crowdfunding: How crowdfunding works: crowdfunding, including Kickstarter, Indiegogo, GoFundMe, and Crowdfunder. These services generate revenue by taking a percentage of the total amount of funds collected as well as by charging a fee per pledge and credit card transaction. These fees and charges vary, but often the total cost of a crowdfunding…

Perhimpunan Indonesia, an Indonesian students’ organization in the Netherlands, formed in the early 1920s in Leiden, which provided a source of intellectual leadership for the Indonesian nationalist movement. This association originated in 1908 as the Indische Vereeniging (Indies Association),

Indonesia: The rise of nationalism: In 1912 the Indies Party (Indische Partij)—primarily a Eurasian party—was founded by E.F.E. Douwes Dekker; banned a year later, it was succeeded by another Eurasian party, calling itself Insulinde, a poetic name for the East Indies. In 1914 the Dutchman Hendricus Sneevliet founded the Indies Social Democratic Association,…

Indonesia: The rise of nationalism: …1920 and adopted the name Indonesian Communist Party (Partai Komunis Indonesia; PKI) in 1924.

Council of the Indies, supreme governing body of Spain’s colonies in America (1524–1834). Composed of between 6 and 10 councillors appointed by the king, the council prepared and issued all legislation governing the colonies in the king’s name, approved all important acts and expenditures by

Laws of the Indies, the entire body of law promulgated by the Spanish crown during the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries for the government of its kingdoms (colonies) outside Europe, chiefly in the Americas; more specifically, a series of collections of decrees (cedulas) compiled and published by

indifference, in the mathematical theory of probability, a classical principle stated by the Swiss mathematician Jakob Bernoulli and formulated (and named) by the English economist John Maynard Keynes in A Treatise on Probability (1921): two cases are equally likely if no reason is known why either

indifference curve, in economics, graph showing various combinations of two things (usually consumer goods) that yield equal satisfaction or utility to an individual. Developed by the Irish-born British economist Francis Y. Edgeworth, it is widely used as an analytical tool in the study of consumer

Louis Auchincloss: For his first novel, The Indifferent Children (1947), Auchincloss used the pseudonym Andrew Lee, but by 1950 he was publishing stories under his own name. Noted for his stylistic clarity and skill at characterization, he became the prolific chronicler of life in the rarefied world of corporate boardrooms and…

Alberto Moravia: His first novel, Gli indifferenti (1929; Time of Indifference), is a scathingly realistic study of the moral corruption of a middle-class mother and two of her children. It became a sensation. Some of his more important novels are Agostino (1944; Two Adolescents); La Romana (1947; The Woman of…

Leo XII: He condemned (May 1825) indifferentism, a doctrine advocating the equality of all religions, and Freemasonry, because of its secret practices that he considered pagan. That year he also revived the practice of holding jubilees, periodic observances in which all the faithful are invited to prayer and works of charity…

Indigenismo, movement in Latin America advocating a dominant social and political role for Indians in countries where they constitute a majority of the population. A sharp distinction is drawn by its members between Indians and Europeans, or those of European ancestry, who have dominated the Indian

Ukraine: The New Economic Policy and Ukrainization: …1923 a policy of “indigenization” was announced, including the promotion of native languages in education and publishing, at the workplace, and in government; the fostering of national cultures; and the recruitment of cadres from the indigenous populations. In Ukraine this program inaugurated a decade of rapid Ukrainization and cultural…

Indigenous peoples of the Americas, any of the aboriginal peoples of the Western Hemisphere. Inuit, Yupik/Yupiit, and Unangan (Aleuts) are sometimes excluded from this category, because their closest genetic and cultural relations were and are with other Arctic peoples rather than with the groups

Australian Aboriginal peoples: Economic organization: …intimately acquainted with all the country within their range of movement and possess detailed knowledge of the location, distribution, and characteristics of its water holes, fauna, flora, and climatic conditions. Their ability to read the ground like a map greatly improved their efficiency as hunters. Knowledge of the topography and…

The quality of life for Indigenous Australians in the 21st century: In the 2010s Australia’s Indigenous population constituted approximately 3 percent of the country’s total population, with some 745,000 people identifying themselves as being of Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander origin. This total represented a considerable increase over the comparable figure from the turn of the…

Sean Sherman: …for spotlighting traditional North American Indigenous foods and their ecological and human health advantages. Sherman’s food philosophy centers on his ancestry and culture, incorporating local sourcing and farm-to-table cooking with the revitalization of Indigenous food systems. With the launch of his restaurant and his catering and food education company, Sherman…

indigenous governance, patterns and practices of rule by which indigenous people govern themselves in formal and informal settings. Indigenous peoples are the original inhabitants of geographic regions. The term indigenous peoples is often used to refer to those native inhabitants who were

Australian Aboriginal peoples: Leadership and social control: …centralized institutions of social or political control. In various measures, Aboriginal societies exhibited both hierarchical and egalitarian tendencies, but they were classless; an egalitarian ethos predominated, the subordinate status of women notwithstanding. However, there is evidence in some areas, such as northeast Arnhem Land, Bathurst and Melville islands, western Cape…

Indigenous languages of North America, those languages that are indigenous to the United States and Canada, and that are spoken north of the Mexican border. A number of language groups within this area, however, extend into Mexico, some as far south as Central America. The present article focuses

Jessica Mauboy: …became an ambassador of the Indigenous Literacy Foundation, an organization that seeks to increase Indigenous people’s access to learning materials in Australia, particularly among communities in rural and remote areas.

The Difference Between a Tribe and a Band: Although many indigenous peoples, particularly those of Canada, have adopted the word nation in order to emphasize their sovereign political status, others continue to use the words tribe and band. Are all these terms interchangeable, or do they have specific meanings? To some extent, the

Indigenous peoples of California, any of the Indigenous peoples who have traditionally resided in the area roughly corresponding to the present states of California in the United States and northern Baja California in Mexico. The peoples living in the California culture area at the time of first

Indigenous peoples of the American Southeast, any of the Native American peoples of what is now the Southeastern United States. The boundaries of this culture area are somewhat difficult to delineate, because the traditional cultures in the Southeast shared many characteristics with those from

Indigenous peoples of the American Southwest, any of the Native American peoples inhabiting the southwestern United States; some scholars also include the peoples of northwestern Mexico in this culture area. More than 20 percent of Native Americans in the United States live in this region,

Indigenous peoples of the Americas, any of the aboriginal peoples of the Western Hemisphere. Inuit, Yupik/Yupiit, and Unangan (Aleuts) are sometimes excluded from this category, because their closest genetic and cultural relations were and are with other Arctic peoples rather than with the groups

Indigenous peoples of the Great Basin, any of the Indigenous North American peoples inhabiting the traditional culture area comprising almost all of what are now the U.S. states of Utah and Nevada as well as substantial portions of Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and Colorado and smaller portions of

Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains, Native peoples inhabiting the Great Plains of the present-day United States and Canada. This culture area comprises a vast grassland between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains and from the present-day provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan in Canada

Northeast Indian, member of any of the Native American peoples living at the time of European contact in the area roughly bounded in the north by the transition from predominantly deciduous forest to the taiga, in the east by the Atlantic Ocean, in the west by the Mississippi River valley, and in

Indigenous Peoples’ Day, holiday in the United States that takes place on the second Monday of October. The day honors the Indigenous peoples of the United States—Native Americans, Alaska Natives, and Native Hawaiians, most of whom were violently uprooted and exploited beginning with the arrival of

creation myth: Nature and significance: …expression in archaic or “primitive” societies, often related to ritual presentation, is modelled on the structure of the cosmogonic myth. The masks, dances, and gestures are, in one way or another, aspects of the structure of the cosmogonic myth. This meaning may also extend to the tools that people…

Adam Goodes: …was named to the sport’s Indigenous Team of the Century. The following season he was the sole winner of the Brownlow Medal, becoming the 12th player to take the award more than once. Goodes set a team-appearance record in April 2012 with his 304th game. He suffered an injured quad…

indigestion, any or all of the symptoms—abdominal discomfort, belching, flatulence, aversion to eating, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, heartburn—associated with the malfunctioning of the digestive system. Indigestion may be caused by disease, but it primarily occurs because of stress,

Roman religion: The earliest divinities: Di Indigetes was a name given collectively to these forebears, as well as to other deified powers or spirits who likewise controlled the destiny of Rome. For example, the name Indiges is applied to Aeneas, whose mythical immigration from Troy led to the eventual foundation of…

Indigirka River, river, Sakha republic (Yakutia), far eastern Russia. It is one of the major rivers of northeastern Siberia. The Indigirka rises in the Verkhoyansk Mountains and flows 1,072 miles (1,726 km) north through the Chersky Range into the broad Indigirka lowland, most of which is in tundra

Roman religion: The earliest divinities: Di Indigetes was a name given collectively to these forebears, as well as to other deified powers or spirits who likewise controlled the destiny of Rome. For example, the name Indiges is applied to Aeneas, whose mythical immigration from Troy led to the eventual foundation of…

Spain: The Rajoy administration: Dubbed the indignados (“angry ones”) by the media, the protesters were predominantly young people who were dissatisfied with the pace of economic and political reform. With the unemployment rate still topping 20 percent (more than 40 percent for job seekers under age 25) and the Spanish bond…

Philip Roth: Indignation (2008; film 2016) is narrated from the afterlife by a man who died at age 19. The Humbling (2009; film 2014) revisits Everyman’s mortality-obsessed terrain, this time through the lens of an aging actor who, realizing that he has lost his talent, finds himself…

Philip Roth: Indignation (2008; film 2016) is narrated from the afterlife by a man who died at age 19. The Humbling (2009; film 2014) revisits Everyman’s mortality-obsessed terrain, this time through the lens of an aging actor who, realizing that he has lost his talent, finds himself unable to…

indigo, (genus Indigofera), large genus of more than 750 species of shrubs, trees, and herbs in the pea family (Fabaceae). Some species, particularly true indigo (Indigofera tinctoria) and Natal indigo (I. arrecta), were once an important source of indigo dye. The cultivation of indigo plants and

indigo, an important and valuable vat dyestuff, obtained until about 1900 entirely from plants of the genera Indigofera and Isatis. Indigo was known to the ancients of Asia, Egypt, Greece, Rome, Britain, and Peru. It is used in the United States mainly for dyeing cotton for work clothes; for a long

Chris Brown: Later releases: …a Full Moon (2017) and Indigo (2019). The mixtape Slime & B (2020) is a collaboration with rapper Young Thug. He released Breezy in 2022, followed by 11:11 a year later. The latter won the Grammy for best R&B album in 2025.

Kwame Alexander: Children’s and young adult books: Indigo Blume and the Garden City (2010) tells about a little girl and her rooftop garden. Acoustic Rooster and His Barnyard Band (2011; TV movie 2025) introduces jazz to young children through animals. Surf’s Up (2016) follows the adventures of two frogs, one who likes…

Indigo Revolt, rebellion of peasant farmers in 1859–60 in the Bengal region of northeastern India against British indigo planters. The need for indigo, an important source of indigo dye, to feed the British cotton textile industry—whose tremendous growth had been spurred by the Industrial

indigo snake, (Drymarchon corais), docile, nonvenomous member of the family Colubridae found from the southeastern United States to Brazil. It is the largest snake in the United States—record length is 2.6 metres (8.5 feet)—and one of the largest of all colubrids. In the United States its colour is

indigo, (genus Indigofera), large genus of more than 750 species of shrubs, trees, and herbs in the pea family (Fabaceae). Some species, particularly true indigo (Indigofera tinctoria) and Natal indigo (I. arrecta), were once an important source of indigo dye. The cultivation of indigo plants and

indigo: …true indigo (Indigofera tinctoria) and Natal indigo (I. arrecta), were once an important source of indigo dye. The cultivation of indigo plants and the extraction of the dyestuff were an important industry in India up to the beginning of the 20th century. Synthetic indigo, developed about that time, gradually replaced…

indigo: Some species, particularly true indigo (Indigofera tinctoria) and Natal indigo (I. arrecta), were once an important source of indigo dye. The cultivation of indigo plants and the extraction of the dyestuff were an important industry in India up to the beginning of the 20th century. Synthetic indigo, developed…

Portland, city, seat (1760) of Cumberland county, southwestern Maine, U.S. The state’s largest city, it is the hub of a metropolitan statistical area that includes the cities of South Portland and Westbrook and the towns of Falmouth, Cape Elizabeth, Cumberland, Freeport, Gorham, Scarborough,

protease inhibitor: include ritonavir, saquinavir, and indinavir.

Indio, city, Riverside county, southern California, U.S. Located in the Coachella Valley, Indio lies between Palm Springs (northwest) and the Salton Sea (southeast). The area was originally inhabited by Cahuilla Indians and was the site of Spanish and Mexican exploration in the late 18th century;

tree: Tree bark: …smooth, copper-colored covering of the gumbo-limbo (Bursera simaruba) to the thick, soft, spongy bark of the punk, or cajeput, tree (Melaleuca leucadendron). Other types of bark include the commercial cork of the cork oak (Quercus suber) and the rugged, fissured outer coat of many other oaks; the flaking, patchy-colored barks…

El Salvador, mining centre, northern Chile. It lies in the Atacama Desert, at an elevation of more than 7,500 feet (2,300 metres) above sea level and some 75 miles (120 km) northeast of the port of Chañaral. The copper-mining complex includes two open-pit mines (Campamento Antiguo and Damiana

Nicaragua: Drainage: …River, the 60-mile- (97-km-) long Indio River, and the 37-mile- (60-km-) long Maíz River.

Nicaragua: Daily life and social customs: …and cooked in plantain leaves), indio viejo (corn tortilla with meat, onions, garlic, sweet pepper, and tomato and cooked in orange juice and broth), and sopa de albóndiga (meatball soup). The traditional drink known as chicha is made with corn, water, and sugar. Appetizers called rosquillas are made with baked…

Thar Desert: Economy: The Indira Gandhi Canal irrigates a vast amount of land in the Indian portion of the Thar. The canal begins at the Harike Barrage—at the confluence of the Sutlej and Beas rivers in the Indian Punjab—and continues in a southwesterly direction for some 290 miles (470…

Indira Gandhi began the first of her four terms as prime minister of India (1966–77, 1980–84) two years after the death of her father, Jawaharlal Nehru, India’s first prime minister. Renowned and feared for her political ruthlessness, she left behind a mixed legacy after her assassination in 1984.

Indira Gandhi, born on November 19, 1917, in Allahabad, India, was India’s first female prime minister (1966–77 and 1980–84). She was the only child of Jawaharlal Nehru—a key independence movement figure and India’s first prime minister (1947–64). After attending Visva-Bharati University and the

radiation: Mechanism of biologic action: This so-called indirect action process, through which radiation causes damage via radiation-induced free radicals, may be envisioned as follows:

echinoderm: Development: During indirect development, the fertilized egg divides many times to produce a hollow ciliated ball of cells (blastula); cleavage is total, indeterminate, and radical. The blastula invaginates at one end to form a primitive gut, and the cells continue to divide to form a double-layered embryo…

fusion reactor: Principles of inertial confinement: …the first method, known as indirect drive, the pellet is located inside a hollow cylindrical shell known as a hohlraum, and the driver is aimed at the walls of the hohlraum. The hohlraum absorbs the driver’s energy and then radiates the target with intense X-rays, which cause the pellet to…

kin selection: …and reproduction of relatives (indirect fitness). Kin selection occurs when an animal engages in self-sacrificial behaviour that benefits the genetic fitness of its relatives. The theory of kin selection is one of the foundations of the modern study of social behaviour. British evolutionary biologist W.D. Hamilton first proposed the…

heating: Historical development: …modern times is known as central, or indirect, heating. It consists of the conversion of energy to heat at a source outside of, apart from, or located within the site or sites to be heated; the resulting heat is conveyed to the site through a fluid medium such as air,…

referendum and initiative: If an indirect initiative is rejected, the proposition is submitted to a popular vote, sometimes accompanied on the ballot by the legislature’s alternative proposal or a statement of the reasons for the rejection. The referendum for constitutional ratification was first used in the state of Massachusetts in…

Henry Bataille: His theory of “indirect language,” capable of betraying or concealing a character’s subconscious desires, although largely unapplied in his own work, makes him a forerunner of Jean-Jacques Bernard and the “school of silence.”

dry offset, offset printing process combining the characteristics of letterpress and offset. A special plate prints directly onto the blanket of an offset press, and the blanket then offsets the image onto the paper. The process is called dry offset because the plate is not dampened as it would be

coal utilization: Liquefaction reactions: …or it can be done indirectly, through an intermediate series of compounds. In direct liquefaction, the macromolecular structure of the coal is broken down in such a manner that the yield of the correct size of molecules is maximized and the production of the very small molecules that constitute fuel…

insurance: Indirect losses: An entirely different branch of the insurance business has been developed to insure losses that are indirectly the result of one of the specified perils. A prominent example of this type of insurance is business income insurance. The insurer undertakes to reimburse the…

relaxation phenomenon: Creation of the disturbance: …is an example of a competition method. The competition between the temperature and pressure variations in the sound wave and the dissociation of nitrogen tetroxide sets up a stationary state in which re-equilibration of the chemical reaction lags behind the pressure fluctuations in the sound wave. The reactivities of the…

history of logic: Theophrastus of Eresus: These moods were then called indirect moods of the first figure. In order to accommodate them, he had in effect to redefine the first figure as that in which the middle is the subject in one premise and the predicate in the other, not necessarily the subject in the major…

noun: Objective cases: The indirect object (in the dative case) of a sentence is indirectly impacted by the action of the verb. It is the person or thing that receives what is being given or done, or the person or thing for which or to which the subject performs…

primary election: In an indirect primary, voters elect delegates who choose the party’s candidates at a nominating convention.

reductio ad absurdum: …ad absurdum argument, known as indirect proof or reductio ad impossibile, is one that proves a proposition by showing that its denial conjoined with other propositions previously proved or accepted leads to a contradiction. In common speech the term reductio ad absurdum refers to anything pushed to absurd extremes.

dry offset, offset printing process combining the characteristics of letterpress and offset. A special plate prints directly onto the blanket of an offset press, and the blanket then offsets the image onto the paper. The process is called dry offset because the plate is not dampened as it would be

wastewater treatment: Wastewater reuse: Indirect reuse is also accomplished by discharging reclaimed wastewater into a groundwater aquifer and later withdrawing the water for use. Discharge into an aquifer (called artificial recharge) is done by either deep-well injection or shallow surface spreading.

western Africa: Initial difficulty of European administration: …more and more in “indirect rule.” British authority was not to reach directly down to each individual African subject. While the British retained overall control of a colony’s administration, it was to be made effective at the district level by cultivating and by molding the governments of the traditional…

lead processing: Indirect smelting: Before lead concentrate can be charged into traditional blast furnaces for smelting, it must be roasted to remove most of the sulfur and to agglomerate further the fine flotation products so that they will not be blown out of the blast furnace. Various…

textile: Indirect systems: Indirect measuring systems are those employing higher number to describe finer yarns and are based on length per unit weight. Most countries measure yarns made from staple fibres according to the weight of a length of yarn. If one pound is used as…

disposable income: By convention, indirect taxes, such as value-added and other sales taxes, payroll taxes, and employers’ contributions to social insurance, are not deducted from the computation of disposable income. Although these clearly reduce private spending power generally, it is difficult to attribute their incidence to specific persons and…

poison: Carcinogenesis: Indirect-acting genotoxic carcinogens do not bind to DNA until they have been biotransformed in the body to reactive chemicals. Among the indirect-acting carcinogens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrosamines, and nitrosonornicotine are found in cigarette smoke. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are also formed in charcoal-broiled meat. Nitrosamines can…

metalogic: Ultrafilters, ultraproducts, and ultrapowers: Those elements of the set that lie in the same class cannot be distinguished by the property defining that class.

August Wilhelm von Schlegel: …he published the scholarly journal Indische Bibliothek, 3 vol. (1820–30), and set up a Sanskrit printing press, with which he printed editions of the Bhagavadgītā (1823) and Rāmāyana (1829). He founded Sanskrit studies in Germany.

Indonesia: The rise of nationalism: In 1912 the Indies Party (Indische Partij)—primarily a Eurasian party—was founded by E.F.E. Douwes Dekker; banned a year later, it was succeeded by another Eurasian party, calling itself Insulinde, a poetic name for the East Indies. In 1914 the Dutchman Hendricus Sneevliet founded the Indies Social Democratic Association,…

Perhimpunan Indonesia, an Indonesian students’ organization in the Netherlands, formed in the early 1920s in Leiden, which provided a source of intellectual leadership for the Indonesian nationalist movement. This association originated in 1908 as the Indische Vereeniging (Indies Association),

Stanley Donen: Films of the 1960s and ’70s: In Indiscreet (1958) he used Cary Grant to good comedic effect as a diplomat-playboy who romances a famed actress played by Ingrid Bergman. Less successful were a pair of films that Donen directed starring Yul Brenner: Once More, with Feeling! (1960), another romantic comedy; and Surprise…

philosophy of mathematics: The Fregean argument for Platonism: According to the indispensability argument, well-established mathematical theorems must be true because they are inextricably woven into the empirical theories that have been developed and accepted in the natural sciences, and there are good reasons to think that these empirical theories are true. (This argument has roots in…

Amancio Ortega: …of the Spanish clothing merchandiser Inditex (Industria de Diseño Textil, SA), which included the Zara chain store.

indium (In), chemical element, rare metal of main Group 13 (IIIa, or boron group) of the periodic table. Indium has a brilliant silvery-white luster. It was discovered (1863) by German chemists Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymus Theodor Richter while they were examining zinc ore samples. The presence

nanotechnology: Bottom-up approach: Indium gallium arsenide (InGaAs) dots can be formed by growing thin layers of InGaAs on GaAs in such a manner that repulsive forces caused by compressive strain in the InGaAs layer results in the formation of isolated quantum dots. After the growth of multiple layer…

gallium: Oxidation states and compounds: …(GaN), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and indium gallium arsenide phosphide (InGaAsP)—that have valuable semiconductor and optoelectronic properties.

conductive ceramics: Thick-film and thin-film resistors and electrodes: …in the electronics industry as indium tin oxide (ITO)—are outstanding electronic conductors, and they have the added virtue of being optically transparent. Conductivity and transparency arise from the combination of a large band gap and the incorporation of sufficient electron donors. There is thus an optimal electron concentration to maximize…

indium: …a mixture of two isotopes: indium-113 (4.28 percent) and indium-115 (95.72 percent).

indium: 28 percent) and indium-115 (95.72 percent).

philosophy of logic: Nature and varieties of logic: …here called a bound (individual) variable. Its values are supposed to be members of some fixed class of entities, called individuals, a class that is variously known as the universe of discourse, the universe presupposed in an interpretation, or the domain of individuals. Its members are said to be…

Indian philosophy: Contributions of Dignaga and Dharmakirti: …the former is the pure particular (svalakshana), and the object of the latter (he regarded judgments as containing elements of inference) is the universal (samanyalakshana). In their metaphysical positions, Dignaga and Dharmakirti represent a moderate form of idealism.

formal logic: Special systems of LPC: One or more individual constants (say, a, b, …): these constants are interpreted as names of specific individuals; formally they are distinguished from individual variables by the fact that they cannot occur within quantifiers; e.g., (∀x) is a quantifier but (∀a) is not. b.One or more predicate constants…

punishment: Individual deterrence: Individual deterrence is directed at the person being punished: it aims to teach him not to repeat the behaviour. It is also the rationale of much informal punishment, such as parental punishment of children. Theoretically, the effectiveness of individual deterrence can be measured…

learning theory: Contemporary trends in learning theory: …tended to obscure differences among individuals. For example, so complete was Hull’s faith in universal “laws” of animal behaviour, that he based his hypothesis about the optimal interval for classical conditioning in humans, other mammals, and birds on the pattern of nerve conduction in the optic nerve of the horseshoe…

mental disorder: Individual dynamic psychotherapy: Although the influence of psychoanalysis, particularly on American psychiatry, was profound, it began to wane in the 1970s. Since then, those seeking treatment have tended to choose short-term individual dynamic therapy over psychoanalysis. This form of therapy is usually more accessible and…

biblical literature: Psalms: In the Individual Lament an individual worshipper cries out to Yahweh in time of need. The structure of these psalms includes: an invocation of Yahweh, the complaint, the request for help, an expression of certainty that Yahweh will hear and answer the prayer, and in many cases…