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Wars, Battles & Armed Conflicts, MED-OST

Wars, battles, and other domestic or international conflicts, whether armed or diplomatic, are often the outcome of a dispute over natural resources or a struggle for power, influence, and wealth. Major conflicts between nations, peoples, and political groups can end up shifting the cultural and political geography of the world and can also effect change, whether intentional or not, in societal values and the balance of power.
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Wars, Battles & Armed Conflicts Encyclopedia Articles By Title

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Medway, Raid on the
On June 12–14, 1667, a Dutch fleet raided the royal dockyards of the River Medway, which meets the River Thames......
Meiji Restoration
Meiji Restoration, in Japanese history, the political revolution in 1868 that brought about the final demise of......
Messenian Wars
Messenian Wars, (8th–7th century bc), contests between Sparta and Messenia in ancient Greece. Many modern historians......
Messines, Battle of
Battle of Messines, battle during World War I, fought June 7–14, 1917, between German and British forces, resulting......
Meuse-Argonne, battles of the
battles of the Meuse-Argonne, (September 26–November 11, 1918), a series of final confrontations on the Western......
Mexican Revolution
Mexican Revolution, (1910–20), a long and bloody struggle among several factions in constantly shifting alliances......
Mexican-American War
Mexican-American War, war between the United States and Mexico (April 1846–February 1848) stemming from the United......
Midway, Battle of
Battle of Midway, (June 3–6, 1942), World War II naval battle, fought almost entirely with aircraft, in which the......
military-industrial complex
military-industrial complex, network of individuals and institutions involved in the production of weapons and......
Milvian Bridge, Battle of
Battle of Milvian Bridge, (October 28, 312 ce), major battle in a Roman civil war between Constantine I and Maxentius.......
Minorca, Battle of
In 1756, an Anglo-French conflict called the French and Indian War, which began in North America without a declaration......
Mississippi Valley Campaign
Mississippi Valley Campaign, the campaigns and battles of the American Civil War that were fought for control of......
Miāni, Battle of
Battle of Miāni, (February 17, 1843), engagement between a British force of about 2,800 troops under Sir Charles......
Mobile Bay, Battle of
Battle of Mobile Bay, naval engagement of the American Civil War on August 5–23, 1864, during which Union Admiral......
mobilization
mobilization, in war or national defense, organization of the armed forces of a nation for active military service......
Mogadishu, Battle of
Battle of Mogadishu, battle between U.S. forces and Somali militia fighters in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October 3–4,......
Mohi (Sajo River), Battle of
On April 10, 1241, at the Battle of Mohi during the Mongolian invasion of Europe, Batu Khan and his chief general,......
MohĂĄcs, Battle of
Battle of MohĂĄcs, decisive defeat of Hungary, led by King Louis II, by the Turks of the Ottoman Empire, led by......
Monitor and Merrimack, Battle of the
Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack, (March 9, 1862), in the American Civil War, naval engagement at Hampton Roads,......
Monmouth, Battle of
Battle of Monmouth, indecisive engagement in the American Revolution, fought on June 28, 1778, at Monmouth, New......
Monocacy, Battle of
Battle of Monocacy, (July 9, 1864), American Civil War engagement fought on the banks of the Monocacy River near......
Monongahela, Battle of the
Battle of the Monongahela, (July 9, 1755), in the last French and Indian War, thorough defeat of General Edward......
Mons Lactarius, Battle of
Battle of Mons Lactarius, (553), decisive engagement fought near Naples, Italy, in which the Byzantine general......
Mons, Battle of
Battle of Mons, engagement fought on the last day of World War I—November 11, 1918—in which Canadian forces captured......
Mons, Battle of
Battle of Mons, (August 23, 1914) engagement between the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) and the German army......
Monte Cassino, Battle of
Battle of Monte Cassino, battle at Cassino, Italy, during World War II from January 17 to May 18, 1944, between......
Monterrey, Battle of
Battle of Monterrey, an engagement of the Mexican-American War that was fought on September 20–24, 1846. On May......
Montu
Montu, in ancient Egyptian religion, god of the 4th Upper Egyptian nome (province), whose original capital of Hermonthis......
Moore’s Creek Bridge, Battle of
Battle of Moore’s Creek Bridge, (February 27, 1776), in the American Revolution, battle in which North Carolina......
Morat, Battle of
Battle of Morat, (June 22, 1476), battle in Switzerland that constituted a major victory for the Swiss Confederation......
Morgarten, Battle of
Battle of Morgarten, (Nov. 15, 1315), the first great military success of the Swiss Confederation in its struggle......
Moro National Liberation Front
Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), Muslim separatist movement in the southern Philippines that has employed......
Moro Wars
Moro Wars, (1901–13), in Philippine history, a series of scattered campaigns involving American troops and Muslim......
Moscow, Battle of
Battle of Moscow, battle fought between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union from September 30, 1941 to January 7,......
Mukden, Battle of
Battle of Mukden, battle fought between forces of Imperial Russia and Japan from February 20 to March 10, 1905,......
Mulaydah, Battle of Al-
Battle of Al-Mulaydah, (1891), decisive victory for Ibn Rashīd, the ruler of the Rashīdī kingdom at កāʟil, near......
Munda, Battle of
Battle of Munda, (45 bc), conflict that ended the ancient Roman civil war between the forces of Pompey the Great......
Muret, Battle of
Battle of Muret, (September 12, 1213), military engagement of the Albigensian Crusade. It played a significant......
Mursa, Battle of
Battle of Mursa, (Sept. 28, ad 351), defeat of the usurper Magnentius by the Roman emperor Constantius II. The......
mutual assured destruction
mutual assured destruction, principle of deterrence founded on the notion that a nuclear attack by one superpower......
Myanmar Civil War
Myanmar Civil War, ongoing conflict in Myanmar involving more than a hundred armed groups, triggered by military......
Mylae, Battle of
Battle of Mylae, (260 bc), conflict in the First Punic War between Rome and Carthage, whose navy had been harassing......
Myriocephalon, Battle of
Battle of Myriocephalon, (September 1176), victory of the Seljuq Turks under QĂŻlĂŻch Arslan II over the Byzantine......
Mysore Wars
Mysore Wars, four military confrontations (1767–69; 1780–84; 1790–92; and 1799) in India between the British and......
Nagashino, Battle of
In Japan’s Age of Warring States, a series of feudal wars with contending samurai armies, Nagashino castle, in......
Nahāvand, Battle of
Battle of Nahāvand, (ad 642), military clash in Iran between Arab and Sāsānian forces that was a major turning......
Namur, sieges of
sieges of Namur, two campaigns (1692 and 1695) during the War of the Grand Alliance (1689–97) against the city......
Naning War
Naning War, (1831–32), disastrous attempt by the British to exact tribute from the Minangkabau people of the Malay......
Nanjing, Battle of
Battle of Nanjing, Zheng Chenggong, also known as Koxinga or Coxinga, was the most loyal supporter of the final......
Nanjing, Third Battle of
Third Battle of Nanjing, the last major battle, fought March–July 1864, of the Taiping Rebellion. At the time of......
Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars, series of wars between Napoleonic France and shifting alliances of other European powers that......
Narva, Battle of
In 1700, Czar Peter I of Russia challenged the long-established Swedish domination of the Baltic in alliance with......
Naseby, Battle of
Battle of Naseby, battle fought on June 14, 1645, between the Parliamentary New Model Army under Oliver Cromwell......
Nashville, Battle of
Battle of Nashville, (December 15–16, 1864), American Civil War engagement in which Confederate Lieut. Gen. John......
naval warfare
naval warfare, the tactics of military operations and armed forces conducted on, under, or over the sea. Being......
Navarino, Battle of
Battle of Navarino, decisive naval engagement on October 20, 1827, during the War of Greek Independence against......
Navas de Tolosa, Battle of Las
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, (July 16, 1212), major battle of the Christian reconquest of Spain in which the......
Naxalite
Naxalite, general designation given to several Maoist-oriented and militant insurgent and separatist groups that......
Nemea, Battle of
Battle of Nemea, (394 bc), battle in the Corinthian War (395–387 bc) in which a coalition of Greek city-states......
Neva, Battle of the
Battle of the Neva, (July 15, 1240), military engagement in which the Novgorod army defeated the Swedes on the......
Neville’s Cross, Battle of
Battle of Neville’s Cross, (Oct. 17, 1346), English victory over the Scots—under David II—who, as allies of the......
New Orleans, Battle of
Battle of New Orleans, (April 24–25, 1862), naval action by Union forces seeking to capture the city during the......
New Orleans, Battle of
Battle of New Orleans, (January 8, 1815), U.S. victory against Great Britain in the War of 1812 and the final major......
New People’s Army
New People’s Army (NPA), military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Marxist-Leninist (CPP-ML), which......
New York slave rebellion of 1712
New York slave rebellion of 1712, a violent insurrection of slaves in New York City that resulted in brutal executions......
Newburn, Battle of
Battle of Newburn, (Aug. 28, 1640), decisive military encounter in the Bishops’ War, in which an army of Scottish......
Ngasaunggyan, Battle of
Battle of Ngasaunggyan, (1277), Mongol defeat of Burmese troops that led to the demise of the Pagan dynasty of......
Nian Rebellion
Nian Rebellion, (c. 1853–68), major revolt in the eastern and central Chinese provinces of Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu,......
Nicopolis, Battle of
Battle of Nicopolis, a catastrophic military defeat for Christian knights at the hands of the Ottoman Turks on......
Nigerian Civil War
The Nigerian Civil War was fought from 1967 to 1970 between Nigeria’s federal government and the secessionist state......
Nile, Battle of the
Battle of the Nile, battle that was one of the greatest victories of the British admiral Horatio Nelson. It was......
Nineveh, Battle of
Generations of bitter warfare characterize the history of the ancient Near East, and especially that of ancient......
Nizip, Battle of
Battle of Nizip, (June 24, 1839), battle between forces of the Ottoman Empire and those of Muáž„ammad ÊżAlÄ«, viceroy......
Nong Sa Rai, Battle of
Battle of Nong Sa Rai, (1593), in Southeast Asian history, military encounter between the Tai (Thai) kingdom of......
Norman Conquest
Norman Conquest, the military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, primarily effected by his decisive......
Normandy Invasion
Normandy Invasion, during World War II, the Allied invasion of western Europe, which was launched on June 6, 1944......
North-West Rebellion
North-West Rebellion, violent insurgency in 1885 fought between the Canadian government and the MĂ©tis and their......
Northern Crusades
Northern Crusades, series of military campaigns carried out from the 12th to the 15th century in the eastern Baltic......
Northern Expedition
Northern Expedition, (1926–27) campaign of the Chinese Nationalist army (then allied with the communists) that......
Northern War, First
First Northern War, (1655–60), final stage of the struggle over the Polish-Swedish succession. In 1655 the Swedish......
Northern War, Second
Second Northern War, (1700–21), military conflict in which Russia, Denmark-Norway, and Saxony-Poland challenged......
Novara, Battle of
Battle of Novara, (March 23, 1849), battle of the first Italian War of Independence in which 70,000 Austrian troops......
November Insurrection
November Insurrection, (1830–31), Polish rebellion that unsuccessfully tried to overthrow Russian rule in the Congress......
nuclear football
nuclear football, a specially designed briefcase that accompanies the president of the United States when the president......
nuclear proliferation
nuclear proliferation, the spread of nuclear weapons, nuclear weapons technology, or fissile material to countries......
nuclear strategy
nuclear strategy, the formation of tenets and strategies for producing and using nuclear weapons. Nuclear strategy......
nuclear triad
nuclear triad, a three-sided military-force structure consisting of land-launched nuclear missiles, nuclear-missile-armed......
nuclear weapon
nuclear weapon, device designed to release energy in an explosive manner as a result of nuclear fission, nuclear......
NĂ€fels, Battle of
Battle of NĂ€fels, (April 9, 1388), major victory for the Swiss Confederation in the first century of its struggle......
Nördlingen, Battle of
Battle of Nördlingen, (Sept. 5–6, 1634), battle fought near Nördlingen in southern Germany. A crushing victory......
October 7 attack
On October 7, 2023, Hamas led a coordinated attack on Israel by land, sea, and air from the Gaza Strip. The attack......
Okinawa, Battle of
Battle of Okinawa, (April 1–June 21, 1945), World War II battle fought between U.S. and Japanese forces on Okinawa,......
Omdurman, Battle of
Battle of Omdurman, (September 2, 1898), decisive military engagement in which Anglo-Egyptian forces, under Maj.......
Operation Blue Star
Operation Blue Star, Indian military operation in June 1984 ordered by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to root out......
Operation Just Cause
Operation Just Cause, U.S. military action (December 1989–January 1990) that centered on the invasion of Panama......
Opium Wars
Opium Wars, two armed conflicts in China in the mid-19th century between the forces of Western countries and of......
Oranges, War of the
War of the Oranges, (1801), brief conflict in which France and Spain fought against Portugal. The war was brought......
Oriskany, Battle of
Battle of Oriskany, (August 6, 1777), in the American Revolution, battle between British troops and American defenders......
Orléans, Siege of
Siege of OrlĂ©ans, (October 12, 1428–May 8, 1429), siege of the French city of OrlĂ©ans by English forces, the military......
Ostend, Siege of
The Spanish struggle to wrest the port of Ostend, the last Protestant settlement in Flanders, from the hands of......

Wars, Battles & Armed Conflicts Encyclopedia Articles By Title

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