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Age of Revolutions, FLO-GRE

The age of revolutions was an era of upheaval, when empires shook, monarchies fell, and new ideas about liberty, citizenship, and political power changed the course of history.
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Age of Revolutions Encyclopedia Articles By Title

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Floyd, John Buchanan
John Buchanan Floyd was an American politician who served as governor of Virginia, secretary of war, and Confederate......
Foote, Andrew
Andrew Foote was an American naval officer especially noted for his service during the American Civil War. The......
Foote, Shelby
Shelby Foote was an American historian, novelist, and short-story writer known for his works treating the United......
Forrest, Nathan Bedford
Nathan Bedford Forrest was a Confederate cavalry commander in the American Civil War (1861–65) who was often described......
Fort Donelson, Battle of
Battle of Fort Donelson, American Civil War battle (February 1862) that collapsed Southern defenses in the Mid-South......
Fort Henry, Battle of
Battle of Fort Henry, American Civil War battle along the Tennessee River that helped the Union regain western......
Fort Necessity, Battle of
Battle of Fort Necessity, one of the earliest skirmishes of the French and Indian War, the North American theater......
Fort Pillow Massacre
Fort Pillow Massacre, Confederate slaughter of African American Federal troops stationed at Fort Pillow, Tennessee,......
Fort Stanwix National Monument
Fort Stanwix National Monument, historic site in Rome, west-central New York, U.S. The monument (established 1935)......
Fort Sumter National Monument
Fort Sumter National Monument, historic site preserving Fort Sumter, location of the first engagement of the American......
Fort Sumter, Battle of
Battle of Fort Sumter, (April 12–14, 1861), the opening engagement of the American Civil War, at the entrance to......
Fort Ticonderoga, Siege of
Siege of Fort Ticonderoga, engagement in the American Revolution fought July 2–6, 1777, resulting in a British......
Fort Wagner, Second Battle of
Second Battle of Fort Wagner, unsuccessful Union assault on July 18, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861–65)......
FouchĂ©, Joseph, duc d’Otrante
Joseph FouchĂ©, duc d’Otrante was a French statesman and organizer of the police, whose efficiency and opportunism......
Founding Fathers
Founding Fathers, the most prominent statesmen of America’s Revolutionary generation, responsible for the successful......
Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine-Quentin
Antoine-Quentin Fouquier-Tinville was a French Revolutionary lawyer who was public prosecutor of the Revolutionary......
Foy, Maximilien
Maximilien Foy was a French military leader, writer, and statesman who rose through the ranks of the imperial army......
France
France, country of northwestern Europe. Historically and culturally among the most important nations in the Western......
Francis II
Francis II was the last Holy Roman emperor (1792–1806) and, as Francis I, emperor of Austria (1804–35); he was......
Franco-American Alliance
Franco-American Alliance, (Feb. 6, 1778), agreement by France to furnish critically needed military aid and loans......
Franco-German War
Franco-German War, (July 19, 1870–May 10, 1871), war in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated......
Frankfurt National Assembly
Frankfurt National Assembly, German national parliament (May 1848–June 1849) that tried and failed to create a......
Franklin, Benjamin
Benjamin Franklin was an American printer and publisher, author, inventor and scientist, and diplomat. One of the......
Franklin, John Hope
John Hope Franklin was an American historian and educator noted for his scholarly reappraisal of the American Civil......
Franklin, Sir John
Sir John Franklin was an English rear admiral and explorer who led an ill-fated expedition (1845) in search of......
Franklin, William Buel
William Buel Franklin was a Union general during the American Civil War (1861–65) who was particularly active in......
Franz Ferdinand, archduke of Austria-Este
Franz Ferdinand, archduke of Austria-Este was the archduke of Austria-Este. His assassination in 1914 was the immediate......
Franz Joseph
Franz Joseph was the emperor of Austria (1848–1916) and king of Hungary (1867–1916), who divided his empire into......
Frederick Augustus I
Frederick Augustus I was the first king of Saxony and duke of Warsaw, who became one of Napoleon’s most loyal allies......
Frederick Charles, Prince Of Prussia
Frederick Charles, prince of Prussia was a prince of Prussia and a Prussian field marshal, victor in the Battle......
Frederick I
Frederick I was the elector of Brandenburg (as Frederick III), who became the first king in Prussia (1701–13),......
Frederick II
Frederick II was the king of Prussia (1740–86), a brilliant military campaigner who, in a series of diplomatic......
Frederick III
Frederick III was the king of Prussia and German emperor for 99 days in 1888, during which time he was a voiceless......
Frederick William I
Frederick William I was the second Prussian king, who transformed his country from a second-rate power into the......
Frederick William II
Frederick William II was the king of Prussia from August 17, 1786, under whom, despite his lack of exceptional......
Frederick William III
Frederick William III was the king of Prussia from 1797, the son of Frederick William II. Neglected by his father,......
Frederick William IV
Frederick William IV was the king of Prussia from 1840 until 1861, whose conservative policies helped spark the......
Fredericksburg, Battle of
Battle of Fredericksburg, (December 11–15, 1862), bloody engagement of the American Civil War fought at Fredericksburg,......
French and Indian War
French and Indian War, American phase of a worldwide nine years’ war (1754–63) fought between France and Great......
French republican calendar
French republican calendar, dating system that was adopted in 1793 during the French Revolution and which was intended......
French Revolution
French Revolution, revolutionary movement that shook France between 1787 and 1799. It reached its first climax......
French Revolution, The
The French Revolution, three-volume narrative history by Scottish essayist and historian Thomas Carlyle, first......
French Revolutionary wars
French Revolutionary wars, title given to the hostilities between France and one or more European powers between......
French, John, 1st earl of Ypres
John French, 1st earl of Ypres was a field marshal who commanded the British army on the Western Front between......
Friedland, Battle of
Battle of Friedland, (June 14, 1807), engagement of the Napoleonic Wars fought at Friedland (now Pravdinsk, Russia),......
Frietschie, Barbara Hauer
Barbara Hauer Frietschie was an American patriot whose purported act of defiant loyalty to the North during the......
Fructidor, Coup of 18
Coup of 18 Fructidor, (Sept. 4, 1797), the purge of conservatives from the Corps LĂ©gislatif and other posts during......
Frémont, John C.
John C. Frémont was an American military officer and an early explorer and mapmaker of the American West, who was......
Fréron, Louis
Louis FrĂ©ron was a journalist of the French Revolution and leader of the jeunesse dorĂ©e (“gilded youth”) who terrorized......
Fujita Tƍko
Fujita Tƍko was one of the Japanese scholars who inspired the movement that in 1868 overthrew the feudal Tokugawa......
Fukuzawa Yukichi
Fukuzawa Yukichi was a Japanese author, educator, and publisher who was probably the most influential man outside......
Gadsden flag
Gadsden flag, historical flag used by Commodore Esek Hopkins, the United States’ first naval commander in chief,......
Gage, Thomas
Thomas Gage was a British general who successfully commanded all British forces in North America for more than......
Gagern, Friedrich, Freiherr von
Friedrich, baron von Gagern was a German soldier and administrator, and military commander of several Dutch provinces.......
Gagern, Heinrich, Freiherr von
Heinrich, baron von Gagern was the second son of Hans Christoph von Gagern, a liberal, anti-Austrian German politician......
Gagern, Maximilian Freiherr von
Maximilian, baron von Gagern was a liberal Dutch and German diplomat and politician, who played a prominent part......
Gardner, Alexander
Alexander Gardner was a photographer of the American Civil War and of the American West during the latter part......
Garfield, James A.
James A. Garfield was the 20th president of the United States (March 4–September 19, 1881). He had the second shortest......
Garrison, William Lloyd
William Lloyd Garrison was an American journalistic crusader who published a newspaper, The Liberator (1831–65),......
Gastein, Convention of
Convention of Gastein, agreement between Austria and Prussia reached on Aug. 20, 1865, after their seizure of the......
Gates, Horatio
Horatio Gates was an English-born American general in the American Revolution (1775–83) whose victory over the......
General Order No. 3
On June 19, 1865, Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger and a contingent of some 2,000 Union troops entered Galveston, Texas,......
General Security, Committee of
Committee of General Security, organ of the French Revolutionary government. It directed the political police and......
Genovese, Eugene D.
Eugene D. Genovese was an American historian. He earned a doctorate at Columbia University and taught at Rutgers,......
Gentz, Friedrich
Friedrich Gentz was a German political journalist, famous for his writings against the principles of the French......
GenĂȘt, Edmond-Charles
Edmond-Charles GenĂȘt was a French emissary to the United States during the French Revolution who severely strained......
George III
George III was the king of Great Britain and Ireland (1760–1820) and elector (1760–1814) and then king (1814–20)......
Gerlach, Leopold von
Leopold von Gerlach was the eldest of three brothers prominent in German conservatism during the first half of......
German Confederation
German Confederation, organization of 39 German states, established by the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to replace......
German Empire
German Empire, historical empire founded on January 18, 1871, in the wake of three short, successful wars by the......
German-Danish War
German-Danish War, (1864), the second of two conflicts over the settlement of the Schleswig-Holstein question,......
Germantown, Battle of
Battle of Germantown, battle in the American Revolution, fought on October 4, 1777, an abortive attack by 11,000......
Germany
Germany, country of north-central Europe, traversing the continent’s main physical divisions, from the outer ranges......
Gettysburg Address
Gettysburg Address, world-famous speech delivered by U.S. Pres. Abraham Lincoln at the dedication (November 19,......
Gettysburg, Battle of
Battle of Gettysburg, (July 1–3, 1863), major engagement in the American Civil War, fought 35 miles (56 km) southwest......
Ghent, Treaty of
Treaty of Ghent, (Dec. 24, 1814), agreement in Belgium between Great Britain and the United States to end the War......
Gibbons, Abigail Hopper
Abigail Hopper Gibbons was an American social reformer, remembered especially for her activism in the cause of......
Girard, Stephen
Stephen Girard was an American financier and philanthropist whose purchase of government bonds during the War of......
Girondin
Girondin, a label applied to a loose grouping of republican politicians, some of them originally from the département......
Gist, Christopher
Christopher Gist was an American colonial explorer and military scout who wrote highly informative journals describing......
Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolution, in English history, the events of 1688–89 that resulted in the deposition of James II and......
GnadenhĂŒtten Massacre
GnadenhĂŒtten Massacre, (March 8, 1782), murder of 96 Ohio Indians, mostly Delawares, by an American Revolutionary......
Gneisenau, August, Count Neidhardt von
August, Count Neidhardt von Gneisenau was a Prussian field marshal and reformer, one of the key figures in rebuilding......
Gneist, Rudolf von
Rudolf von Gneist was a liberal German jurist, legal reformer, legislator, and political theoretician whose teachings......
Godoy, Manuel de
Manuel de Godoy was a Spanish royal favourite and twice prime minister, whose disastrous foreign policy contributed......
Goeben, August Karl von
August Karl von Goeben was a victorious and exceptionally able Prussian general in the wars of 1864, 1866, and......
gold
gold (Au), chemical element, a dense lustrous yellow precious metal of Group 11 (Ib), Period 6, of the periodic......
gold rush
gold rush, rapid influx of fortune seekers to the site of newly discovered gold deposits. Major gold rushes occurred......
Gorchakov, Prince Mikhail Dmitriyevich
Prince Mikhail Dmitriyevich Gorchakov was a Russian military officer and statesman who played a major role in the......
Gordon, John Brown
John Brown Gordon was a Confederate military leader and post-American Civil War politician who symbolized the shift......
Gorgas, Josiah
Josiah Gorgas was an army officer who directed the production of armaments for the Confederacy during the American......
Gotƍ Shƍjirƍ
Gotƍ Shƍjirƍ was one of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration, the 1868 overthrow of feudal authority in Japan,......
Grand Army of the Republic
Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), patriotic organization of American Civil War veterans who served in the Union......
Grand Port, Battle of
Battle of Grand Port, naval battle between France and Britain on August 22–27, 1810, at Île de France (Mauritius),......
Grant, Ulysses S.
Ulysses S. Grant was a U.S. general, commander of the Union armies during the late years (1864–65) of the American......
Grasse, François-Joseph-Paul, comte de, marquis de Grasse-Tilly
François-Joseph-Paul, count de Grasse was a French naval commander who engaged British forces during the American......
Great Britain
Great Britain, island lying to the east of the island of Ireland and off the northwestern coast of Europe. It consists......
Great Fear
Great Fear, (1789) in the French Revolution, a period of panic and riot by peasants and others amid rumors of an......
Green Mountain Boys
Green Mountain Boys, patriot militia in the American Revolution. The Green Mountain Boys began in 1770 at present-day......
Greene, Nathanael
Nathanael Greene was an American army general in the American Revolution (1775–83). After managing a branch of......

Age of Revolutions Encyclopedia Articles By Title

150-BEA
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