Age of Revolutions, THI-WOM
The age of revolutions was an era of upheaval, when empires shook, monarchies fell, and new ideas about liberty, citizenship, and political power changed the course of history.
Age of Revolutions Encyclopedia Articles By Title
Thirteen Yearsâ War
Thirteen Yearsâ War, (1454â66), war between Poland and the Teutonic Knights that began as a revolt by the Prussian......
Thomas, George H
George H. Thomas was a Union general in the American Civil War (1861â65), known as âthe Rock of Chickamaugaâ after......
Ticonderoga, Battle of
Battle of Ticonderoga, engagement in the American Revolution. Held by the British since 1759, Fort Ticonderoga......
Tilsit, Treaties of
Treaties of Tilsit, (July 7 [June 25, Old Style] and July 9 [June 27], 1807), agreements that France signed with......
Timeline of the American Revolution
In 1775, 13 British colonies in North America began an eight-year insurrection that changed the course of history.......
Timeline of the Napoleonic Era
Napoleon Bonaparte rose from the ranks of the French Revolutionary army to become first consul (1799â1804) and......
Tocqueville, Alexis de
Alexis de Tocqueville was a political scientist, historian, and politician, best known for Democracy in America,......
Today in HistoryâApril 26: The Midnight Ride of Sybil Ludington
Paul Revere, but make it a 16-year-old girl. Enter Sybil Ludington. On this day in 1777, she rode some 40 miles......
Today in HistoryâApril 2: The Story of the Richmond Bread Riot
On this day in 1863 more than 100 women armed with knives, axes, and pistols marched to Richmond, Virginiaâs capitol......
Today in HistoryâFebruary 15: The Headline That Led America to War
On a pitch-black night in 1898, as the 324-foot American battleship USS Maine lay at anchor in Havana Harbor, Cuba,......
Today in HistoryâJune 27: The Day the Liberty Bell Came Home
On this day in 1778, a jubilant wagon procession made its way from Allentown, Pennsylvania, to the newly renamed......
Today in HistoryâNovember 15: General Sherman Begins His March to the Sea
Hard war. Scorched earth. Later generations would call it âshock and aweâ: On this day in 1864, Maj. Gen. William......
Today in HistoryâSeptember 14: The Writing of âThe Star-Spangled Bannerâ
It was 1814, and the U.S. and the British were still fighting the increasingly pointless War of 1812. Well-regarded......
Today in HistoryâSeptember 23: Welcome Back, Lewis and Clark!
On this day in 1806, the Lewis and Clark expedition arrived in St. Louis, Missouri, near where they had set out......
Tokugawa Nariaki
Tokugawa Nariaki was a Japanese advocate of reform measures designed to place more power in the hands of the emperor......
Tokugawa Yoshinobu
Tokugawa Yoshinobu was the last Tokugawa shogun of Japan, who helped make the Meiji Restoration (1868)âthe overthrow......
Toleration Act
Toleration Act, (May 24, 1689), act of Parliament granting freedom of worship to Nonconformists (i.e., dissenting......
Toombs, Robert A
Robert A. Toombs was an American Southern antebellum politician who turned ardently secessionist, served briefly......
Toulon, Siege of
Siege of Toulon, (August 28âDecember 19, 1793), military engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars, in which......
Toulouse, Battle of
Battle of Toulouse, the last major engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, fought on April 10, 1814, between the British......
Trafalgar, Battle of
Battle of Trafalgar, (October 21, 1805), naval engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, which established British naval......
treaty
treaty, a binding formal agreement, contract, or other written instrument that establishes obligations between......
Treitschke, Heinrich von
Heinrich von Treitschke was a German historian and political writer whose advocacy of power politics was influential......
Trent Affair
Trent Affair, (1861), incident during the American Civil War involving the doctrine of freedom of the seas, which......
Trenton and Princeton, Battles of
Battles of Trenton and Princeton, (1776â77), in the American Revolution, a series of engagements won by the Continental......
Triple Alliance
Triple Alliance, secret agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed in May 1882 and renewed periodically......
Troppau, Congress of
Congress of Troppau, (OctoberâDecember 1820), meeting of the Holy Alliance powers, held at Troppau in Silesia (modern......
Trotsky, Leon
Leon Trotsky was a communist theorist and agitator, a leader in Russiaâs October Revolution in 1917, and later......
TrumbiÄ, Ante
Ante TrumbiÄ was a Croatian nationalist from Dalmatia who played a leading role in the founding of Yugoslavia.......
Tubman, Harriet
Harriet Tubman was an American bondwoman who escaped from slavery in the South to become a leading abolitionist......
Turtle
Turtle, one-man submarine, the first to be put to military use, built and designed by the American inventor David......
Uitlander
Uitlander, (Afrikaans: âforeignerâ), any British or other non-Afrikaner immigrant in the Transvaal region in the......
Ukraine
Ukraine, country located in eastern Europe, the second largest on the continent after Russia. The capital is Kyiv,......
- Introduction
- Soils, Climate, Agriculture
- Forests, Steppes, Fauna
- Ethnicity, Religion, Language
- Russian, Ukrainian, Yiddish
- Agriculture, Industry, Trade
- Resources, Power, Economy
- Economy, Banking, Currency
- Politics, Constitution, Autonomy
- Politics, Independence, Reforms
- Health, Welfare, Reforms
- Culture, Traditions, Cuisine
- Art, Music, Theater
- Folk, Choral, Instrumental
- Cultural Institutions
- Soviet Union, Independence, Revolution
- Lithuanian, Polish, Rule
- Cossacks, Steppe, Black Sea
- Autonomous Hetman, Sloboda Ukraine
- Imperial Rule, Cossacks, Hetmanate
- Habsburg Monarchy, Western Ukraine, Galicia
- Bukovina, Carpathians, Culture
- WWI, Independence, Revolution
- Interwar, Soviet Union, Independence
- Holodomor, Famine, 1932-33
- Polish Rule, Galicia, Habsburgs
- Transcarpathia, Czechoslovakia, History
- Nazi Occupation, Soviet, Genocide
- Soviet Union, Postwar, Independence
- Shelest Rule, Soviet Union, Independence
- Soviet Rule, Independence, Revolution
- Independence, Sovereignty, Reforms
- Parliamentary Democracy
- Culture, History, Politics
- Economic Struggles, Reforms, Crisis
- Kuchma, Reforms, Independence
- Orange Revolution, Yushchenko, Presidency
- Maidan, Protest, Revolution
- Crimea, Eastern Ukraine, Conflict
- Poroshenko, Administration, Reforms
- Russian Invasion, Crimea, Conflict
Ulm, Battle of
Battle of Ulm, (Sept. 25âOct. 20, 1805), major strategic triumph of Napoleon, conducted by his Grand Army of about......
Union League
Union League, in U.S. history, any of the associations originally organized in the North to inspire loyalty to......
United Kingdom
United Kingdom, island country located off the northwestern coast of mainland Europe. The United Kingdom comprises......
- Introduction
- Highlands, Islands, Geography
- Lowlands, England, Wales
- Flora, Fauna, Ecosystems
- Christianity, Islam, Judaism
- Urbanization, Cities, Towns
- Economy, Trade, Manufacturing
- Trade, Manufacturing, Services
- Local Gov, Devolved Regions, Councils
- Health, Welfare, Care
- Universities, Colleges, Education
- Sports, Recreation, Culture
- Ancient History, Celts, Romans
- Roman Britain, Celts, Anglo-Saxons
- Roman Society, Culture, History
- Anglo-Saxon, England, History
- Heptarchy, Kingdoms, Unification
- Scandinavian Invasions, Britain, Anglo-Saxons
- Church, Monastic, Revival
- Normans, 1066-1154, Monarchy
- Monarchy, Succession, William I
- Early Plantagenets, Monarchy, Sovereignty
- John, 1199-1216, Monarchy
- Henry III, 1216-72, Monarchy
- Edward I, Magna Carta, Parliament
- Industrialization, Immigration, Devolution
- Edward III, Monarchy, Reformation
- Richard II, Monarchy, Parliament
- Lancaster, York, History
- Wars of Roses, Dynastic Conflict, Plantagenets
- 15th Century, England, Politics
- Dynastic, Threats, Wars
- Henry VIII, Tudor, Reformation
- Reformation, Henry VIII, Church of England
- Edward VI (1547â53)
- Elizabethan, Society, Monarchy
- Spanish Armada, Elizabeth I, Reformation
- Stuart Monarchy, Commonwealth, Civil War
- Monarchy, Union, Parliament
- Charles I, Civil War, Restoration
- The Long Parliament
- Commonwealth, Protectorate, Monarchy
- Monarchy, Revolution, Union
- Revolution, 1688, Glorious
- Anne, Union, Sovereignty
- 18th-century Britain, 1714â1815
- Walpole, Politics, Reforms
- Industrialization, Reforms, Monarchy
- Britain from 1754 to 1783
- William Pitt, Prime Minister, Reforms
- The Napoleonic Wars
- Early and mid-Victorian Britain
- Gladstone, Disraeli, Politics
- Cultural change
- Late Victorian Britain
- The return of the Liberals
- Industrialization, WWI, WWII
- Baldwin, Abdication, Crisis
- Post-WWII, Brexit, Monarchy
- Thatcher, Politics, Economy
- Blair, Politics, Devolution
- Conservative, Liberal, Coalition
- The âBrexitâ referendum
- Society, state, and economy
- Family, Gender, Society
- Monarchs, Royalty, History
United States
United States, country in North America, a federal republic of 50 states. Besides the 48 conterminous states that......
- Introduction
- Appalachians, Geology, Ecology
- The Western Cordillera
- Climate, Regions, Seasons
- The Dry West
- Settlement Patterns
- Automobile, Congestion, Pollution
- Urbanization, Diversity, Culture
- Regions, Culture, Geography
- Southern Culture, History, Economy
- Culture Areas, Migration, Diversity
- Diversity, Immigration, Culture
- Indigenous Tribes, Culture, History
- Economy, Diversity, Power
- Railroads, Highways, Airports
- Executive Branch, Government, Constitution
- Federalism, Local Laws, Elections
- Political parties
- Diversity, Culture, Society
- Postmodernism, Visual Arts, Culture
- Film Industry, Hollywood, Movies
- Popular music
- Colonization, Revolution, Constitution
- New England, Colonies, Puritans
- Imperial organization
- Cultural, Religious, Development
- Native Resistance, Assimilation, Sovereignty
- Constitutional Differences, Sovereignty, Federalism
- Revolution, Colonies, War
- Founding Fathers, Constitution, Democracy
- Constitution, Framers, Ratification
- Revivalism, Sects, Denominations
- Jeffersonian Republicans, Democracy, Federalism
- Expansion, Industrialization, Reforms
- Industrialization, Manufacturing, Economy
- Jacksonian Democracy, Political Reforms, Expansion
- Reform, Politics, Economy
- Abolitionism, Slavery, Emancipation
- Civil War, Secession, Reconstruction
- Popular Sovereignty, Democracy, Federalism
- Secession, Civil War, Politics
- Civil War, Battles, Union
- Reconstruction, New South, Industrialization
- Civil Rights, Legislation, Equality
- Jim Crow, Segregation, Discrimination
- Industrialization, Economy, Growth
- Haymarket Riot, Labor Unrest, Anarchism
- Garfield, Arthur, Presidents
- Sherman Antitrust, Competition, Monopoly
- Populism, Farmers, Reforms
- Expansion, Democracy, Diversity
- Reforms, Immigration, Industrialization
- Progressive Movement, Roosevelt, Reforms
- World Power, Expansion, Industrialization
- WWI, Allies, Neutrality
- Great Depression, WWII, New Deal
- Great Depression, Economic Crisis, 1930s
- New Deal, Supreme Court, Reforms
- WWII, Allies, Axis
- 1944 Election, FDR, Truman
- Red Scare, McCarthyism, Cold War
- Cold War, Economy, Politics
- Kennedy, Johnson, Cold War
- Civil Rights, Equality, Activism
- Watergate, Vietnam War, Stagflation
- Gerald Ford, Presidency, Domestic Policy
- Economic Growth, Immigration, Politics
- Democracy, Economy, Culture
- Obama, Presidency, Reforms
- Midterm Elections, 2010, Politics
- Occupy Wall St, Iraq Withdrawal, Economic Recovery
- The Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting
- Ferguson, Freddie Gray, Charleston
- Trump Presidency, Policies, America
- The travel ban
- The indictment of Paul Manafort, the guilty pleas of Michael Flynn and George Papadopoulos, and indictments of Russian intelligence officers
- Presidents, Elections, History
United States presidential election of 1860
A deeply divided nation went to the polls on November 6, 1860, to choose a new president at a time of profound......
United States presidential election of 1864
United States presidential election of 1864, American presidential election held on November 8, 1864, in which......
Vallandigham, Clement L.
Clement L. Vallandigham was a politician during the American Civil War (1861â65) whose Southern sympathies and......
Valley Forge
Valley Forge, in the American Revolution, Pennsylvania encampment grounds of the Continental Army under Gen. George......
Valley Forge National Historical Park
Valley Forge National Historical Park, national historical park, southeastern Pennsylvania, U.S. The 5.4-square-mile......
Valmy, Battle of
Although little more than a skirmish that occurred on September 20, 1792, during the French Revolutionary Wars,......
Van Lew, Elizabeth
Elizabeth Van Lew was an American Civil War agent who, through clever planning and by feigning mental affliction,......
Vandamme, Dominique-René, count of Unebourg
Dominique-René Vandamme, count of Unebourg was a French general in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars.......
Vendée, Wars of the
Wars of the VendĂ©e, (1793â96), counterrevolutionary insurrections in the west of France during the French Revolution.......
VentĂŽse Decrees
VentĂŽse Decrees, during the French Revolution, laws providing for the confiscation of the property of enemies of......
Veracruz, United States occupation of
United States occupation of Veracruz, the occupation in AprilâNovember 1914 of Veracruz, the chief port on the......
Vereeniging, Peace of
Peace of Vereeniging, (May 31, 1902), treaty that ended the South African War (q.v.), or Boer War; it was signed......
Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de
Charles Gravier, count de Vergennes was a French foreign minister who fashioned the alliance with the North American......
Vergniaud, Pierre-Victurnien
Pierre-Victurnien Vergniaud was an eloquent spokesman for the moderate Girondin faction during the French Revolution.......
Verona, Congress of
Congress of Verona, (Oct. 20âDec. 14, 1822), the last of the meetings held by the European powers in accordance......
Versailles, Treaty of
Treaty of Versailles, peace document signed at the end of World War I by the Allied and associated powers and by......
Vicksburg Campaign
Vicksburg Campaign, (1862â63), in the American Civil War, the campaign by Union forces to take the Confederate......
Victor-Perrin, Claude, Duc De Bellune
Claude Victor-Perrin, duke de Bellune was a leading French general of the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars,......
Victory
Victory, flagship of the victorious British fleet commanded by Admiral Horatio Nelson in the Battle of Trafalgar......
Vienna, Congress of
Congress of Vienna, assembly in 1814â15 that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. It began in September......
Villa, Pancho
Pancho Villa was a Mexican revolutionary and guerrilla leader who fought against the regimes of both Porfirio DĂaz......
Villeneuve, Pierre-Charles-Jean-Baptiste-Silvestre de
Pierre-Charles-Jean-Baptiste-Silvestre de Villeneuve was a French admiral who commanded the French fleet at the......
Virchow, Rudolf
Rudolf Virchow was a German pathologist and statesman, one of the most prominent physicians of the 19th century.......
Vittorio Veneto, Battle of
Battle of Vittorio Veneto, decisive Italian victory and the final offensive launched on the Italian Front during......
Vorontsov, Mikhail Semyonovich, Prince
Mikhail Semyonovich, Prince Vorontsov was a Russian military and government official who was an outstanding imperial......
Wagram, Battle of
Battle of Wagram, (July 5â6, 1809), victory for Napoleon, which forced Austria to sign an armistice and led eventually......
Walker, Mary Edwards
Mary Edwards Walker was an American physician and reformer who is thought to have been the first female surgeon......
Wallace, Lewis
Lewis Wallace was an American soldier, lawyer, diplomat, and author who is principally remembered for his historical......
war
war, in the popular sense, a conflict between political groups involving hostilities of considerable duration and......
War and Peace
War and Peace, historical novel by Russian author Leo Tolstoy, originally published as Voyna i mir in 1865â69.......
War Democrat
War Democrat, in the history of the United States, any of the Northern Democrats who supported the continued prosecution......
Warren, Mercy Otis
Mercy Otis Warren was an American poet, dramatist, and historian whose proximity to political leaders and critical......
Washington Crossing State Park
Washington Crossing State Park, two parks on the Pennsylvania and New Jersey shores of the Delaware River 8 miles......
Washington, George
George Washington was an American general and commander in chief of the colonial armies in the American Revolution......
Waterloo, Battle of
Battle of Waterloo, (June 18, 1815), Napoleonâs final defeat, ending 23 years of recurrent warfare between France......
Watie, Stand
Stand Watie was a Cherokee chief who signed the treaty forcing tribal removal of the Cherokees from Georgia and......
Waud, Alfred R.
Alfred R. Waud was a British-born American illustrator whose lively and detailed sketches of scenes from the Civil......
Wayne, Anthony
Anthony Wayne was a prominent American general during the Revolutionary War, who later destroyed the Northwest......
We Damn Your Memory! The Confederate Statue Controversy
In choosing to remove monuments honoring figures now viewed as objectionable, contemporary Americans are in a world-historical......
Weaver, James B
James B. Weaver was an American politician who leaned toward agrarian radicalism; he twice ran unsuccessfully for......
Wehlau, Treaty of
Treaty of Wehlau, (Sept. 19, 1657), agreement in which John Casimir, king of Poland from 1648 to 1668, renounced......
Welles, Gideon
Gideon Welles was the U.S. secretary of the navy under presidents Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. Born into......
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of
Arthur Wellesley, 1st duke of Wellington was an Irish-born commander of the British army during the Napoleonic......
West, the
the West, region, western U.S., mostly west of the Great Plains and including, by federal government definition,......
Western Africa
Western Africa, region of the western African continent comprising the countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon,......
- Introduction
- Muslim History, Culture, Traditions
- Early Kingdoms, Empires, Sudan
- Sudanic Kingdoms, Trade, Culture
- Exploration, Trade, Colonization
- Slave Trade, Colonization, Atlantic
- Anglo-French, Competition, Colonization
- Slave Trade, Colonization, Resistance
- Pre-European Slave Trading
- Oyo Expansion, Yoruba Kingdoms, Slave Trade
- Islamic Revolution, Western Sudan, Trade
- Jihad, Usman Dan Fodio
- Jihad, Umar Tal, 19th Century
- Abolition, Slavery, Emancipation
- British, Sierra Leone, Colonization
- British, Niger Delta, Colonization
- Empires, Colonization, Slavery
- Colonization, Trade, Empires
- Territorial Boundaries, Claims, Disputes
- Colonialism, Administration, Challenges
- Colonialism, Resistance, Legacy
- French Colonies, Sahel, Sahara
- British Territories, Colonialism, Decolonization
- Decolonization, Independence, Sovereignty
- Independence Movements
Westernization
Westernization, the adoption of the practices and culture of western Europe by societies and countries in other......
westward movement
westward movement, the populating by Europeans of the land within the continental boundaries of the mainland United......
Wet, Christiaan Rudolf de
Christiaan Rudolf de Wet was a Boer soldier and statesman, regarded by Afrikaner nationalists as one of their greatest......
Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano, Marqués De Tenerife
Valeriano Weyler y Nicolau, marquis de Tenerife was a Spanish general who, as captain general of Cuba shortly before......
Wharton, Thomas, 1st Marquess of Wharton
Thomas, 1st Marquess Wharton was an English peer who was one of the principal Whig politicians after the Glorious......
What Were Contraband Camps?
For upward of 500,000 enslaved people, the path to freedom during the American Civil War (1861â65) involved a contraband......
Wheeler, Joseph
Joseph Wheeler was a Confederate cavalry general during the American Civil War. Wheeler entered the U.S. cavalry......
White Plains, Battle of
Battle of White Plains, (Oct. 28, 1776), in the U.S. War of Independence, indecisive action forcing American withdrawal,......
Wilderness, Battle of the
Battle of the Wilderness, battle in the American Civil War fought in northern Virginia on May 5â7, 1864, the first......
Wilhelm II
Wilhelm II was the German emperor (kaiser) and king of Prussia from 1888 to the end of World War I in 1918. He......
William I
William I was a German emperor from 1871, as well as king of Prussia from 1861. He was a sovereign whose conscientiousness......
William III
William III was the stadholder of the United Provinces of the Netherlands as William III (1672â1702) and king of......
Wilsonâs Creek, Battle of
Battle of Wilsonâs Creek, (Aug. 10, 1861), in the American Civil War, successful Southern engagement fought between......
Wittenmyer, Annie Turner
Annie Turner Wittenmyer was an American relief worker and reformer who helped supply medical aid and dietary assistance......
Witwatersrand
Witwatersrand, ridge of gold-bearing rock mostly in Gauteng province, South Africa. Its name means âRidge of White......
Wolfe, James
James Wolfe was the commander of the British army at the capture of Quebec from the French in 1759, a victory that......
Wolseley, Garnet, 1st Viscount
Garnet Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley was a British field marshal who saw service in battles throughout the world......
Womenâs National Loyal League
Womenâs National Loyal League, organization formed on May 14, 1863, by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton......