The Modern World, FON-GUL
Industrialization, nationalism, world war, decolonization, and technological change have made the modern world a time of staggering disruption and reinvention. Explore the forces that shaped it.
The Modern World Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Fonda, Jane
Jane Fonda is an actress and political activist who first gained fame in comedic roles but later established herself......
forced labour
forced labour, labour performed involuntarily and under duress, usually by relatively large groups of people. Forced......
Ford, Gerald
Gerald Ford was the 38th president of the United States (1974–77), who, as 40th vice president, had succeeded to......
Foreign Ministers, Council of
Council of Foreign Ministers, Organization of the foreign ministers of the U.S., Britain, France, and the Soviet......
Forrestal, James V.
James V. Forrestal was the first U.S. secretary of defense (1947–49). Earlier, in the Navy Department, he directed......
Fourteen Points
Fourteen Points, (January 8, 1918), declaration by U.S. Pres. Woodrow Wilson during World War I outlining his proposals......
France
France, country of northwestern Europe. Historically and culturally among the most important nations in the Western......
- Introduction
- Alps, Mediterranean, Atlantic
- Hercynian Massifs
- Lowlands, Rivers, Climate
- Alps, Pyrenees, Plains
- Rivers, Alps, Mediterranean
- Soils, Climate, Geology
- Climate, Mediterranean, Atlantic
- Flora, Fauna, Alps
- Ethnicity, Immigration, Language
- Religion, Catholicism, Secularism
- Urbanization, Regions, Departments
- Population, Migration, Ageing
- Immigration, Multiculturalism, Integration
- Population, Regions, Ethnicity
- Urbanization, Regions, Migration
- Manufacturing, Agriculture, Tourism
- Farming, Crops, Livestock
- Resources, Power, Economy
- Manufacturing, Automotive, Textiles
- Economy, Banking, Taxation
- Trade, Manufacturing, Agriculture
- Services, Infrastructure, Economy
- Labour, Taxation, Economy
- Railways, Highways, Airports
- Politics, Regions, Culture
- Parliament, Composition, Functions
- Regional, Local Gov't
- Justice, Legal System, Civil Law
- Politics, Constitution, Elections
- Security, Military, Geopolitics
- Healthcare, Social Security, Quality of Life
- Education, Literacy, Schools
- Culture, Cuisine, Arts
- Cuisine, Culture, Language
- Art, Culture, History
- Art, Culture, History
- Dance, Ballet, Folk
- Cinema, Film, Directors
- Cultural Institutions
- Sports, Recreation, Culture
- Media, Publishing, Culture
- Revolution, Monarchy, Republic
- Roman Conquest, Gaul, Franks
- Gaul, Roman Empire, 250-400
- Roman Gaul, 400-500
- Merovingian, Carolingian, Monarchy
- Merovingians, Gauls, Franks
- Merovingians, Franks, Charlemagne
- Clovis, Merovingians, Franks
- Reunification, Merovingians, Franks
- Carolingian Dynasty, Charlemagne, Merovingians
- Charlemagne, Franks, Gauls
- Louis I, Monarchy, Revolution
- Partition, Carolingian, Empire
- Franks, Charlemagne, Gauls
- Institutions, Politics, Economy
- Economy, Manufacturing, Agriculture
- Religion, Catholicism, Monasteries
- Carolingian Literature, Arts
- Revolution, Monarchy, Republic
- Medieval, Capetian, Monarchy
- Provence, Languedoc, Aquitaine
- Monarchy, Revolution, Republic
- Medieval, Feudalism, Monarchy
- Urbanization, Prosperity, Culture
- Rural Life, Agriculture, Cuisine
- Religion, Culture, Heritage
- Cathedrals, Scholasticism, Monasteries
- Art, Cuisine, Education
- Medieval, Monarchy, Feudalism
- Louis IX, Monarchy, Crusades
- Later Capetians, Monarchy, Revolution
- EU, Diplomacy, Trade
- Hundred Years War, Medieval Europe, Monarchy
- Philip VI, Monarchy, Revolution
- John the Good, Monarchy, Revolution
- Charles V, Monarchy, Renaissance
- Charles VI, Monarchy, Revolution
- Charles VII, Monarchy, Hundred Years' War
- Reunification, Hundred Years War, Joan of Arc
- Military Reforms
- 14th Century, 15th Century, Feudalism
- Renaissance, Monarchy, Revolution
- Professionalism, Bureaucracy, Governance
- Reformation, Religion, Culture
- Wars, Religion, Conflict
- Politics, Ideology, Revolution
- Absolutism, Religious Conflict, Louis XIII
- Louis XIII, Monarchy, Absolutism
- Fronde, Civil War, Nobles
- Monarchy, Revolution, Culture
- Louis' Religious Policy
- Absolutism, Louis XIV, Monarchy
- European Union, Diplomacy, Sovereignty
- Baroque, Enlightenment, Revolution
- Revolution, Monarchy, Enlightenment
- History, Culture, Politics
- Cultural Transformation, Revolution, Enlightenment
- Politics, Revolution, Reform
- Foreign Policy, Financial Crisis
- Reform, Politics, Economy
- Tax Reform, Economy, Politics
- Parlements, Politics, Revolution
- Monarchy, Parlements, Revolution
- Revolution, Monarchy, Equality
- Revolution, Napoleon, 1789-1815
- Parisian Revolt, Revolution, 1871
- Peasant Insurgencies
- Abolition, Feudalism, Revolution
- Revolution, Republic, Napoleon
- Restructuring, Politics, Economy
- Discord, Revolution, Republic
- Religious Tensions
- Political Tensions, Revolution, Republic
- Revolution, Republic, Napoleon
- Revolution, Republic, Crisis
- Girondins, Montagnards, Revolution
- Revolution, Terror, Guillotine
- Jacobin Dictatorship, Revolution, Republic
- Army, Republic, Revolution
- Thermidorian Reaction, Revolution, Republic
- Revolution, Directory, Monarchy
- Revolution, Empire, Napoleon
- Revolution, Napoleon, Republic
- Revolution, Equality, Liberty
- Campaigns, Conquests, 1797-1807
- Continental System, Napoleonic Wars, Blockade
- Conscription, Military, Draft
- Revolution, Napoleon, Empire
- Revolution, Empire, Republic
- Charles X, Bourbon, Revolution
- Revolution, 1830, Monarchy
- July Monarchy, Revolution, Napoleon
- Revolution, Napoleon, Republic
- Revolution, Republic, Monarchy
- Napoleon III, Revolution, Unification
- Revolution, Republic, Politics
- Commune, Paris, Revolution
- Industrialization, Republic, Revolution
- Constitution, Third Republic, Politics
- Opportunist, Control, Revolution
- Dreyfus Affair, Anti-Semitism, Politics
- European Union, Diplomacy, Sovereignty
- Prewar, Politics, Economy
- WWI, Battlefields, Armistice
- Interwar, Politics, Economy
- Leftist Politics, Unrest, Revolution
- Great Depression, Political Crises
- German Aggressions
- Education, Politics, Culture
- Culture, Science, Attainments
- Postwar Recovery, EU, Culture
- Resistance, WWII, Liberation
- Politics, Constitution, Revolution
- Politics, Culture, Economy
- Politics, Economy, Culture
- Socialist, Presidency, Economy
- Politics, Economy, Culture
- Euro Zone Crisis, Socialist Resurgence
- Hollande, Reforms, Economy
- Modernization, Immigration, EU
- Art, Cuisine, History
- Kings, Revolution, Napoleon
France, Battle of
Battle of France, (May 10–June 25, 1940), during World War II, the German invasion of the Low Countries and France.......
Franco, Francisco
Francisco Franco was a general and leader of the Nationalist forces that overthrew the Spanish democratic republic......
Frank, Anne
Anne Frank was a Jewish girl whose diary of her family’s two years in hiding during the German occupation of the......
Frank, Hans
Hans Frank was a German politician and lawyer who served as governor-general of Poland during World War II. Frank......
Frank, Karl Hermann
Karl Hermann Frank was a German Nazi of the Sudetenland who became the virtual ruler of Bohemia and Moravia and......
Franks, Tommy
Tommy Franks is an American general who, as commander in chief of Central Command (Centcom; 2000–03), led U.S.......
Franz Ferdinand, archduke of Austria-Este
Franz Ferdinand, archduke of Austria-Este was the archduke of Austria-Este. His assassination in 1914 was the immediate......
Franz Joseph
Franz Joseph was the emperor of Austria (1848–1916) and king of Hungary (1867–1916), who divided his empire into......
Fraser, Bruce Austin Fraser, 1st Baron
Bruce Austin Fraser, 1st Baron Fraser was a British admiral in World War II and chief of the naval staff (1948–51).......
Fraser, Peter
Peter Fraser was a statesman, labour leader, and prime minister (1940–49) whose leadership during World War II......
Frederik IX
Frederik IX was the king of Denmark (1947–72) who gave encouragement to the Danish resistance movement against......
Free French
Free French, in World War II (1939–45), members of a movement for the continuation of warfare against Germany after......
Freedom Charter
Freedom Charter, document outlining the aspirational principles of freedom and democracy in South Africa. The charter......
Freedom Rides
The Freedom Rides were a series of political protests against segregation during the American civil rights movement.......
Freikorps
Freikorps, any of several private paramilitary groups that first appeared in December 1918 in the wake of Germany’s......
French, John, 1st earl of Ypres
John French, 1st earl of Ypres was a field marshal who commanded the British army on the Western Front between......
French, Sir George Arthur
Sir George Arthur French was a British soldier in Canada who organized the North West Mounted Rifles (later the......
Freyberg, Bernard Cyril Freyberg, 1st Baron
Bernard Cyril Freyberg, 1st Baron Freyberg was the commander in chief of the New Zealand forces in World War II......
Frick, Wilhelm
Wilhelm Frick was a longtime parliamentary leader of the German National Socialist Party and Adolf Hitler’s minister......
Fritzsche, Hans
Hans Fritzsche was a German journalist and broadcaster, a member of the Nazi propaganda ministry, whose nightly......
From Here to Eternity
From Here to Eternity, American dramatic film, released in 1953, about U.S. soldiers in Hawaii in the months before......
Frontiers, Battle of the
Battle of the Frontiers, collective name for the first great clashes on the Western Front of World War I, which......
Frunze, Mikhail Vasilyevich
Mikhail Vasilyevich Frunze was a Soviet army officer and military theorist, regarded as one of the fathers of the......
Fuchs, Klaus
Klaus Fuchs was a German-born physicist and spy who was arrested and convicted (1950) for giving vital American......
Fulbright, J. William
J. William Fulbright was an American senator who initiated the international exchange program for scholars known......
Fuller, J.F.C.
J.F.C. Fuller was a British army officer, military theoretician, and war historian who became one of the founders......
Funk, Walther
Walther Funk was a German Nazi and economist who was the economics minister of the Third Reich from 1938 and president......
Fw 190
Fw 190, German fighter aircraft that was second in importance only to the Bf 109 during World War II. A low-wing......
G.I. Bill
G.I. Bill, U.S. legislation adopted in 1944 that provided various benefits to veterans of World War II. Through......
Gale, Richard Nelson
Richard Nelson Gale was a British army officer who commanded the British airborne troops employed in northwestern......
Galland, Adolf
Adolf Galland was a German fighter ace and officer who commanded the fighter forces of the Luftwaffe (German air......
Gallieni, Joseph-Simon
Joseph-Simon Gallieni was a French army officer figure who successfully directed the pacification of the French......
Gallipoli Campaign
Gallipoli Campaign, (February 1915–January 1916), in World War I, an Anglo-French operation against Turkey, intended......
Gamelin, Maurice
Maurice Gamelin was a French army commander in chief at the beginning of World War II who proved unable to stop......
Gang of Four
Gang of Four, the most powerful members of a radical political elite convicted for implementing the harsh policies......
gas chamber
gas chamber, method of executing condemned prisoners by lethal gas. The gas chamber was first adopted in the U.S.......
Gates, Robert M.
Robert M. Gates is a U.S. government official who served as director of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA; 1991–93)......
Gaulle, Charles de
Charles de Gaulle was a French soldier, writer, statesman, and architect of France’s Fifth Republic. De Gaulle......
Gavin, James Maurice
James Maurice Gavin was a U.S. Army commander known as “the jumping general” because he parachuted with combat......
Gaza Strip
Gaza Strip, territory occupying 140 square miles (363 square km) along the Mediterranean Sea just northeast of......
Geer, Dirk Jan de
Dirk Jan de Geer was a conservative statesman and prime minister of the Netherlands (1926–29, 1939–40) who was......
Gellhorn, Martha
Martha Gellhorn was an American journalist and novelist who, as one of the first female war correspondents, candidly......
Genda Minoru
Genda Minoru was a Japanese naval officer and air strategist who was chosen by Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku to draft......
Geneva
Geneva, city, capital of Genève canton, in the far southwestern corner of Switzerland that juts into France. One......
Geneva Accords
Geneva Accords, collection of documents relating to Indochina and issuing from the Geneva Conference of April 26–July......
Geneva Gas Protocol
Geneva Gas Protocol, in international law, treaty signed in 1925 by most of the world’s countries banning the use......
Geneva Protocol
Geneva Protocol, (1924) League of Nations draft treaty to ensure collective security in Europe. Submitted by Edvard......
Geneva Summit
Geneva Summit, (1955) meeting in Geneva of the leaders of the U.S., France, Britain, and the Soviet Union that......
Genevoix, Maurice Charles Louis
Maurice Charles Louis Genevoix was a French writer best known for his recounting of World War I. Before World War......
Genocide
Genocide, the deliberate and systematic destruction of a group of people because of their ethnicity, nationality,......
Georgia
Georgia, country of Transcaucasia located at the eastern end of the Black Sea on the southern flanks of the main......
Gerbrandy, Pieter Sjoerds
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy was a Dutch statesman who as prime minister (1940–45) conducted the Netherlands’ World......
German Chain of Command in Western Europe, June 1944
The military command structure of German forces in Europe in mid-1944 reflected the growing megalomania of the......
German Empire
German Empire, historical empire founded on January 18, 1871, in the wake of three short, successful wars by the......
- Introduction
- North German Confederation, Prussia, Unification
- Franco-Prussian War, Unification, Bismarck
- National Liberals, Unification, Prussia
- Unification, Bismarck, Fall
- Imperialism, Unification, Bismarck
- Tirpitz, Navy, WWI
- Unification, Imperialism, Decline
- WWI, Prussia, Unification
- WWI, Revolution, Abolition
German Revolution (1918–19)
German Revolution (1918–19), uprising that was triggered by the military defeat of the German Empire during World......
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact
German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, (August 23, 1939), nonaggression pact between Germany and the Soviet Union that......
Germany
Germany, country of north-central Europe, traversing the continent’s main physical divisions, from the outer ranges......
- Introduction
- Rivers, Forests, Mountains
- Relief, Mountains, Rivers
- Plains, Rivers, Forests
- Rivers, Lakes, Streams
- Soils, Climate, Agriculture
- Climate, Temperate, Rainfall
- Forests, Wildlife, Rivers
- Ethnicity, Migration, Religion
- Ethnic Groups
- German, French, English
- Christianity, Judaism, Islam
- Urbanization, Regions, Cities
- Population, Migration, Ageing
- Population, Structure, Migration
- Manufacturing, Automotive, Exports
- Partition, Reunification, Economy
- Communist, Reunification, Berlin Wall
- Unification, Economy, Politics
- Farming, Crops, Livestock
- Resources, Power, Economy
- Manufacturing, Automotive, Engineering
- Economy, Banking, Taxation
- Services, Economy, Politics
- Labour, Taxation, Economy
- Railways, Roads, Telecommunications
- Highways, Autobahn, Infrastructure
- Federalism, Democracy, Unity
- Justice, Law, Courts
- Politics, Democracy, Federalism
- Political Parties, Elections, Coalition
- Politics, Environment, Green Party
- Security, Politics, Economy
- Health, Welfare, Care
- Housing, Urbanization, Architecture
- Education, Universities, Literacy
- Culture, Arts, Cuisine
- Cuisine, Culture, Traditions
- Arts, Culture, Music
- Literature, Theatre, Arts
- Music, Dance, Culture
- Visual Arts, Expressionism, Renaissance
- Gothic, Baroque, Renaissance
- Film, Cinema, Culture
- Cultural Institutions
- Sports, Recreation, Culture
- Media, Publishing, Culture
- Unification, WWII, Cold War
- Roman Rule, Migration Period, Charlemagne
- Migration, Franks, Barbarians
- Merovingians, Carolingians, Franks
- Carolingians, Boniface, Franks
- Charlemagne, Holy Roman Empire, Unification
- Unification, Prussia, Europe
- Holy Roman Empire, Charlemagne, Feudalism
- Saxons, Unification, Charlemagne
- Saxon, Eastern, Policy
- Dukes, Counts, Advocates
- Church, Reformation, Luther
- Ottonian, Italy, Imperial
- Salians, Papacy, Princes
- Lay Princes, Unification, Revolution
- Civil War, Henry IV, Saxons
- Henry V, Holy Roman Empire, Reformation
- Hohenstaufen, Empire, Reunification
- Colonization, East, Expansion
- Hohenstaufen, Italy, Empire
- Henry Lion, Saxon Rebellion, Banishment
- Hohenstaufen, Papacy, Conflict
- Frederick II, Princes, Reformation
- Holy Roman Empire, Reformation, Unification
- Interregnum, Holy Roman Empire, 1250-1350
- Habsburgs, Luxembourgs, Unification
- Territorialism, Princes, Unification
- Constitutional Conflicts, 14th Century
- Monarchy, Decline, Revolution
- Princes, Ascendancy, Unification
- Holy Roman Empire, Reformation, Unification
- Rupert, Rhine, Charlemagne
- Hussite, Controversy, Reformation
- Hussite Wars, Bohemia, Reformation
- Habsburgs, Imperial Office, Unification
- Medieval States, Charlemagne, Holy Roman Empire
- 14th Century, 15th Century, Society
- Urbanization, Cities, Infrastructure
- Trade, Industry, Manufacturing
- Reformation, Prussia, Enlightenment
- Imperial Reform, Unification, Prussia
- Reformation, Luther, Religion
- Imperial Election, Diet of Worms
- Revolution, 1525, Peasants
- Lutheranism, Confessionalization, Reformation
- Religious War, Augsburg Peace
- Reformation, Thirty Years War, Princes
- Reformation, Counter-Reformation, Princes
- Thirty Years War, Westphalia, Peace
- Prussia, Bavaria, Saxony
- Consolidation, Brandenburg, Prussia
- Louis XIV, Reformation, Prussia
- Prussia, Austria, Contest
- Napoleonic Wars, Prussia, Confederation
- Prussia, Hohenzollerns, Unification
- Arts, Music, Cuisine
- Enlightened Reform, Despotism
- French Revolution, Napoleonic Era
- Prussia, Napoleon, Reunification
- French Hegemony, Napoleonic Wars, Prussia
- Wars, Liberation, Unification
- Congress of Vienna, Prussia, Unification
- Metternich, Unification, 1815-71
- Parties, Ideologies, Evolution
- Zollverein, Economy, Unification
- Revolutions, 1848-49
- Political Reaction, Economic Growth
- Bismarck, Unification, Prussia
- Defeat of Austria, WWI, Treaty of Versailles
- Bismarck, Nationalism, Liberalism
- Franco-Prussian War, Unification, Empire
- Unification, Imperialism, WWI
- Industrialization, Unification, Prussia
- Unification, Bismarck, Prussia
- Imperialism, Unification, Bismarck
- Industrialization, Unification, Prussia
- Imperialism, WWI, Alliance
- WWI, Treaty, Versailles
- Weimar Republic, Nazi Rule, WWII
- Treaty, WWI, Versailles
- Weimar Constitution, Democracy, Republic
- Weimar Republic, Hyperinflation, Reparations
- Weimar, Renaissance, Culture
- Economic, Political, Stabilization
- End of Republic, Weimar, Nazi
- Nazi, Holocaust, WW2
- Totalitarianism, Nazis, WW2
- European Union, NATO, Diplomacy
- WWII, Nazis, Holocaust
- Partition, Reunification, Cold War
- Reunification, Cold War, Allies
- Cold War, Division, Reunification
- Political Consolidation, Economic Growth, 1949-69
- Ostpolitik, Reconciliation, 1989
- Reunification, Berlin Wall, Cold War
- Helmut Kohl and the struggles of reunification
- Gerhard Schroder, Reforms, Economy
- Merkel, Politics, Economy
- Leaders, Politics, History
Gestapo
Gestapo, the political police of Nazi Germany. The Gestapo ruthlessly eliminated opposition to the Nazis within......
Geyr von Schweppenburg, Leo
Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg was a German tank commander in World War II. Geyr joined the German army in 1904. He......
Gillars, Mildred
Mildred Gillars was an American citizen who was a radio propagandist for the Nazi government during World War II.......
Giraud, Henri
Henri Giraud was an army officer and one of the leaders, in World War II, of the French Committee of National Liberation.......
Goebbels, Joseph
Joseph Goebbels was the minister of propaganda for the German Third Reich under Adolf Hitler. A master orator and......
Goerdeler, Carl
Carl Goerdeler was a conservative German municipal administrator and prominent figure in the resistance movement......
Golan Heights
Golan Heights, hilly area overlooking the upper Jordan River valley on the west. The area was part of extreme southwestern......
Gold Beach
Gold Beach, the centre beach of the five designated landing areas of the Normandy Invasion of World War II. It......
gold standard
gold standard, monetary system in which the standard unit of currency is a fixed quantity of gold or is kept at......
Golden Thirteen
Golden Thirteen, group of African Americans who in 1944 became the first group of Black servicemen to complete......
Gorbachev, Mikhail
Mikhail Gorbachev was a Soviet official, general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) from......
Gorshkov, Sergey Georgyevich
Sergey Georgyevich Gorshkov was a Soviet admiral, commander in chief of the Soviet navy (1956–85), who transformed......
Gorton, Sir John Grey
Sir John Grey Gorton was a statesman who, as prime minister of Australia (1968–71), maintained his country’s military......
Graf Spee
Graf Spee, German pocket battleship of 10,000 tons launched in 1936. The Graf Spee was more heavily gunned than......
Grand Illusion
Grand Illusion, French war film, released in 1937, that was directed by Jean Renoir. Elegant, humane, and affecting,......
Graziani, Rodolfo, marquess di Neghelli
Rodolfo Graziani, marquess di Neghelli was an Italian field marshal, administrator, and adherent of Benito Mussolini.......
Great Depression
Great Depression, worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest......
Great Purge
Great Purge, three widely publicized show trials and a series of closed, unpublicized trials held in the Soviet......
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere (GEACPS), during World War II (1939–45), the Japanese concept of a unified......
Greece
Greece, the southernmost of the countries of the Balkan Peninsula. Geography has greatly influenced the country’s......
- Introduction
- Thessalia, Attiki, Aegean
- Aegean, Ionian, Cyclades
- Mediterranean, Islands, Mountains
- Religion, Mythology, Pantheon
- Farming, Livestock, Fisheries
- Tourism, Shipping, Trade
- Regional, Municipalities, Autonomy
- Cuisine, Culture, Traditions
- Ancient, Art, Archaeology
- Byzantine, Institutions, Evolution
- Byzantine, Recovery, Culture
- Despotate, Epirus, Byzantium
- Ancient Cities, Acropolis, Parthenon
- Economy, Tourism, Culture
- Ottoman, Balkan, Empire
- Ottoman Rule, Resistance, Revolution
- Phanariotes, Ottoman, Constantinople
- Enlightenment, Revival, Classics
- Philiki Etaireia, Revolution, Independence
- Factionalism, Politics, Unification
- Unification, Modernization, Revolution
- Reform, Expansion, Defeat
- Politics, Revolution, Coup
- WWI, Politics, Economy
- Metaxas, WWII, Dictatorship
- Civil War, Legacy, Politics
- Democracy, Referendum, Colonels
- Greece’s debt crisis
Green, Florence
Florence Green was a British servicewoman who was the last surviving veteran of World War I. Patterson joined the......
Greensboro sit-in
Greensboro sit-in, act of nonviolent protest against a segregated lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina,......
Gregory, Dick
Dick Gregory was an American comedian, civil rights activist, and spokesman for health issues, who became nationally......
Grey, Sir Edward, 3rd Baronet
Sir Edward Grey, 3rd Baronet was a British statesman whose 11 years (1905–16) as British foreign secretary, the......
Groener, Wilhelm
Wilhelm Groener was a German general and politician who helped prevent a communist revolution in Germany after......
Gromyko, Andrei
Andrei Gromyko was a Soviet foreign minister (1957–85) and president (1985–88) of the Presidium of the Supreme......
Gross-Rosen
Gross-Rosen, small Nazi concentration camp established in August 1940 near the German town of Striegau in Lower......
Group Areas Act
Group Areas Act, one of three acts, the first promulgated in 1950, in South Africa that provided for the division......
Groves, Leslie Richard
Leslie Richard Groves was an American army officer in charge of the Manhattan Engineer District (MED)—or, as it......
Guadalcanal, Battle of
Battle of Guadalcanal, (August 1942–February 1943), series of World War II land and sea clashes between Allied......
Guam, Battle of
When they were attacking Guam from July 21 to August 10, 1944, U.S. forces were not only acquiring a fine harbor......
Guantánamo Bay detention camp
Guantánamo Bay detention camp, U.S. detention facility on the Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, located on the coast of......
Guatemala
Guatemala, country of Central America. The dominance of an Indigenous culture within its interior uplands distinguishes......
Guderian, Heinz
Heinz Guderian was a German general and tank expert, who became one of the principal architects of armoured warfare......
Guisan, Henri
Henri Guisan was a Swiss military leader and national hero; he was commander in chief of the Swiss Army during......
Gulag
Gulag, (Russian: “Chief Administration of Corrective Labour Camps”), system of Soviet labour camps and accompanying......