Major battles
This table provides information on the warâs major conflicts with links to the Britannica articles covering those battles.
| Battles of the American Civil War | ||
| 1861 | ||
 Fort Sumter |  First Battle of Bull Run |  Wilson's Creek |
| 1862 | ||
 Fort Henry |  Fort Donelson |  Pea Ridge |
 Monitor and Merrimack |  Shiloh |  New Orleans |
 Seven Pines |  Seven Days' Battles |  Second Battle of Bull Run |
 Antietam |  Corinth |  Perryville |
 Fredericksburg |  Stones River | |
| 1863 | ||
 Chancellorsville |  Big Black River |  Vicksburg |
 Gettysburg |  Chickamauga Creek |  Chattanooga |
| 1864 | ||
 Wilderness |  Spotsylvania Court House |  Atlanta |
 Second Battle of Cold Harbor |  Petersburg |  Mobile Bay |
 Nashville | ||
| 1865 | ||
 Appomattox Court House | ||
The poetry and songs of the Civil War
For most of the 20th century it was widely held that the Civil War had produced few great works of literature. Those who took exception to this statement most often pointed to Stephen Craneâs novel The Red Badge of Courage (1895), to the short stories of Union army veteran Ambrose Bierce (especially to âAn Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridgeâ), to the war-related poetry of Walt Whitman, or to Margaret Mitchellâs Pulitzer Prize-winning novel Gone with the Wind (1936), though some critics were quick to dismiss the last as âpopular fiction.â More recently, in turning to the âpopularâ writing of the Civil War era found in periodicals such as Harperâs Weekly and in dime novels, scholars such as Alice Fahs (in the The Imagined Civil War [2001]) discovered a rich source of literature on the war that in many cases confronted the political and social issues at the heart of the conflict more directly than the related works of canonical 19th-century contemporary writers such as Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville.
There is also the matter of what constitutes a work of Civil War literature. Does it have to be about the fighting? Or does Civil War literature include books such as Louisa May Alcottâs Little Women (1868â69), about family at the wartime New England home front, or Harriet Beecher Stoweâs exposĂ© of the inhumanity of slavery, Uncle Tomâs Cabin (1851â52)âupon meeting the author of which Lincoln may or may not have said, âSo this is the little woman who wrote the book that started this great warâ? Certainly there have been many novelsânot to mention films, from Buster Keatonâs The General [1927] to Edward Zwickâs Glory (1989)âthat dealt directly with the war, among them Sidney Lanierâs Tiger-Lilies (1867), George Washington Cableâs Dr. Sevier (1884), Ellen Glasgowâs The Battle-Ground (1902), MacKinlay Kantorâs Long Remember (1934), William Faulknerâs The Unvanquished (1938), Allen Tateâs The Fathers (1938), and, more recently, Michael Shaaraâs The Killer Angels (1974), his son Jeff Shaaraâs Gods and Generals (1996), and Charles Frazierâs Cold Mountain (1997).
It is the poetry and songs of the Civil War era, however, that provide the quickest flavor of the periodâs zeitgeist. Presented here are a sampling of both. Included are a pair of poems by Henry Timrod, who is perhaps better known today as the source of âborrowingâ by songwriter Bob Dylan than as the âpoet laureate of the Confederacy.â There is also a poem by John Greenleaf Whittier, who was an ardent abolitionist, and one by Walt Whitman, who worked in the paymasterâs office in Washington, D.C., during the war and spent his spare time dressing wounds and visiting dying soldiers in the hospitals, expending his scanty salary on small gifts for Confederate and Union soldiers alike and offering his usual âcheer and magnetismâ to try to alleviate some of the mental depression and bodily suffering he saw in the wards.
Sold as sheet music or sung by soldiers as they marched or sat around the campfire, contemporary songs, such as the four presented here, also had much to say about the patriotic and ideological inspiration for the war and the warriors.