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Wars, Battles & Armed Conflicts, OUD-REN

Wars, battles, and other domestic or international conflicts, whether armed or diplomatic, are often the outcome of a dispute over natural resources or a struggle for power, influence, and wealth. Major conflicts between nations, peoples, and political groups can end up shifting the cultural and political geography of the world and can also effect change, whether intentional or not, in societal values and the balance of power.
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Wars, Battles & Armed Conflicts Encyclopedia Articles By Title

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Oudenaarde, Battle of
Battle of Oudenaarde, (July 11, 1708), victory over the French won by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince Eugene......
Pacific War
Pacific War, major theatre of World War II that covered a large portion of the Pacific Ocean, East Asia, and Southeast......
Pacific, War of the
War of the Pacific, (1879–83), conflict involving Chile, Bolivia, and Peru, which resulted in Chilean annexation......
Padri War
Padri War, (1821–37), armed conflict in Minangkabau (Sumatra) between reformist Muslims, known as Padris, and local......
Palestine Liberation Organization
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), umbrella political organization claiming to represent the world’s Palestinians—those......
Palmer Raids
Palmer Raids, raids conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice in 1919 and 1920 in an attempt to arrest foreign......
Palo Alto, Battle of
Battle of Palo Alto, (May 8, 1846), first clash in the Mexican-American War, fought in the disputed territory between......
Pamplona, Battle of
Battle of Pamplona, battle on May 20, 1521, during the war between France and the Hapsburgs from 1521 to 1526.......
Panipat, Battles of
Battles of Panipat, three battles (1526, 1556, and 1761) that took place at Panipat (in present-day Haryana, India),......
Paris, Commune of
Commune of Paris, (1871), insurrection of Paris against the French government from March 18 to May 28, 1871. It......
Paris, Siege of
Siege of Paris, major military engagement of the Franco-German (Prussian) War (1870–71), lasting from September......
Paris, Siege of
Siege of Paris, Viking siege of Paris that lasted from November 885 to October 886. It was notable as the first......
Partisan
Partisan, member of a guerrilla force led by the Communist Party of Yugoslavia during World War II against the......
Passchendaele, Battle of
Battle of Passchendaele, (July 31–November 6, 1917), World War I battle that served as a vivid symbol of the mud,......
Pastry War
Pastry War, (1838–39), brief and minor conflict between Mexico and France, arising from the claim of a French pastry......
Pavia, Battle of
Battle of Pavia, the decisive military engagement of the war in Italy between King Francis I of France and the......
PavĂłn, Battle of
Battle of PavĂłn, (Sept. 17, 1861), in Argentine history, military clash at PavĂłn in Sante Fe province between the......
Pazzi conspiracy
Pazzi conspiracy, (April 26, 1478), unsuccessful plot to overthrow the Medici rulers of Florence; the most dramatic......
Pea Ridge, Battle of
Battle of Pea Ridge, (March 7–8, 1862), bitterly fought American Civil War clash in Arkansas, during which 11,000......
Pearl Harbor and the “Back Door to War” Theory
Was there a “back door” to World War II, as some revisionist historians have asserted? According to this view,......
Pearl Harbor attack
Pearl Harbor attack, (December 7, 1941), surprise aerial attack on the U.S. naval base at Pearl Harbor on Oahu......
Pearl Harbor in Context
When U.S. Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt declared that December 7, 1941, would be “a date which will live in infamy,”......
Peasants’ Revolt
Peasants’ Revolt, (1381), first great popular rebellion in English history. Its immediate cause was the imposition......
Peasants’ War
Peasants’ War, (1524–25) peasant uprising in Germany. Inspired by changes brought by the Reformation, peasants......
Peloponnesian War
Peloponnesian War, (431–404 bce), war fought between the two leading city-states in ancient Greece, Athens and......
Peninsular Campaign
Peninsular Campaign, (April 4–July 1, 1862), in the American Civil War, large-scale but unsuccessful Union effort......
Peninsular War
Peninsular War, (1808–14), that part of the Napoleonic Wars fought in the Iberian Peninsula, where the French were......
Pequot War
Pequot War, war fought in 1636–37 by the Pequot people against a coalition of English settlers from the Massachusetts......
Perak War
Perak War, (c. 1874–76), rebellion against the British by a group of dissident Malay chiefs that culminated in......
Perryville, Battle of
Battle of Perryville, (October 8, 1862), in the American Civil War, engagement of Union and Confederate troops......
Persian Gulf War
Persian Gulf War, (1990–91), international conflict that was triggered by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait on August 2,......
Petersburg Campaign
Petersburg Campaign, (1864–65), series of military operations in southern Virginia during the final months of the......
phalanx
phalanx, in military science, tactical formation consisting of a block of heavily armed infantry standing shoulder......
Pharsalus, Battle of
Battle of Pharsalus, (48 bce), the decisive engagement in the Roman civil war (49–45 bce) between Julius Caesar......
Philippi, Battle of
The climactic battle in the war that followed the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 bce, Philippi saw the final......
Philippine Revolution
Philippine Revolution, (1896–98), Philippine independence struggle that, after more than 300 years of Spanish colonial......
Philippine Sea, Battle of the
Battle of the Philippine Sea, (June 19–20, 1944), naval battle of World War II between the Japanese Combined Fleet......
Philippine-American War
Philippine-American War, war between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902, an insurrection......
Phony War
Phony War, (1939–40) a name for the early months of World War II, marked by no major hostilities. The term was......
Pichincha, Battle of
Battle of Pichincha, (May 24, 1822), in the Latin-American wars of independence, a victory by South American rebels,......
Pig War
Pig War, tariff conflict from March 1906 to June 1909 between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, so named because during......
Pilgrimage of Grace
Pilgrimage of Grace, (1536), a rising in the northern counties of England, the only overt immediate discontent......
Pirates, Privateers, Corsairs, Buccaneers: What’s the Difference?
In casual conversation the words pirate, buccaneer, and corsair tend to be used more or less interchangeably. Some......
Plains Wars
Plains Wars, series of conflicts from the early 1850s through the late 1870s between Native Americans and the United......
Plassey, Battle of
Battle of Plassey, battle fought between troops of the British East India Company, led by Robert Clive, and forces......
Plataea, Battle of
Following the Greek naval success at the Battle of Salamis in 480 bce, the Persian king Xerxes left Greece with......
Plattsburgh, Battle of
Battle of Plattsburgh, battle during the War of 1812, fought on September 6–11, 1814, by land and naval forces......
Pleven, Siege of
Siege of Pleven, (July 20–Dec. 10, 1877), in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78, the Russian siege of the Turkish-held......
Poitiers, Battle of
Battle of Poitiers, catastrophic defeat sustained by the French king John II on September 19, 1356, at the end......
Poland, Invasion of
Invasion of Poland, attack on Poland by Nazi Germany that marked the start of World War II. The invasion lasted......
police action
police action, isolated military undertaking that does not require a declaration of war. Police action is intended......
Polish Succession, War of the
War of the Polish Succession, (1733–38), general European conflict waged ostensibly to determine the successor......
Poltava, Battle of
Battle of Poltava, (June 27 [July 8, New Style], 1709), the decisive victory of Peter I the Great of Russia over......
Pondicherry, Siege of
Siege of Pondicherry, engagement that occurred August 21 to October 18, 1778, during the Anglo-French War. The......
Ponta Delgada, Battle of
Fought on July 26, 1582, off the Azores in the mid-Atlantic, the Battle of Ponta Delgada was a Spanish victory......
Port Arthur, Battle of
Battle of Port Arthur, conflict on February 8–9, 1904, marking the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05).......
Portland, Battle of
In the First Anglo-Dutch War, Maarten Tromp was reinstalled as commander of the Dutch fleet after the Battle of......
Portuguese conquest of Goa
Portuguese conquest of Goa, conflict in 1510 between Portuguese forces, under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque,......
Poson, Battle of
Battle of Poson, (863), attack launched by Byzantine forces against the Arab armies of ÊżUmar, the emir of Melitene......
Powhatan War
Powhatan War, (1622–44), relentless struggle between the Powhatan Indian confederacy and early English settlers......
Prague, Battle of
The armies of 18th-century Europe have often been described as unimaginative, slow-moving, and inflexible. The......
Praguerie
Praguerie, revolt of princes and other nobles against Charles VII of France in 1440, named in allusion to similar......
preemptive force
preemptive force, military doctrine whereby a state claims the right to launch an offensive on a potential enemy......
Preston, Battle of
In war, alliances often dissolve in the wake of victory. One such case occurred two years after the end of the......
Preston, Battle of
The last important siege of a city in England, the Battle of Preston pitted the British army of the Hanoverian......
Prisoner of war
Prisoner of war (POW), any person captured or interned by a belligerent power during war. In the strictest sense......
privateer
privateer, privately owned armed vessel commissioned by a belligerent state to attack enemy ships, usually vessels......
Promoters Revolution
Promoters Revolution, (June 24, 1932), in the history of Thailand, a bloodless coup that overthrew the Thai king,......
proxy war
proxy war, a military conflict in which one or more third parties directly or indirectly support one or more state......
psychological warfare
psychological warfare, the use of propaganda against an enemy, supported by such military, economic, or political......
Puebla, Battle of
Battle of Puebla, (May 5, 1862), battle fought at Puebla, Mexico, between the army of the liberal government headed......
Pueblo Rebellion
Pueblo Rebellion, (1680), carefully organized revolt of Pueblo peoples (in league with theApache), who succeeded......
Punic War, First
First Punic War, (264–241 bce) first of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire......
Punic War, Second
Second Punic War, second (218–201 bce) in a series of wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic)......
Punic War, Third
Third Punic War, (149–146 bce), third of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) Empire......
Punic Wars
Punic Wars, (264–146 bce), a series of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire,......
Pydna, Battle of
Battle of Pydna, (June 22, 168 bce), decisive military engagement in the Roman victory over Macedonia in the Third......
Pylos, Battle of
In the Peloponnesian War, Athens, Sparta, and their respective allies contested supremacy in Greece and the eastern......
Pyramids, Battle of the
Battle of the Pyramids, (July 21, 1798), military engagement in which Napoleon Bonaparte and his French troops......
Pyrrhic victory
Pyrrhic victory, a success that brings such significant harm to the victor that it differs little from defeat.......
Quebec, Battle of
Battle of Quebec, (September 13, 1759), in the French and Indian War, decisive defeat of the French under the marquis......
Quebec, Battle of
Battle of Quebec, (December 31, 1775), in the American Revolution, unsuccessful American attack on the British......
Queen Anne’s War
Queen Anne’s War, (1702–13), second in a series of wars fought between Great Britain and France in North America......
Queenston Heights, Battle of
Battle of Queenston Heights, (Oct. 13, 1812), serious U.S. reverse in the War of 1812, sustained during an abortive......
Ragnarök
Ragnarök, in Scandinavian mythology, the end of the world of gods and men. Ragnarök is a series of events and catastrophes......
Ramillies, Battle of
Battle of Ramillies, (May 23, 1706), victory won by Allied (Anglo-Dutch) forces led by the Duke of Marlborough......
Ravenna, Battle of
The Battle of Ravenna, an engagement fought on April 11, 1512, is chiefly remembered for the tragic death of the......
Real Irish Republican Army
Real Irish Republican Army, a splinter group of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) that continues to use violence......
Reconquista
Reconquista, in medieval Spain and Portugal, a series of campaigns by Christian states to recapture territory from......
Red Cross and Red Crescent
Red Cross and Red Crescent is a humanitarian agency with national affiliates in almost every country in the world.......
Red Eyebrows
Red Eyebrows, Chinese peasant band that formed in response to the unrest and civil war following the floods and......
Red River Campaign
Red River Campaign, (March 10–May 22, 1864), in the American Civil War, unsuccessful Union effort to seize control......
Red River Rebellion
Red River Rebellion, uprising in 1869–70 in the Red River Colony against the Canadian government that was sparked......
Red River War
Red River War, (1874–75), uprising of warriors from several Indigenous tribes thought to be peacefully settled......
Red Turbans
Red Turbans, Peasant rebel movement of the mid-14th century that flourished in northern China at the end of the......
Reforma, La
La Reforma, liberal political and social revolution in Mexico between 1854 and 1876 under the principal leadership......
Religion, Wars of
Wars of Religion, (1562–98) conflicts in France between Protestants and Roman Catholics. The spread of French Calvinism......
Remembering the American Civil War
On April 11, 1861, having been informed by messengers from Pres. Abraham Lincoln that he planned to resupply Fort......
Remembering World War I
In late July and early August 1914, the great powers of Europe embarked on a course of action that would claim......
Renamo
Renamo, guerrilla organization that sought to overthrow the government of Mozambique beginning in the late 1970s......

Wars, Battles & Armed Conflicts Encyclopedia Articles By Title

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