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Age of Revolutions, MOR-POR

The age of revolutions was an era of upheaval, when empires shook, monarchies fell, and new ideas about liberty, citizenship, and political power changed the course of history.
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Age of Revolutions Encyclopedia Articles By Title

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Morgan, Daniel
Daniel Morgan was a general in the American Revolution (1775–83) who won an important victory against the British......
Morgan, John
John Morgan was a pioneer of American medical education, surgeon general of the Continental armies during the American......
Morgan, John Hunt
John Hunt Morgan was a Confederate guerrilla leader of “Morgan’s Raiders,” best known for his July 1863 attacks......
Morris, Richard B
Richard B. Morris was an American educator and historian, known for his works on early American history. He graduated......
Morris, Robert
Robert Morris was an American merchant and banker who came to be known as the financier of the American Revolution......
Morristown National Historical Park
Morristown National Historical Park, historical park, Morristown, N.J., U.S. In the American Revolution the Continental......
Mortier, Édouard-Adolphe-Casimir-Joseph, Duc De Trevise
Édouard-Adolphe-Casimir-Joseph Mortier, duke de Trevise was a French general, one of Napoleon’s marshals, who also......
Mosby, John Singleton
John Singleton Mosby was a Confederate ranger whose guerrilla band frequently attacked and disrupted Union supply......
Moultrie, William
William Moultrie was an American general who resisted British incursions into the South during the American Revolution......
Murat, Joachim
Joachim Murat was a French cavalry leader who was one of Napoleon’s most celebrated marshals and who, as king of......
Murray, James
James Murray was a British soldier who was military and civilian governor of Quebec in 1760–68. Murray joined the......
Napier, Sir Charles, Count Napier de SĂŁo Vicente
Sir Charles Napier, Count Napier de SĂŁo Vicente was an admiral in the Portuguese and British navies, the controversial......
Naples, Kingdom of
Kingdom of Naples, state covering the southern portion of the Italian Peninsula from the Middle Ages to 1860. It......
Napoleon I
Napoleon I was a French general, First Consul (1799–1804), emperor of France (1804–1814/15), and one of the most......
Napoleon III
Napoleon III was the nephew of Napoleon I, president of the Second Republic of France (1850–52), and then emperor......
Napoleonic Wars
Napoleonic Wars, series of wars between Napoleonic France and shifting alliances of other European powers that......
Napoleon’s major battles
From the Siege of Toulon (August 28–December 19, 1793) to the Battle of Waterloo (June 18, 1815), Napoleon shaped......
Nashville, Battle of
Battle of Nashville, (December 15–16, 1864), American Civil War engagement in which Confederate Lieut. Gen. John......
Nast, Thomas
Thomas Nast was an American cartoonist, best known for his attack on the political machine of William M. Tweed......
National Convention
National Convention, assembly that governed France from September 20, 1792, until October 26, 1795, during the......
Nebraska
Nebraska, constituent state of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 37th state on......
Nelson, Horatio
Horatio Nelson was a British naval commander in the wars with Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, who won crucial......
Nesselrode, Karl Vasilyevich, Count
Karl Vasilyevich, Count Nesselrode was the foreign minister of imperial Russia (1822–56) whose policy toward the......
NeuchĂątel crisis
Neuchñtel crisis, (1856–57), tense episode of Swiss history that had repercussions among the Great Powers of Europe.......
Nevins, Allan
Allan Nevins was an American historian, author, and educator, known especially for his eight-volume history of......
New Orleans, Battle of
Battle of New Orleans, (April 24–25, 1862), naval action by Union forces seeking to capture the city during the......
New Orleans, Battle of
Battle of New Orleans, (January 8, 1815), U.S. victory against Great Britain in the War of 1812 and the final major......
Nicholas I
Nicholas I was a Russian emperor (1825–55), often considered the personification of classic autocracy. For his......
Nicholas II
Nicholas II was the last Russian emperor (1894–1917), who, with his wife, Alexandra, and their children, was killed......
Niel, Adolphe
Adolphe Niel was a French army officer and marshal who, as minister of war, made an unsuccessful attempt to reorganize......
Nightingale, Florence
Florence Nightingale was a British nurse, statistician, and social reformer who was the foundational philosopher......
Nile, Battle of the
Battle of the Nile, battle that was one of the greatest victories of the British admiral Horatio Nelson. It was......
Noailles, Louis-Marie, vicomte de
Louis-Marie, viscount de Noailles was the second son of the marshal of Mouchy and one of the most distinguished......
North America
North America, third largest of the world’s continents, lying for the most part between the Arctic Circle and the......
North Dakota
North Dakota, constituent state of the United States of America. North Dakota was admitted to the union as the......
North German Confederation
North German Confederation, union of the German states north of the Main River formed in 1867 under Prussian hegemony......
North, Frederick North, Lord
Frederick North, Lord North was the prime minister from 1770 to 1782, whose vacillating leadership contributed......
North, the
the North, region, northern United States, historically identified as the free states that opposed slavery and......
Northern War, Second
Second Northern War, (1700–21), military conflict in which Russia, Denmark-Norway, and Saxony-Poland challenged......
Obregón, Álvaro
Álvaro Obregón was a soldier, statesman, and reformer who, as president, restored order to Mexico after a decade......
October Revolution
October Revolution, (Oct. 24–25 [Nov. 6–7, New Style], 1917), the second and last major phase of the Russian Revolution......
Odell, Jonathan
Jonathan Odell was a Canadian writer whose works are among the few extant expressions of American Tory sentiment......
Okakura Kakuzƍ
Okakura Kakuzƍ was an art critic who had a great influence upon modern Japanese art. Okakura graduated (1880) from......
Oklahoma
Oklahoma, constituent state of the United States of America. It borders Colorado and Kansas to the north, Missouri......
OlmĂŒtz, Punctation of
Punctation of OlmĂŒtz, (Nov. 29, 1850), agreement signed at OlmĂŒtz (Olomouc, Moravia, in modern Czech Republic)......
Orange Free State
Orange Free State, historical Boer state in Southern Africa that became a province of the Union of South Africa......
Oranges, War of the
War of the Oranges, (1801), brief conflict in which France and Spain fought against Portugal. The war was brought......
Oriskany, Battle of
Battle of Oriskany, (August 6, 1777), in the American Revolution, battle between British troops and American defenders......
OrlĂ©ans, Louis-Philippe-Joseph, duc d’
Louis-Philippe-Joseph, duc d’OrlĂ©ans was a Bourbon prince who became a supporter of popular democracy during the......
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire, empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia (Asia Minor) that grew to be one of the most powerful......
Oudinot, Nicolas-Charles, duc de Reggio
Nicolas-Charles Oudinot, duc de Reggio was a general, administrator, and marshal of France in the Napoleonic Wars.......
Paine, Thomas
Thomas Paine was an English-American writer and political pamphleteer whose Common Sense pamphlet and Crisis papers......
Palo Alto, Battle of
Battle of Palo Alto, (May 8, 1846), first clash in the Mexican-American War, fought in the disputed territory between......
Pancho Villa House
Pancho Villa House, mansion of 50 rooms in Chihuahua, Mexico, where revolutionary leader Pancho Villa lived with......
Paris, Peace of
Peace of Paris, (1783), collection of treaties concluding the American Revolution and signed by representatives......
Paris, Siege of
Siege of Paris, major military engagement of the Franco-German (Prussian) War (1870–71), lasting from September......
Paris, Treaties of
Treaties of Paris, (1814–15), two treaties signed at Paris respectively in 1814 and 1815 that ended the Napoleonic......
Paris, Treaty of
Treaty of Paris, (1856), treaty signed on March 30, 1856, in Paris that ended the Crimean War. The treaty was signed......
Paris, Treaty of
Treaty of Paris, (1898), treaty concluding the Spanish-American War. It was signed by representatives of Spain......
Paris, Treaty of
Treaty of Paris, (1763), treaty concluding the Franco-British conflicts of the Seven Years’ War (called the French......
Paris, Treaty of
Treaty of Paris, (1783), treaty between Great Britain and the United States concluding the American Revolution.......
Parkman, Francis
Francis Parkman was an American historian noted for his classic seven-volume history of France and England in North......
Patriotic Gore
Patriotic Gore, collection of essays by Edmund Wilson, published in 1962. Subtitled Studies in the Literature of......
Pea Ridge, Battle of
Battle of Pea Ridge, (March 7–8, 1862), bitterly fought American Civil War clash in Arkansas, during which 11,000......
peasant
peasant, any member of a class of persons who till the soil as small landowners or as agricultural labourers. The......
Pemberton, John Clifford
John Clifford Pemberton was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, remembered for his tenacious but......
Peninsular Campaign
Peninsular Campaign, (April 4–July 1, 1862), in the American Civil War, large-scale but unsuccessful Union effort......
Peninsular War
Peninsular War, (1808–14), that part of the Napoleonic Wars fought in the Iberian Peninsula, where the French were......
Perryville, Battle of
Battle of Perryville, (October 8, 1862), in the American Civil War, engagement of Union and Confederate troops......
Petersburg Campaign
Petersburg Campaign, (1864–65), series of military operations in southern Virginia during the final months of the......
Philippine-American War
Philippine-American War, war between the United States and Filipino revolutionaries from 1899 to 1902, an insurrection......
Philippines
Philippines, island country of Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. It is an archipelago consisting of......
philosophe
philosophe, any of the literary men, scientists, and thinkers of 18th-century France who were united, in spite......
Pichegru, Charles
Charles Pichegru was a general of the French Revolutionary Wars who played a leading role in the conquest of the......
Pickering, Timothy
Timothy Pickering was an American Revolutionary officer and Federalist politician who served (1795–1800) with distinction......
Pickett, George Edward
George Edward Pickett was a Confederate army officer during the American Civil War, known for Pickett’s Charge......
Pig War
Pig War, tariff conflict from March 1906 to June 1909 between Serbia and Austria-Hungary, so named because during......
Pike, Albert
Albert Pike was a lawyer, political writer, Masonic lodge leader, and Confederate general who played a central......
Pinchback, Pinckney Benton Stewart
Pinckney Benton Stewart Pinchback was a Black man who was born free and served as a Union officer in the American......
Pinckney, Charles
Charles Pinckney was an American Founding Father, political leader, and diplomat whose proposals for a new government—called......
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney was an American soldier, statesman, and diplomat who participated in the XYZ Affair,......
Pinckney, Thomas
Thomas Pinckney was an American soldier, politician, and diplomat who negotiated Pinckney’s Treaty (Oct. 27, 1795)......
Pitcher, Molly
Molly Pitcher was a heroine of the Battle of Monmouth during the American Revolution. According to legend, at the......
Pitt, William, The Younger
William Pitt, the Younger was a British prime minister (1783–1801, 1804–06) during the French Revolutionary and......
Plain, the
the Plain, in the French Revolution, the centrist deputies in the National Convention (1792–95). They formed the......
Plattsburgh, Battle of
Battle of Plattsburgh, battle during the War of 1812, fought on September 6–11, 1814, by land and naval forces......
Poland
Poland, country of central Europe. Poland is located at a geographic crossroads that links the forested lands of......
Poland, Partitions of
Partitions of Poland, (1772, 1793, 1795), three territorial divisions of Poland, perpetrated by Russia, Prussia,......
Polanyi, Karl
Karl Polanyi was an economic anthropologist and former Hungarian political leader. In college in Budapest Polanyi......
Polish Corridor
Polish Corridor, strip of land, 20 to 70 miles (32 to 112 km) wide, that gave the newly reconstituted state of......
Politburo
Politburo, in Russian and Soviet history, the supreme policy-making body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.......
Polk, James K.
James K. Polk was the 11th president of the United States (1845–49). Under his leadership, the United States fought......
Polk, Leonidas
Leonidas Polk was a U.S. bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church, founder of the University of the South, and......
Pomerania
Pomerania, historic region of northeastern Europe lying along the Baltic coastal plain between the Oder and the......
Poniatowski, JĂłzef Antoni
JĂłzef Antoni Poniatowski was a Polish patriot and military hero, who became a marshal of France. Initially an officer......
Pope, John
John Pope was a Union general in the American Civil War who was relieved of command following the Confederate triumph......
Porfiriato
Porfiriato, the period of Porfirio Díaz’s presidency of Mexico (1876–80; 1884–1911), an era of dictatorial rule......
Porter, David
David Porter was a U.S. naval officer who commanded the frigate Essex on its two-year expedition against British......
Porter, David Dixon
David Dixon Porter was a U.S. naval officer who held important Union commands in the American Civil War (1861–65).......
Porter, Eliza Emily Chappell
Eliza Emily Chappell Porter was an American educator and welfare worker, remembered especially for the numerous......

Age of Revolutions Encyclopedia Articles By Title

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