electric car: LEAF (2010) and the Renault ZOE (2012). Many of the world’s major car companies planned either to make mostly or only electric or hybrid cars or to stop developing new car models with internal-combustion engines by the 2030s.

bioceramics: Dental ceramics: …systems are zinc phosphate and zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE). Zinc phosphate is typically used for permanent cementation, whereas ZOE is used for temporary cementation. Both can serve as insulating bases to protect tissues from heat or cold passing through highly conductive amalgam restorations. Polycarboxylate cements consist of ceramic powders (zinc oxide…

Zoe, in Eastern Orthodoxy, a semimonastic Greek association patterned on Western religious orders. Founded in 1907 by Eusebius Matthopoulos, Zoe (Greek: “Life”) brought together groups of more than 100 unmarried and highly disciplined members, bound by the monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and

Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie: 15, 1948, of ZOE (zéro, oxyde d’uranium, eau lourde), the first French nuclear reactor, which, though only moderately powerful, marked the end of the Anglo-Saxon monopoly. In April 1950, however, during the climax of the cold war and anticommunism, Prime Minister Georges Bidault removed him without explanation from…

Ivan III: Early life and reign: …of his ward and pupil, Zoë Palaeologus, niece of the last emperor of Byzantium. It took three years before Zoë, who, on entering Moscow, changed her name to Sofia (and perhaps her faith to Orthodoxy), was married to Ivan in the Kremlin.

Zoe, in Eastern Orthodoxy, a semimonastic Greek association patterned on Western religious orders. Founded in 1907 by Eusebius Matthopoulos, Zoe (Greek: “Life”) brought together groups of more than 100 unmarried and highly disciplined members, bound by the monastic vows of poverty, chastity, and

crustacean: Reproduction and life cycles: …and some thoracic limbs, the zoea uses its thoracic limbs for swimming, and the postlarval stages use the abdominal appendages. Most decapods omit the nauplius stage and hatch as zoeae, which may be heavily ornamented with spines. The crab zoea eventually changes into a megalops, which resembles a small crab…

Robert B. Zoellick is an American politician who was the 11th president of the World Bank (2007–12). Zoellick grew up in Naperville, Illinois, outside Chicago. He received a B.A. (1975) in history from Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, a law degree (1979) from Harvard Law School, and a Master of

Robert B. Zoellick is an American politician who was the 11th president of the World Bank (2007–12). Zoellick grew up in Naperville, Illinois, outside Chicago. He received a B.A. (1975) in history from Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, a law degree (1979) from Harvard Law School, and a Master of

Zoetermeer, gemeente (municipality), western Netherlands. Zoetermeer is located about 10 miles (16 km) north of Rotterdam and is situated on a polder created during the 17th century. There are a number of local light industries, and many services have relocated from nearby major cities. Oil and gas

animation: Early history: …William George Horner invented the zoetrope, a rotating drum lined by a band of pictures that could be changed. The Frenchman Émile Reynaud in 1876 adapted the principle into a form that could be projected before a theatrical audience. Reynaud became not only animation’s first entrepreneur but, with his gorgeously…

Francis Ford Coppola: The 1980s: …Hollywood General Studios, he established Zoetrope Studios, determined to employ the latest filmmaking technology and distribution techniques (including his vision of satellite-enabled distribution). His dream proved to be short-lived, however, as the studio’s first film—the Coppola-written and -directed One from the Heart (1982), an ultra-stylized romantic comedy—cost some $27 million…

Bernadette Peters: Sondheim and other works: …Bobbie’s Girl in 2003, and Zoey’s Extraordinary Playlist in 2021. She also had a guest appearance in the Lin-Manuel Miranda movie tick, tick...BOOM! (2021) about composer and playwright Jonathan Larson.

John Zoffany was a German-born portrait painter who in late 18th-century England made his reputation with paintings depicting episodes from contemporary theatre and with portraits and conversation pieces (i.e., paintings of groups of people in their customary surroundings). Zoffany, after studying

John Zoffany was a German-born portrait painter who in late 18th-century England made his reputation with paintings depicting episodes from contemporary theatre and with portraits and conversation pieces (i.e., paintings of groups of people in their customary surroundings). Zoffany, after studying

Zog I was the president of Albania from 1925 to 1928 and king from 1928 to 1939. Though able to manipulate Albania’s internal affairs to his own advantage, he came to depend heavily on Benito Mussolini’s Italy and was eventually ousted by the Italian dictator on the eve of World War II. Siding with

Armin Zöggeler is an Italian luger, winner of two Olympic gold medals (2002 and 2006). He was the first competitor to capture a medal in six consecutive Winter Games. Zöggeler broke onto the luge racing scene at age 15 in 1989; his 14th-place finish in an international competition was a sure sign

Muḥammad XII was the last Naṣrid sultan of Granada, Spain. His reign (1482–92) was marked by incessant civil strife and the fall of Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella, the Roman Catholic rulers of Aragon and Castile. Instigated by his mother, a jealous wife, Boabdil rebelled against his father, the

Bulgaria: The arts of Bulgaria: …secular and realist paintings of Zahari Zograph in the first half of the century and Hristo Tsokev in the second half. At the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, Bulgarian painters such as Anton Mitov and the Czech-born Ivan Mrkvichka produced memorable works, many of…

Bulgaria: The arts of Bulgaria: …secular and realist paintings of Zahari Zograph in the first half of the century and Hristo Tsokev in the second half. At the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, Bulgarian painters such as Anton Mitov and the Czech-born Ivan Mrkvichka produced memorable works, many of…

Zog I was the president of Albania from 1925 to 1928 and king from 1928 to 1939. Though able to manipulate Albania’s internal affairs to his own advantage, he came to depend heavily on Benito Mussolini’s Italy and was eventually ousted by the Italian dictator on the eve of World War II. Siding with

Sefer ha-zohar, (Hebrew: “Book of Splendour”), 13th-century book, mostly in Aramaic, that is the classic text of esoteric Jewish mysticism, or Kabbala. Though esoteric mysticism was taught by Jews as early as the 1st century ad, the Zohar gave new life and impetus to mystical speculations through

Jacob Frank: …the founder of the antirabbinical Frankist, or Zoharist, sect.

Zoigê Marsh, large marsh lying mostly in northern Sichuan province, west-central China. It occupies about 1,000 square miles (2,600 square km) of the eastern part of the Plateau of Tibet at an elevation of 11,800 feet (3,600 metres) above sea level and extends westward across the border of Sichuan

zoisite, silicate mineral, calcium and aluminum silicate, Ca2Al3(SiO4)3OH, characteristic of regional metamorphism and of hydrothermal alteration of igneous rocks. A member of the epidote group of nesosilicates, zoisite occurs as white, green-brown, or gray crystals or masses in crystalline

Zoji, pass across the Himalayas in the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. Situated at an elevation of 11,580 feet (3,529 metres), Zoji Pass carries the main route leading from Srinagar in the Vale of Kashmir eastward to Leh, in

Zoji, pass across the Himalayas in the Indian-administered union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. Situated at an elevation of 11,580 feet (3,529 metres), Zoji Pass carries the main route leading from Srinagar in the Vale of Kashmir eastward to Leh, in

zokor, (genus Myospalax), any of seven north Asian species of subterranean rodents. Zokors are molelike animals that have chunky cylindrical bodies with short powerful limbs. Their feet are large and robust, and the long front claws are self-sharpening and very strong. The tiny eyes are very

It was not medal-winning heroics that made Zola Budd a household name at the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Rather, the 18-year-old Budd found herself in the unflattering glare of the spotlight after a collision with her idol—and rival—American Mary Decker (later Mary Decker Slaney). Earlier that

Émile Zola was a French novelist, critic, and political activist who was the most prominent French novelist of the late 19th century. He was noted for his theories of naturalism, which underlie his monumental 20-novel series Les Rougon-Macquart, and for his intervention in the Dreyfus Affair

Émile Zola was a French novelist, critic, and political activist who was the most prominent French novelist of the late 19th century. He was noted for his theories of naturalism, which underlie his monumental 20-novel series Les Rougon-Macquart, and for his intervention in the Dreyfus Affair

disability studies: …led by activist and writer Irving Zola. Michael Oliver, a disabled sociologist, helped to push the movement into academia with his book Politics of Disablement: A Sociological Approach (1990), in which he analyzed how a social issue such as disability gets cast as an individual medicalized phenomenon.

Poland: Sigismund III Vasa: …Klushino in 1610 by Hetman Stanisław Zółkiewski resulted in a Polish occupation of Moscow and the election by Moscow’s boyars of Sigismund’s son Władysław as tsar. Sigismund’s veto wasted this opportunity and instead left a residue of Russian hatred of Poland.

Alojzy Fortunat Żółkowski was an actor, writer, translator, and head of a Polish theatrical family. Żółkowski was born into a noble family and served in the army during the revolt of 1794. He made his acting debut in Warsaw in 1798, toured the country for four years, and then joined the National

Alojzy Fortunat Żółkowski: …most notable being his son Alojzy Gonzaga Żółkowski (1814–89), a highly respected actor and opera singer who spent most of his career at the State Theatres of Warsaw; his rich baritone voice and brilliant acting technique made him a success in such varied roles as Dulcamara in Gaetano Donizetti’s L’elisir…

Basel Zoological Garden, privately owned zoological garden in Basel, Switzerland, noted for its outstanding work in the breeding of the Indian rhinoceros and the pygmy hippopotamus. The zoo was founded in 1874 for the purpose of exhibiting local wildlife. (It opened with about 100 mammals and

Albin Zollinger was a poet and novelist, the leading figure in the revival of Swiss poetry between World Wars I and II. Zollinger was a primary school teacher who lived in or near Zürich all his life except for four years (1903–07) in Argentina. Three-quarters of his work was written in the last 10

peptic ulcer: …peptic ulcers results from the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, an uncommon disease associated with a tumour of the duodenum or pancreas that causes an increase in gastric acid secretion. Cigarette smoking has been found to have an adverse effect on peptic ulcers, slowing healing and promoting recurrence. Complications of ulcers include bleeding,…

illusion: Visual perceptual illusions: In the Zöllner illusion, the cross-hatching disturbs the perception of parallel lines. A figure seen touching converging lines, as in the Ponzo illusion, seems larger than another figure of the same size placed between the lines where they are farther apart. In a related experience, linear perspective…

international trade: The Zollverein: …with a “customs parliament” (Zollparlament) composed of deputies directly elected by popular vote, and, like the council, taking decisions by a majority vote. This arrangement transformed what had been a confederation into a federal state.

Zollverein, German customs union established in 1834 under Prussian leadership. It created a free-trade area throughout much of Germany and is often seen as an important step in German reunification. The movement to create a free-trade zone in Germany received great impetus from economists such as

Adolf Rudnicki: His novel Żołnierze (1933; “Soldiers”) is a sombre, naturalistic picture of life in an army barracks. Niekochana (1937; “Unloved”) and the novella Lato (1938; “Summer”) encouraged critics to classify him as a psychological novelist.

stagecraft: Costume of the 20th century and beyond: Natalya Goncharova’s design for Le Coq d’or in 1914 was unprecedented in its use of vivid colours, chiefly shades of red, yellow, and orange, with other colours for discordant emphasis. The forms of the costumes and their decorations were based on traditional Russian folk dress, though that dress was…

Ryabushinsky Family: Ryabushinsky, subsidized and edited Zolotoye Runo (“Golden Fleece”), a seminal avant-garde arts journal published 1906–09.

zolpidem, sedative-hypnotic drug used in the treatment of insomnia. Zolpidem decreases the excitability of neurons in the central nervous system, which has a calming effect on the brain that helps patients fall asleep and remain asleep through the night. Zolpidem was first synthesized in the early

Zomba, city, southern Malawi. It lies on the lower slopes of Zomba Mountain in the Shire Highlands, 37 miles (60 km) northeast of Blantyre. It is in an area traditionally inhabited by the Manganja and, since the 1860s, the Yao peoples. Established in 1885 as a planters’ settlement, from 1891 Zomba

Zomba Massif, isolated mass of syenite (igneous rock composed chiefly of feldspar) rising from the Shire Highlands, southern Malawi. It occupies an area of about 50 square miles (130 square km) and reaches an elevation of 6,846 feet (2,087 metres) in Zomba Peak. Sheer scarps to the east and south

Zomba Massif: …Domasi River into two sections—the Zomba Plateau (south) and Malosa Mountain (north). The tabular surface at 6,000 feet (1,830 metres) is under softwood afforestation as well as development as a mountain resort. With its residential cottages, hotel accommodations, network of walking trails, and opportunities for trout fishing, hiking, and other…

zombi, in Vodou, a dead person who is revived after burial and compelled to do the bidding of the reviver, including criminal acts and heavy manual labour. Scholars believe that actual zombis are living persons under the influence of powerful drugs, including burundanga (a plant substance

zombi, in Vodou, a dead person who is revived after burial and compelled to do the bidding of the reviver, including criminal acts and heavy manual labour. Scholars believe that actual zombis are living persons under the influence of powerful drugs, including burundanga (a plant substance

zombie, undead creature frequently featured in works of horror fiction and film. While its roots may possibly be traced back to the zombi of the Haitian Vodou religion, the modern fictional zombie was largely developed by the works of American filmmaker George A. Romero. Although the word zombie

zombie computer, computer or personal computer (PC) connected to the Internet and taken over by a computer worm, virus, or other “malware.” Groups of such machines, called botnets (from a combination of robot and network), often carry out criminal actions without their owners’ detecting any unusual

Rob Zombie is an American heavy metal musician and filmmaker whose work is known for its motifs of horror and science fiction. Zombie earned fame initially through his role as frontman of the heavy metal band White Zombie in the 1980s and ’90s, and he later gained prominence through his solo career

zombie-ant fungus, (Ophiocordyceps unilateralis), species of parasitic fungus that infects ants and dramatically alters their behavior before killing them. The fungus is largely pantropical and primarily infects carpenter ants (genus Camponotus). Its taxonomy is contentious, with some research

Jesse Eisenberg: Acting career: (opposite Kristen Stewart) and Zombieland, a popular horror comedy costarring Woody Harrelson and Emma Stone.

Jesse Eisenberg: Acting career: …his role as Columbus in Zombieland: Double Tap and appeared in The Art of Self-Defense, a dark comedy about a meek accountant who begins taking karate lessons from a hypermasculine sensei. He later starred with Claire Danes in the acclaimed miniseries Fleishman Is in Trouble (2022). It was based on…

British Invasion: Albans (the Zombies), with more inventive artists arriving to keep the styles moving forward, including the Small Faces, the Move, the Creation, the Troggs, Donovan, the Walker Brothers, and John’s Children.

Poland: Police: …the Citizens’ Militia—of which the Motorized Detachments of the Citizens’ Militia (ZOMO) acted as a mobile paramilitary riot squad—and the Security Service (SB), a secret political police force. In the early 1980s ZOMO played a key role in enforcing martial law and controlling demonstrations. The paramilitary nature of the Policja…

herpes zoster, acute viral infection affecting the skin and nerves, characterized by groups of small blisters appearing along certain nerve segments. The lesions are most often seen on the back or side and may be preceded by a dull ache in the affected site. Herpes zoster is caused by reactivation

Chile: Relief: …33° S); the central region, Zona Central (33° to 38° S); the south-central region, La Frontera and the Lake District (38° to 42° S); and the extreme southern region, Sur (42° S to Cape Horn).

Rosario Ferré: …critics produced an irreverent journal, Zona de carga y descarga (“Loading and Unloading Zone”), that became quite popular. It published texts by writers from other countries, such as the iconoclastic Cuban Severo Sarduy. Ferré also published criticism on Felisberto Hernández and Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, among others.

hormone: Adrenocorticotropic hormone: …called the zona reticularis and zona fasciculata, in which important steroid hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids, such as cortisol and corticosterone) are formed; ACTH does not affect the synthesis of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone, which takes place chiefly in the outer cortical region (zona glomerulosa). Evidence strongly suggests that the action of…

adrenal gland: Adrenal cortex: …outside in, they are the zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, and zona reticularis.

ovary: Follicular development: …a layer known as the zona granulosa, and a cavity forms within this zone. The stromal and interstitial cells that surround the follicle arrange themselves concentrically to form a theca (an enclosing sheath) around the zona granulosa. One or sometimes more of the follicles are selected for further growth and…

Panama: Trade: The Colón Free Zone, established in the mid-20th century at the northern end of the canal, has become increasingly important as a manufacturing, warehousing, and reexport centre similar to the maquiladora districts of other Central American countries and Mexico. The Free Zone’s several hundred factories produce…

animal development: Preparatory events: …is surrounded by the so-called pellucid zone, which is equivalent to the vitelline membrane of other animals; follicle cells form an area called the corona radiata around this zone.

hormone: Adrenocorticotropic hormone: …limited to areas called the zona reticularis and zona fasciculata, in which important steroid hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids, such as cortisol and corticosterone) are formed; ACTH does not affect the synthesis of the mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone, which takes place chiefly in the outer cortical region (zona glomerulosa). Evidence strongly suggests

grass finch: The painted finch (Emblema, formerly Zonaeginthus, pictus) is red and brown, with white-spotted black underparts.

construction: Electrical systems: The zonal cavity method, which takes into account the lamps, fixtures, shape of room, and colors of room surfaces, is one example. The usual measure of light intensity is in footcandles on a horizontal surface, such as the floor of a room or a desk. The…

trade wind, persistent wind that blows westward and toward the Equator from the subtropical high-pressure belts toward the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). It is stronger and more consistent over the oceans than over land and often produces partly cloudy sky conditions, characterized by

Saturn: Dynamics: …circulation that is dominated by zonal (east-west) flow. This manifests itself as a pattern of lighter and darker cloud bands similar to Jupiter’s, although Saturn’s bands are more subtly coloured and are wider near the equator. The features in the cloud tops have such low contrast that they are best…

geranium: Zonal, house, or bedding geraniums (P. × hortorum, a complex hybrid largely derived from P. inguinans and P. zonale) are the familiar forms in garden culture and in pots indoors. Ivy, or hanging, geraniums (P. peltatum) are grown as basket plants indoors and out; they are also used…

igneous rock: Zonal structures: These are arrangements of rock units with contrasting composition, or texture, in an igneous body, commonly in a broadly concentric pattern. Chilled margins, the fine-grained or glassy edges along the borders of many extrusive and shallow-seated intrusive bodies, represent quenching of magma along…

Joannes Zonaras was a Byzantine historian whose world history, Historical Epitome, extending from the creation to 1118, provides valuable information on the 11th century. After holding high office in Constantinople under Alexius I Comnenus, Zonaras became a monk and retired to a remote island. In

plant: Succession and zonation: It is known from studies of plant residues and pollen preserved in the highly acidic sediments of bogs and from observations of contemporary glaciers that the vegetation southward from the glacial front in the Northern Hemisphere was banded in much the same way the…

Vittorio Zonca was an Italian mechanical engineer. His New Theater of Machines and Buildings (1607) showed designs for numerous practical machines and mechanisms, including a water mill running silk-spinners, a water-powered grain mill operated on a boat moored in a river, and a barbecue spit

Zond, any of a series of eight unmanned Soviet lunar and interplanetary probes. Zond 1 (launched April 2, 1964) and Zond 2 (launched Nov. 30, 1964) were aimed at Venus and Mars, respectively, but failed to send back data on the planets. Zond 3 (launched July 18, 1965) transmitted close-up

zonda, winter foehn (that is, a warm dry wind blowing down the side of a mountain) in Argentina, where it blows from the west across the Andes Mountains. The name zonda in Argentina also refers to a hot humid wind that blows from the north over the plains and precedes a low-pressure

biozone, stratigraphic unit consisting of all the strata containing a particular fossil and, hence, deposited during its existence. The extent of the unit in a particular place, on the local stratigraphic range of the fossil plant or animal involved, is called a teilzone. The geological time units

basketball: U.S. high school and college basketball: …strictly a man-to-man defense, the zone defense, developed by Cam Henderson of Marshall University in West Virginia, later became an integral part of the game.

mass transit: Revenues: Distance-based fares, proportional to the length of the trip, are a better reflection of the cost of service, and travelers tend to accept the idea that they should pay more for longer trips. The disadvantage of distance-based fares is that the operator must distinguish travelers…

ZIP Code, system of zone coding (postal coding) introduced by the U.S. Post Office Department (now the U.S. Postal Service) in 1963 to facilitate the sorting and delivery of mail. After an extensive publicity campaign, the department finally succeeded in eliciting from the public a widespread

Charles Wright: Critics described Zone Journals (1988) as Wright’s homage to Pound. The collection reflects Pound’s use of images, rhythm, and literary allusions. “A Journal of the Year of the Ox,” the longest and most ambitious of the collection’s poems, attempts to connect a host of images and themes,…

zone melting, any of a group of techniques used to purify an element or a compound or control its composition by melting a short region (i.e., zone) and causing this liquid zone to travel slowly through a relatively long ingot, or charge, of the solid. As the zone travels, it redistributes

vadose zone, region of aeration above the water table. This zone also includes the capillary fringe above the water table, the height of which will vary according to the grain size of the sediments. In coarse-grained mediums the fringe may be flat at the top and thin, whereas in finer grained

soil: Soil horizons: …is given the separate designation E horizon, or zone of eluviation (from Latin ex, “out,” and lavere, “to wash”). The development of E horizons is favoured by high rainfall and sandy parent material, two factors that help to ensure extensive water percolation. The solid particles lost through leaching are deposited…

soil: Soil horizons: Below A lies the B horizon. In mature soils this layer is characterized by an accumulation of clay (small particles less than 0.002 mm [0.00008 inch] in diameter) that has either been deposited out of percolating waters or precipitated by chemical processes involving dissolved products of weathering. Clay endows…

Martin Amis: The Zone of Interest (2014) revisits the Holocaust themes explored in Time’s Arrow. Told from the perspectives of two Nazis and a Jew, the novel examines the horrors of Auschwitz by chronicling the quotidian romantic entanglements of the former two alongside the grim duties imposed…

Colson Whitehead: In Zone One (2011) he described a postapocalyptic America in which people try to survive after a virus has turned some humans into zombies.

zone melting: Zone refining is the most important of the zone-melting techniques. In zone refining, a solid is refined by passing a number of molten zones through it in one direction. Each zone carries a fraction of the impurities to the end of the solid charge, thereby…

Ansel Adams: Maturity: …system he called the “zone system,” which rationalized the relationship among exposure, development, and resulting densities in the photographic negative. The purpose of the system was ultimately not technical but rather expressive: it was a tool to aid in visualizing a finished photograph before the exposure was made. The…

aggressive mimicry: …is exemplified by the American zone-tailed hawk, whose resemblance to certain nonaggressive vultures enables it to launch surprise attacks against small animals. In other examples, the aggressor may even mimic the prey of its intended prey. Anglerfish, for example, possess a small, mobile, wormlike organ that can be waved on…

Chinese painting: Three Kingdoms (220–280) and Six Dynasties (220–589): …on the topic), attributed to Zong Bing. Zong suggests that if well-painted—that is, if both visually accurate and aesthetically compelling—a landscape painting can truly substitute for real nature, for, even though miniaturized, it can attract vital energy (qi) from the spirit-filled void (dao) just as its real, material counterpart does.…

Zong massacre, massacre of more than 130 enslaved Africans by the crew of the British slave ship Zong on and in the days following November 29, 1781. A combination of faulty casks and poor navigation had reportedly left the vessel with less fresh water than those aboard would need to complete the

China: Later innovations: …known as supreme commanders (zongdu), whose principal function was to coordinate military affairs in extended, multi-province areas. As the dynasty grew older, as the population expanded, and as administration became increasingly complex, coordinators proliferated even at sub-provincial levels in the form of circuit intendants (daotai), who were delegated from…

Wenxiang: …first principal director of the Zongli Yamen, which acted as the Chinese foreign office. In this position, until his death, he became popular with foreign diplomats for his straightforwardness. It was partly through his efforts that a détente was reached with the Western powers that lasted almost 20 years (1860–78).

Blaise Compaoré: Henri Zongo—helped organize the coup and the resulting regime, and all held positions of leadership in the country. Compaoré served as minister of state at the presidency (1983–87), essentially making him second in command in the regime, and also as minister of state for justice…

Blaise Compaoré: …suspicious death in 1998 of Norbert Zongo, a prominent journalist known for speaking out against Compaoré’s administration, generated periodic episodes of unrest that continued into the 2000s. Unpopular political and economic developments also led to protests, including those in 2006, 2008, and the unprecedented level of unrest of 2011.

Zonguldak, city, capital of Zonguldak il (province), northwestern Turkey, on the Black Sea coast. The well-equipped port is the main outlet for coal extracted from the basin between Zonguldak and Ereğli. The city’s development and rapid rise in population were associated with the growth of this