people and is therefore an average statistical result. However, the curves…

vowel: …with so-called pure vowels, or monophthongs—i.e., unchanging, or steady-state, vowels. Though they are single speech sounds, diphthongs are usually represented, in a phonetic transcription of speech, by means of a pair of characters indicating the initial and final configurations of the vocal tract. Many of the vowel sounds in most…

organized labour: Origins of craft unionism: …of a guiding labour philosophy—“pure and simple” unionism—under the aegis of Samuel Gompers and his circle of Marxist trade unionists. Labour reform was thenceforth denied any further role in the struggle of American workers. The weapons in that struggle were to be defined as economic and not political; the…

plant breeding: Pure-line selection: Pure-line selection generally involves three more or less distinct steps: (1) numerous superior appearing plants are selected from a genetically variable population; (2) progenies of the individual plant selections are grown and evaluated by simple observation, frequently over a period of several years;…

stagecraft: Flying systems: …type of hoist, called a pure-power hoist. Such hoists consist of a motor, a brake, a gear reducer, and a drum around which several hoisting lines wind.

animal breeding: Breeding and variation: …a breed are designated as purebred. The essential difference between purebred and nonpurebred animals is that the genealogy of purebred animals has been carefully recorded, usually in a herd book, or studbook, kept by some sanctioning association. Purebred associations provide other services that are useful to their members to enhance…

Tarasco, Indian people of northern Michoacán state in central Mexico. The area in which the Tarasco live is one of high volcanic plateaus and lakes; the climate is arid and cool. The Tarascan people are undergoing a slow process of assimilation into the mainstream mestizo culture of Mexico, but

Tarascan language, a language isolate, spoken by about 175,000 people in the Mexican state of Michoacán. It has no known relatives, though unsubstantiated proposals have attempted to link it with the “Chibchan-Paezan” hypothesis, Mayan, Quechua, and Zuni. Tarascan has several dialectal

nuclear weapon: India: The plant used the PUREX (plutonium-uranium-extraction) chemical method developed by the United States—a process that had been made known to the world through the Atoms for Peace program. Hundreds of Indian scientists and engineers were trained in all aspects of nuclear technologies at laboratories and universities in the United…

ecstasy: …consists of four stages: (1) purgation (of bodily desire); (2) purification (of the will); (3) illumination (of the mind); and (4) unification (of one’s being or will with the divine). Other methods are: dancing (as used by the Mawlawiyyah, or whirling dervishes, a Muslim Sufi sect); the use of sedatives…

laxative: Contact purgatives act directly on the muscles of the intestine, stimulating the wavelike muscular contractions (peristalsis) that result in defecation. This type of laxative includes cascara, senna, ricinoleic acid (castor oil), and phenolphthalein.

The Divine Comedy: three major sections—Inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso—the poem traces the journey of Dante from darkness and error to the revelation of the divine light, culminating in the Beatific Vision of God.

primate: Cretaceous: …1965 to a new genus, Purgatorius. This diagnosis, based on the characters of one premolar and four molar teeth since augmented by a few complete jaws, is not by any means universally accepted.

purgatory, the condition, process, or place of purification or temporary punishment in which, according to medieval Christian and Roman Catholic belief, the souls of those who die in a state of grace are made ready for heaven. Purgatory (Latin: purgatorium; from purgare, “to purge”) has come to

Hugo Weisgall: His next opera, Purgatory (1958), based on a poem by William Butler Yeats, marked his first attempt at 12-tone composition, an atonal musical style that characterized much of his later work. Altogether, Weisgall wrote 10 operas, as well as song cycles, ballets, and various pieces of chamber music;…

Thomas Cooper: …English writer whose political epic The Purgatory of Suicides (1845) promulgated in verse the principles of Chartism, Britain’s first specifically working-class national movement, for which Cooper worked and suffered imprisonment.

Great Purge, three widely publicized show trials and a series of closed, unpublicized trials held in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s, in which many prominent Old Bolsheviks were found guilty of treason and executed or imprisoned. All the evidence presented in court was derived from

Ethan Hawke: The Good Lord Jim, Blue Moon, and The Lowdown: (2009), Sinister (2012), and The Purge (2013). He later starred as a small-town reverend who faces a moral crisis when he counsels a radical environmentalist in First Reformed (2017).

anorexia nervosa: Classification: …given period of time) or purging (self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas) during the current episode of anorexia nervosa. The restricting type is characterized as unhealthy weight loss due to food restriction.

croton: …of a different genus, is purging croton (Croton tiglium), a small tree; from its seeds, poisonous croton oil is extracted. It is native to Southeast Asia.

mental disorder: Eating disorders: …of compensatory weight-loss behaviors) and purging disorder (episodes of self-induced vomiting or misuse of laxatives that follow a normal or below normal amount of food consumption). Patients with anorexia nervosa engage in excessive control over their eating behavior, although subjectively they may report feeling little to no control over their…

Puri: ”) Puri, the summer residence of the state governor, has two colleges, an observatory, and a palace.

Puri, city, eastern Odisha (Orissa) state, eastern India. It is situated on the Bay of Bengal, about 35 miles (55 km) south of Bhubaneshwar. Puri fell under British rule in 1803. The Raja of Khurda rebelled in 1804, and there was a peasant uprising in 1817–18. The seacoast town is now a market

Purí and Coroado, two South American Indian tribes closely related in language and culture. According to a Coroado tradition, a feud between two families had caused the aboriginal tribe to divide in two. They lived in the lowlands of Mato Grosso state, Brazil. The Purí language is a dialect of

Om Puri was an Indian actor who was noted for his compelling performances in a wide range of roles in Hindi, Punjabi, British, and American films. Puri received the Padma Shri, India’s fourth highest civilian honor, in 1990. Puri’s father worked in the Indian railways and the army. Puri originally

separation and purification, in chemistry, the combination of processes used to isolate and refine components of a mixture. Separation and purification have a large number of applications, particularly in fields such as medicine and manufacturing. Since ancient times, people have used methods of

Qingliu Dang, group of conservative Chinese officials who advocated a return to traditional Confucian moral principles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The movement was a reaction against the increasing demands for concessions in China by Western powers. Consisting mainly of young

purification rite, any of the ceremonial acts or customs employed in an attempt to reestablish lost purity or to create a higher degree of purity in relation to the sacred (the transcendental realm) or the social and cultural realm. They are found in all known cultures and religions, both ancient

water purification, process by which undesired chemical compounds, organic and inorganic materials, and biological contaminants are removed from water. That process also includes distillation (the conversion of a liquid into vapour to condense it back to liquid form) and deionization (ion removal

rabies: …human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV), purified chick embryo cell culture (PCEC), and rabies vaccine adsorbed (RVA). With older vaccines, at least 16 injections were required, whereas with HDCV, PCEC, or RVA, 5 are usually sufficient. Persons at risk of rabies by virtue of occupation (e.g., veterinarians) or travel to endemic…

Daniel F. Malan: …the government and founded the Purified National Party, which became the official opposition.

Charles Alfred Pillsbury: Pillsbury installed purifiers, machines recently invented by Edmund La Croix, that could produce fine white flour from the district’s hard spring wheat. The mill showed a $6,000 profit a year later. His was also the first American mill to use steam rollers instead of burr stones to…

Mysuru, city, south-central Karnataka state, southern India. It lies northwest of Chamundi Hill and midway between the Kaveri (Cauvery) and Kabani (Kabbani) rivers on the undulating Deccan plateau at an elevation of 2,525 feet (770 metres). The land surrounding the city is characterized by