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Age of Revolutions, GRE-JOU

The age of revolutions was an era of upheaval, when empires shook, monarchies fell, and new ideas about liberty, citizenship, and political power changed the course of history.
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Age of Revolutions Encyclopedia Articles By Title

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Greenhow, Rose O’Neal
Rose O’Neal Greenhow was a Confederate spy whose social position and shrewd judgment cloaked her espionage for......
Grey, Charles Grey, 1st Earl, Viscount Howick
Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey was a British general in the American Revolution who commanded in victories in several......
Grégoire, Henri
Henri Grégoire was a French prelate who was a defender of the Constitutional church, the nationalized Roman Catholic......
Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican-American War. It......
Guadet, Marguerite-Élie
Marguerite-Élie Guadet was a leader of the Girondin faction of moderate bourgeois revolutionaries during the French......
Guilford Courthouse, Battle of
Battle of Guilford Courthouse, battle in the American Revolution fought in South Carolina on March 15, 1781, a......
guillotine
guillotine, instrument for inflicting capital punishment by decapitation, introduced into France in 1792. The device......
GuzmĂĄn, MartĂ­n Luis
MartĂ­n Luis GuzmĂĄn was a novelist who was one of the finest writers of the revolutionary period in Mexico. After......
GĂĄlvez, Bernardo de
Bernardo de GĂĄlvez was a Spanish colonial administrator who was governor of Louisiana, a vast territory that included......
H.L. Hunley
H.L. Hunley, Confederate submarine that operated (1863–64) during the American Civil War and was the first submarine......
Ha Island
Ha Island, abandoned coal-mining centre some 3 miles (5 km) offshore, Nagasaki prefecture, northwestern Kyushu,......
Habsburg, House of
House of Habsburg, royal German family, one of the principal sovereign dynasties of Europe from the 15th to the......
Haitian Revolution
Haitian Revolution, series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804 between Haitian slaves, colonists, the armies of......
Haldimand, Sir Frederick
Sir Frederick Haldimand was a British general who served as governor of Quebec province from 1778 to 1786. Haldimand......
Hale, Nathan
Nathan Hale was an American Revolutionary officer who attempted to spy on the British and was hanged. He attended......
Halleck, Henry W
Henry W. Halleck was a Union officer during the American Civil War who, despite his administrative skill as general......
Hamilton, Alexander
Alexander Hamilton was a New York delegate to the Constitutional Convention (1787), major author of the Federalist......
Hampton Roads Conference
Hampton Roads Conference, (Feb. 3, 1865), informal, unsuccessful peace talks at Hampton Roads, Va., U.S., between......
Hampton, Wade
Wade Hampton was a Confederate Civil War hero who restored white rule to South Carolina following Radical Reconstruction.......
Hancock, Winfield Scott
Winfield Scott Hancock was a Union general during the American Civil War (1861–65), whose policies during Reconstruction......
Hand, Edward
Edward Hand was an American army officer during the American Revolution. Trained as a doctor in Ireland, Hand served......
Hanover, house of
house of Hanover, British royal house of German origin, descended from George Louis, elector of Hanover, who succeeded......
Hanriot, François
François Hanriot was the commander in chief of the Paris national guard during the supremacy of the Jacobin Club......
Hardee, William J
William J. Hardee was a Confederate general in the American Civil War (1861–65) who wrote a popular infantry manual......
Hardenberg, Karl August von
Karl August von Hardenberg was a Prussian statesman and administrator, who preserved the integrity of the Prussian......
Hardinge, Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount
Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge was a British soldier and statesman who was governor-general of India in......
Hardy, Sir Thomas Masterman, Baronet
Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy, Baronet was a British naval officer closely associated with Adm. Horatio (afterward......
Harpers Ferry
Harpers Ferry, town, Jefferson county, in the eastern panhandle of West Virginia, U.S. It lies at the confluence......
Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, national historical park, West Virginia, U.S., in the Blue Ridge at the......
Harpers Ferry Raid
Harpers Ferry Raid, (October 16–18, 1859), assault by an armed band of abolitionists led by John Brown on the federal......
Harrison, Benjamin
Benjamin Harrison was the 23rd president of the United States (1889–93), a moderate Republican who won an electoral......
Hart, Nancy
Nancy Hart was an American Revolutionary heroine around whom gathered numerous stories of patriotic adventure and......
Hartford Convention
Hartford Convention, (December 15, 1814–January 5, 1815), in U.S. history, a secret meeting in Hartford, Connecticut,......
Haugwitz, Christian, Count von
Christian, count von Haugwitz was a Prussian minister and diplomat, the principal author of Prussian foreign policy......
Haymerle, Heinrich, Baron von
Heinrich, baron von Haymerle was a diplomat and foreign minister of the Habsburg Empire (1879–81) who secured a......
Hecker, Friedrich
Friedrich Hecker was a German revolutionary republican politician who led radical forces that demanded that the......
Heligoland, Battle of
Battle of Heligoland, naval engagement on May 9, 1864, during the Second Schleswig War (see German-Danish War),......
Helphand, Alexander Israel
Alexander Israel Helphand was a Russian-German socialist who helped enable Lenin to reenter Russia in 1917 from......
Henry, Patrick
Patrick Henry was a brilliant orator and a major figure of the American Revolution, perhaps best known for his......
Hermann Von Salza
Hermann Von Salza was the German grand master (Hochmeister), from 1210 to 1239, of the organization of German crusaders......
Hertzberg, Ewald Friedrich, Graf von
Ewald Friedrich, count von Hertzberg was a Prussian statesman and foreign minister who aimed at the expansion of......
Hertzog, J.B.M.
J.B.M. Hertzog was a soldier and statesman who held the post of prime minister of the Union of South Africa (see......
Herwegh, Georg
Georg Herwegh was a poet whose appeal for a revolutionary spirit in Germany was strengthened by a lyric sensitivity.......
Hill, A P
A. P. Hill was a Confederate general during the U.S. Civil War who was particularly active in the fighting around......
Hobhouse, Emily
Emily Hobhouse was an English reformer and social worker whose humanitarian undertakings in South Africa caused......
Hoche, Lazare
Lazare Hoche was a general of the French Revolutionary Wars who drove the Austro-Prussian armies from Alsace in......
Hofer, Andreas
Andreas Hofer was a Tirolese patriot, military leader, and popular hero who fought Napoleonic France and Bavaria......
Hoge, Jane Currie Blaikie
Jane Currie Blaikie Hoge was an American welfare worker and fund-raiser, best remembered for her impressive organizational......
Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Friedrich Ludwig, FĂŒrst zu
Friedrich Ludwig, prince zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen was a Prussian field marshal who commanded one of the two Prussian......
Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Kraft, Prinz zu
Kraft, prince zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen was a Prussian army officer and military writer. The son of Adolf, Prinz......
Hohenlohe-SchillingsfĂŒrst, Chlodwig Karl Viktor, FĂŒrst zu
Chlodwig Karl Viktor, prince of Hohenlohe-SchillingsfĂŒrst was the imperial German chancellor and Prussian prime......
Hohenzollern dynasty
Hohenzollern dynasty, dynasty prominent in European history, chiefly as the ruling house of Brandenburg-Prussia......
Holy Alliance
Holy Alliance, a loose organization of most of the European sovereigns, formed in Paris on Sept. 26, 1815, by Alexander......
Holy Roman Empire
Holy Roman Empire, the varying complex of lands in western and central Europe ruled by the Holy Roman emperor,......
Hood, John B
John B. Hood was a Confederate officer known as a fighting general during the American Civil War, whose vigorous......
Hood, Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount
Samuel Hood, 1st Viscount Hood was a British admiral who served during the Seven Years’ War and the American and......
Hooker, Joseph
Joseph Hooker was a Union general in the American Civil War (1861–65) who successfully reorganized the Army of......
Hopkins, Esek
Esek Hopkins was the first commodore of the United States Navy in the period of the American Revolution (1775–83).......
Horthy, MiklĂłs
MiklĂłs Horthy was a Hungarian naval officer and conservative leader who defeated revolutionary forces in Hungary......
How much was the Louisiana Purchase?
The Louisiana Purchase transferred control of the Louisiana Territory—a vast land area extending from the Mississippi......
How was Ulysses S. Grant involved in the Civil War?
When American Civil War hostilities broke out in April 1861, Ulysses S. Grant quickly rose up the Union ranks,......
Howard, Oliver O.
Oliver O. Howard was a U.S. Union officer in the American Civil War (1861–65) who headed the Freedmen’s Bureau......
Howe, Richard Howe, Earl, Baron Howe of Langar
Richard Howe, Earl Howe was a British admiral who commanded the Channel fleet at the Battle of the First of June......
Howe, William
William Howe was the commander in chief of the British army in North America (1776–78) who, despite several military......
Hubertusburg, Peace of
Peace of Hubertusburg, (1763) treaty between Prussia and Austria ending the Seven Years’ War in Germany. Signed......
Huerta, Victoriano
Victoriano Huerta was the dictatorial president of Mexico (Feb. 18, 1913–July 15, 1914), whose regime united disparate......
Hull, Isaac
Isaac Hull was an American naval commodore noted for the victory of his ship the Constitution over the British......
Hull, William
William Hull was a U.S. soldier and civil governor of Michigan Territory (including present Michigan, Wisconsin,......
Humboldt, Wilhelm von
Wilhelm von Humboldt was a German language scholar, philosopher, diplomat, and educational reformer whose contribution......
Hume, Sir Patrick, 2nd Baronet
Sir Patrick Hume, 2nd Baronet was a Scottish Protestant opponent of James II, who was involved in the rebellion......
Humphreys, West Hughes
West Hughes Humphreys was a federal judge, the only U.S. government official impeached for supporting the secession......
Hundred Days
Hundred Days, in French history, period between March 20, 1815, the date on which Napoleon arrived in Paris after......
Hungary
Hungary, landlocked country of central Europe. The capital is Budapest. At the end of World War I, defeated Hungary......
Hunter, David
David Hunter was a Union officer during the American Civil War who issued an emancipation proclamation (May 9,......
HĂ©bert, Jacques
Jacques HĂ©bert was a political journalist during the French Revolution who became the chief spokesman for the Parisian......
HĂ©rault de SĂ©chelles, Marie-Jean
Marie-Jean HĂ©rault de SĂ©chelles was a nobleman and magistrate who became a member of the Committee of Public Safety......
Independence National Historical Park
Independence National Historical Park, area of downtown Philadelphia, partially owned by the city but operated......
Institutional Revolutionary Party
Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), Mexican political party that dominated the country’s political institutions......
Intolerable Acts
Intolerable Acts, (1774), in U.S. colonial history, four punitive measures enacted by the British Parliament in......
Iowa
Iowa, constituent state of the United States of America. It was admitted to the union as the 29th state on December......
Ironside, William Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron
William Edmund Ironside, 1st Baron Ironside was a British field marshal. After serving in the South African War,......
Isherwood, B F
...
Isonzo, Battles of the
Battles of the Isonzo, (1915–17), 12 battles along the Isonzo River on the eastern sector of the Italian Front......
Itagaki Taisuke, Hakushaku
Hakushaku Itagaki Taisuke was the founder of Japan’s first political party, the Liberal Party, or JiyĆ«tƍ. Born......
Italy
Italy, country of south-central Europe, occupying a peninsula that juts deep into the Mediterranean Sea. Italy......
Iwakura Tomomi
Iwakura Tomomi was one of Japan’s most influential statesmen of the 19th century. He was born to the family of......
Jackson, Stonewall
Stonewall Jackson was a Confederate general in the American Civil War, one of its most skillful tacticians, who......
Jacobin Club
Jacobin Club, the most famous political group of the French Revolution, which became identified with extreme egalitarianism......
James II
James II was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688, and the last Stuart monarch in the direct......
Japan
Japan, island country lying off the east coast of Asia. It consists of a great string of islands in a northeast-southwest......
Jefferson, Thomas
Thomas Jefferson was the draftsman of the Declaration of Independence of the United States and the nation’s first......
Jena, Battle of
Battle of Jena, (Oct. 14, 1806), military engagement of the Napoleonic Wars, fought between 122,000 French troops......
John Brown’s Body
John Brown’s Body, epic poem in eight sections about the American Civil War by Stephen Vincent BenĂ©t, published......
John Sigismund
John Sigismund was the elector of Brandenburg from 1608, who united his domain with that of Prussia. His marriage......
Johnson, Andrew
Andrew Johnson was the 17th president of the United States (1865–69), who took office upon the assassination of......
Johnston, Albert Sidney
Albert Sidney Johnston was the commander of the Confederate forces in the Western theatre during the early stages......
Johnston, Joseph E.
Joseph E. Johnston was a Confederate general who never suffered a direct defeat during the American Civil War (1861–65).......
Jomini, Henri, baron de
Henri, baron de Jomini was a French general, military critic, and historian whose systematic attempt to define......
Jones, Jacob
Jacob Jones was a U.S. naval officer who distinguished himself in the War of 1812. After trying medicine and politics,......
Joubert, Barthélemy-Catherine
Barthélemy-Catherine Joubert was a French general during the Revolutionary era. Joubert, son of an advocate, ran......

Age of Revolutions Encyclopedia Articles By Title

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