The Modern World, GUL-IND
Industrialization, nationalism, world war, decolonization, and technological change have made the modern world a time of staggering disruption and reinvention. Explore the forces that shaped it.
The Modern World Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Gulf of Tonkin incident
Gulf of Tonkin incident, complex naval event in the Gulf of Tonkin, off the coast of Vietnam, that occurred from......
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, resolution put before the U.S. Congress by President Lyndon B. Johnson on August 5,......
Gulf War syndrome
Gulf War syndrome, cluster of illnesses in veterans of the Persian Gulf War (1990â91). Gulf War syndrome is characterized......
GUM
GUM, the largest department store in Russia. Situated on a traditional market site on the northeast side of Red......
Gunn, Neil Miller
Neil Miller Gunn was a Scottish author whose novels are set in the Highlands and in the seaside villages of his......
Gunther, John
John Gunther was a journalist and author who became famous for his series of sociopolitical books describing and......
Gurs
Gurs, large concentration camp near Pau, in southwestern France at the foot of the Pyrenees, that was used successively......
Gwangju
Gwangju, metropolitan city, southwestern South Korea. It has the status of a metropolitan city under the direct......
Göring, Hermann
Hermann Göring was a leader of the Nazi Party and one of the primary architects of the Nazi police state in Germany.......
Göth, Amon
Amon Göth was an Austrian Nazi officer who was commandant of Plaszow concentration camp in Poland. Decades after......
Haig, Douglas Haig, 1st Earl, Viscount Dawick, Baron Haig of Bemersyde
Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig was a British field marshal, commander in chief of the British forces in France during......
Haile Selassie I
Haile Selassie I was the emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974 who sought to modernize his country and who steered......
Haiti
Haiti, country in the Caribbean Sea that includes the western third of the island of Hispaniola and such smaller......
Halberstam, David
David Halberstam was an American journalist and author who received a Pulitzer Prize in 1964 for his penetrating......
Halder, Franz
Franz Halder was a German general who, in spite of his personal opposition to the policies of Adolf Hitler, served......
Halifax
Halifax, British heavy bomber used during World War II. The Halifax was designed by Handley Page, Ltd., in response......
Hall, Theodore
Theodore Hall was an American-born physicist and spy who during World War II worked on the Manhattan Project to......
Hamer, Fannie Lou
Fannie Lou Hamer was an African American civil rights activist who worked to desegregate the Mississippi Democratic......
Hamilton, Sir Ian
Sir Ian Hamilton was a British general, commander in chief of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force in the unsuccessful......
Hampton, Fred
Fred Hampton was an American civil rights leader and deputy chairman of the Black Panther Partyâs Illinois chapter......
Hanotaux, Gabriel
Gabriel Hanotaux was a statesman, diplomat, and historian who directed a major French colonial expansion in Africa......
Hansen, H.C.
H.C. Hansen was a politician and statesman who, as foreign minister and prime minister, led Denmark to a prominent......
Harbord, James G.
James G. Harbord was an army officer who served as Gen. John J. Pershingâs chief of staff in Europe during World......
Harding, John, Baron Harding of Petherton
John Harding, Baron Harding of Petherton was a British army officer who led the North African âDesert Ratsâ in......
Harlem Hellfighters
Harlem Hellfighters, nickname given to the 369th Infantry Regiment of the United States Army during World War I.......
Harlem race riot of 1935
Harlem race riot of 1935, a riot that occurred in the Manhattan neighborhood of Harlem on March 19â20, 1935. It......
Harris, Barbara
Barbara Harris was an American clergywoman and social activist who was the first female bishop in the Anglican......
Harris, Sir Arthur Travers, 1st Baronet
Sir Arthur Travers Harris, 1st Baronet was a British air officer who initiated and directed the âsaturation bombingâ......
Hartman, Geoffrey H.
Geoffrey H. Hartman was a German-born American literary critic and theorist who opposed Anglo-American formalism,......
Hausser, Paul
Paul Hausser was a German SS general and field commander during World War II. A veteran of World War I, Hausser......
Hayden, Tom
Tom Hayden was an American activist and author. One of the preeminent activists of the 1960s, Hayden helped found......
Hazel Ying Lee
Hazel Ying Lee was a Chinese American pilot who flew for the U.S. military in the Women Airforce Service Pilots......
Hebei
Hebei, sheng (province) of northern China, located on the Bo Hai (Gulf of Chihli) of the Yellow Sea. It is bounded......
Hedtoft, Hans
Hans Hedtoft was a Danish politician and statesman who initiated a change in Danish policy from neutrality to active......
Height, Dorothy
Dorothy Height was an American civil rights and womenâs rights activist, a widely respected and influential leader......
Helfrich, Conrad Emil Lambert
Conrad Emil Lambert Helfrich was a Dutch admiral who during World War II commanded the ABDA (American, British,......
Helphand, Alexander Israel
Alexander Israel Helphand was a Russian-German socialist who helped enable Lenin to reenter Russia in 1917 from......
Helsinki Accords
Helsinki Accords, (August 1, 1975), major diplomatic agreement signed in Helsinki, Finland, at the conclusion of......
Henry Kissinger: A Life in Pictures
Henry Kissinger, who served as national security adviser and secretary of state in the administrations of U.S.......
Hersh, Seymour
Seymour Hersh is an American journalist whose reporting generally focused on the U.S. government and its involvement......
Herzog, Chaim
Chaim Herzog was an Irish-born Israeli politician, soldier, lawyer, and author. He was an eloquent and passionate......
Hess, Rudolf
Rudolf Hess was a German National Socialist who was Adolf Hitlerâs deputy as party leader. He created an international......
Hewitt, Henry K
Henry Kent Hewitt was a U.S. naval officer who directed important amphibious landings in Europe during World War......
Heydrich, Reinhard
Reinhard Heydrich was a Nazi German official who was Heinrich Himmlerâs chief lieutenant in the Schutzstaffel (âProtective......
Higashikuni Naruhiko
Higashikuni Naruhiko was a Japanese imperial prince and army commander who was Japanâs first prime minister after......
Highlander Research and Education Center
Highlander Research and Education Center, American activist organization (founded 1932) that seeks social, economic,......
Hillier, Rick
Rick Hillier is a Canadian army officer who served as the chief of the defense staff (CDS), the top-ranking officer......
Himmler, Heinrich
Heinrich Himmler was a German Nazi politician, police administrator, and military commander who became the second......
Hindenburg Line
Hindenburg Line, defensive barrier improvised by the German army on the Western Front in World War I. Faced with......
Hindenburg, Paul von
Paul von Hindenburg was a German field marshal during World War I and the second president of the Weimar Republic......
Hirohito
Hirohito was the emperor of Japan from 1926 until his death in 1989. He was the longest-reigning monarch in Japanâs......
Hiroshima
Hiroshima, city, capital of Hiroshima ken (prefecture), southwestern Honshu, Japan. It lies at the head of Hiroshima......
Hitler, Adolf
Adolf Hitler was the leader of the Nazi Party (from 1920/21) and chancellor (Kanzler) and FĂŒhrer of Germany (1933â45).......
HMS Hood
HMS Hood, British battle cruiser, launched in 1918 and destroyed on May 24, 1941, during World War II in the Battle......
Ho Chi Minh
Ho Chi Minh was the founder of the Indochina Communist Party (1930) and its successor, the Viet-Minh (1941), and......
Ho Chi Minh Trail
Ho Chi Minh Trail, elaborate system of mountain and jungle paths and trails used by North Vietnam to infiltrate......
Hobart, Percy
Percy Hobart was a British army officer and military theorist who developed specialized tanks that were used in......
Hodges, Courtney Hicks
Courtney Hicks Hodges was an American army officer who led the First Army across western Europe in 1944â45 during......
Hoffman, Abbie
Abbie Hoffman was an American political activist who founded the Youth International Party (Yippies) and was known......
Hogarth, David George
David George Hogarth was an English archaeologist, director of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford (1909â27), and diplomat......
Holocaust
Holocaust, the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of......
Holocaust remembrance days
Holocaust remembrance days, international commemorations of the millions of victims of Nazi Germanyâs genocidal......
Holodomor
Holodomor, man-made famine that convulsed the Soviet republic of Ukraine from 1932 to 1933, peaking in the late......
Holt, Harold
Harold Holt was the prime minister of Australia (1966â67) who supported U.S. policies in Vietnam and sponsored......
Homage to Catalonia
Homage to Catalonia, autobiographical account by British writer George Orwell of his experience as a volunteer......
Homma Masaharu
Homma Masaharu was a Japanese army general and commander of the Japanese invasion force of the Philippine Islands......
Honduras
Honduras, country of Central America situated between Guatemala and El Salvador to the west and Nicaragua to the......
Honourable Artillery Company
Honourable Artillery Company, the most senior regiment of the British Army and probably the oldest regiment in......
Hooks, Benjamin L.
Benjamin L. Hooks was an American jurist, minister, and government official who was executive director of the National......
Hoover, Herbert
Herbert Hoover was the 31st president of the United States (1929â33). Hooverâs reputation as a humanitarianâearned......
Hope, Lugenia Burns
Lugenia Burns Hope was an American social reformer whose Neighborhood Union and other community service organizations......
Horsa
Horsa, the main British-built assault glider of World War II. Designed by Airspeed Ltd., the Horsa first flew in......
House, Edward M.
Edward M. House was an American diplomat and confidential adviser to President Woodrow Wilson (1913â21) who played......
How Did Adolf Hitler Die?
On April 30, 1945, with the war lost and Soviet troops advancing, Adolf Hitler fatally shot himself in his underground......
How did World War II start?
World War II began when Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, prompting Great Britain and France to declare......
How does a country become a member of NATO?
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, commonly referred to as NATO, was created in 1949 by 12 countries as a......
How was Anne Frank discovered?
Anne Frank and her family were discovered after Dutch informers tipped off the Gestapo, who raided the familyâs......
How was Germany divided after World War II?
Germany was divided into four occupation zones in 1945 after Nazi Germanyâs unconditional surrender in World War......
Howard, Michelle
Michelle Howard is a U.S. military officer who was the first woman to become a four-star admiral in the U.S. Navy.......
Hudner, Thomas
Thomas Hudner was an American naval officer who, in an act of bravery that would be recognized with the first Medal......
Hughes, Everett Strait
Everett Strait Hughes was a U.S. Army officer who served command posts in the North African and European theatres......
Hughes, Sir Samuel
Sir Samuel Hughes was a Canadian politician, soldier, educator, journalist, and statesman. He was minister of militia......
Hungary
Hungary, landlocked country of central Europe. The capital is Budapest. At the end of World War I, defeated Hungary......
- Introduction
- Rivers, Plains, Soils
- Plains, Mountains, Villages
- Agriculture, Manufacturing, Tourism
- Resources, Power, Economy
- Trade, Agriculture, Industry
- Politics, Constitution, Economy
- Healthcare, Social Security, Poverty
- Education, Universities, Research
- Cuisine, Music, Culture
- Museums, Art, Music
- Magyar, Ottoman, Habsburg
- Medieval, Danube, Carpathian
- Expansion, Consolidation, Revolution
- Mongol Invasion, Arpad Kings
- Sigismund, Luxembourg, Reformation
- Janos Hunyadi, Matthias Corvinus, Renaissance
- Jagiellon, Decay, Renaissance
- Partition, Habsburgs, Revolution
- Royalty, Transylvania, Habsburgs
- Habsburg, Revolution, Austro-Hungarian
- Ethnicities, Minorities, Magyars
- Dual Monarchy, Austro-Hungarian Empire, WWI
- Economy, Politics, Culture
- WWI Losses, Treaty of Trianon, Sovereignty
- Postwar, Reconstruction, Confusion
- Financial Crisis, Right Radicalism
- War, Defeat, Renewal
- Soviet Occupation, Reforms, Uprising
- Revolution, 1956, Uprising
- Kadar Regime, Communism, Reforms
- Political Reforms
- Politics, Economy, Culture
- Economic and social change
Hurley, Patrick J
Patrick J. Hurley was a military diplomat who served abroadâespecially in the Far Eastâas a personal representative......
Hurricane
Hurricane, British single-seat fighter aircraft manufactured by Hawker Aircraft, Ltd., in the 1930s and â40s. The......
Hurt Locker, The
The Hurt Locker, American war movie, released in 2008, that is set in the second year of the Iraq War and won six......
Huynh Tan Phat
Huynh Tan Phat was one of the leading theoreticians of the National Liberation Front (NLF), the Vietnamese guerrilla......
Hymans, Paul
Paul Hymans was a Belgian statesman who, as Belgiumâs representative to the Paris Peace Conference after World......
Höss, Rudolf Franz
Rudolf Franz Höss was a German soldier and Nazi partisan who served as commandant of the Auschwitz concentration......
I Have a Dream
I Have a Dream, speech by Martin Luther King, Jr., that was delivered on August 28, 1963, during the March on Washington.......
Ia Drang, Battle of
Battle of Ia Drang, first major clash between U.S. soldiers and North Vietnamese troops during the Vietnam War.......
IbĂĄrruri, Dolores
Dolores IbĂĄrruri was a Spanish Communist leader, who earned a legendary reputation as an impassioned orator during......
Iceland
Iceland, island country located in the North Atlantic Ocean. Lying on the constantly active geologic border between......
- Introduction
- Rivers, Glaciers, Lakes
- Population, Migration, Urbanization
- Finance, Economy, Fisheries
- Parliamentary Democracy, Geography, Economy
- Music, Poetry, Sagas
- Viking Settlement, Geothermal Energy, Volcanic Activity
- Foreign Rule, Geography, History
- Arctic, Geothermal, Volcanic
- Financial Boom, Bust, Economy
- Arctic, Geothermal, Volcanic
Ilyushin Il-2
Ilyushin Il-2, single-seat assault bomber that was a mainstay of the Soviet air force during World War II. The......
Ilyushin, Sergey Vladimirovich
Sergey Vladimirovich Ilyushin was a Soviet aircraft designer who created the famous Il-2 Stormovik armoured attack......
Imperial War Museum
Imperial War Museum, in the United Kingdom, national museum serving as a memorial and record of the wartime efforts......
Imrédy, Béla
BĂ©la ImrĂ©dy was a right-wing politician and premier of Hungary (1938â39), whose close collaboration with the Nazis......
In Flanders Fields
In Flanders Fields, one of historyâs most famous wartime poems, written in 1915 during the First World War by Canadian......
Inchon landing
Inchon landing, (September 15â26, 1950) in the Korean War, an amphibious landing by U.S. and South Korean forces......
India
India, country that occupies the greater part of South Asia. It is made up of 28 states and eight union territories,......
- Introduction
- Himalayas, Subcontinent, Diversity
- Deccan, Plateau, Monsoon
- Rivers, Ganges, Brahmaputra
- Black Soils, Monsoons, Agriculture
- Monsoon, Rainfall, Retreat
- Flora, Fauna, Ecosystems
- Diversity, Culture, Religion
- Indo-European, Languages, Dialects
- Caste System, Social Hierarchy, Diversity
- Population, Diversity, Growth
- Crops, Livestock, Fisheries
- Resources, Power, Economy
- Finance, Economy, Taxation
- Railways, Roads, Infrastructure
- Constitution, Federalism, Democracy
- Health, Welfare, Population
- Culture, Traditions, Cuisine
- Clothing, Textiles, Draping
- Cultural Institutions
- Ancient, Mughal, British
- Paleolithic, Prehistory, Archaeology
- Ganges Basin, Agriculture, Civilization
- Indus Valley, Harappan, Bronze Age
- Harappa, Indus Valley, Civilization
- Agriculture and animal husbandry
- Indus Valley, Harappan, Decline
- Ancient History, Culture, Religion
- Vedic, Aryan, Culture
- Ancient History, Indus Valley, Vedic Period
- Magadhan, Mauryan, Gupta
- Ashoka, Mauryan, Buddhism
- Ashoka's Edicts, Mauryan Empire, Buddhism
- Shunga, Maurya, Magadha
- Trade, Colonialism, Independence
- Literature
- Dravidian, Tamil, Telugu
- Rajputs, Kingdoms, Warriors
- Society and culture
- Early Sultans, Turkish Rule, Subcontinent
- Khaljis, Delhi Sultanate, Muslim Rule
- Tughluq Dynasty, Delhi Sultanate, South Asia
- Decline, Sultanate, Mughal
- Deccan, Bahmani, Consolidation
- Vizierate, Mahmud Gawan, Deccan
- Vijayanagar, Empire, Deccan
- Wars, Rivalries, Conflict
- Decline, Vijayanagar, Empire
- Mughal Empire, 1526-1761
- Mughal Empire, Humayun, Delhi
- Akbar, Mughal, Empire
- Mughal Nobility, Social Hierarchy, Castes
- Mughal Empire, Jahangir, Akbar
- Mughal Empire, Shah Jahan, Taj Mahal
- Aurangzeb, Mughal Empire, Subcontinent
- Sikh Uprisings, Rebellion, Punjab
- Marathas, Empire, Subcontinent
- Mughal, Mystique, 18th Century
- Sikhism, Punjab, Diversity
- Rajasthan, 18th Century, Mughals
- Democracy, Economy, Growth
- Colonialism, Mughal Empire, Trade
- Anglo-French, Struggle, 1740-63
- Revolution, Bengal, Colonialism
- The Company Bahadur
- Ascent, Paramountcy, Subcontinent
- Colonial Rule, Lord Hastings, Reforms
- Policy, Democracy, Economy
- Democracy, Diversity, Unity
- Mutiny, Revolt, 1857-59
- Government, Act, 1858
- Foreign Policy, Diplomacy, Nonalignment
- Nationalism, British, Resistance
- Partition, Bengal, 1905
- Reforms, British Liberals
- Anti-British, Freedom, Independence
- Jallianwala Bagh, Massacre, 1919
- Constitutional Reforms
- Muslim Separatism, Partition, 1947
- Partition, Independence, Freedom
- Democracy, Federalism, Constitution
- Indira Gandhi, Politics, Reforms
- Sikh Separatism, Punjab, Khalistan
- V.P. Singh, Coalition, Fall
- Congress, Manmohan Singh, Economy